La cooperación cultural como herramienta para la reafirmación identitaria en el Grupo Visegrád y sus efectos en el posicionamiento del mismo dentro de la Unión Europea 2004-2012

El Grupo Visegrád es un escenario de cooperación multilateral, conformado por Polonia, República Checa, Eslovaquia y Hungría, el cual tiene como objetivo principal contribuir al cumplimiento de los intereses de dichos países, por medio de la financiación de proyectos culturales. El interés de esta monografía consiste en determinar la incidencia de la cooperación cultural en la reafirmación identitaria de cada uno de los miembros del Grupo y, por ende, en la manera como éstos se proyectan dentro de la Unión Europea. Así pues, se identifican los principales hechos históricos que han moldeado los intereses de los países del V4 y que condujeron a la creación de una estructura institucional sólida, que ha servido como plataforma para el accionar de dichos países dentro del bloque europeo. Se utiliza la perspectiva constructivista de Alexander Wendt, la cual permite entender la naturaleza de la cooperación y, su relación con las identidades y los intereses de los Estados.

Teoría del caos y la complejidad en la representación de la relación estratégica comunitaria y marketing en los estados financieros

El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad caracterizar conceptos y elementos clave del caos y de la complejidad existente en la relación entre las organizaciones y la comunidad. Esta relación parte de la base de satisfacer las necesidades de los actores involucrados y, así mismo, mejorar el desempeño de cada uno, y contribuir al bienestar de la sociedad y a la perdurabilidad de las empresas. Para alcanzar el objetivo planteado, inicialmente se hace necesario contextualizar conceptos que estarán presentes durante todo el escrito. Por esto se expondrán términos como teoría de la complejidad, teoría del caos, los aspectos más representativos de la relación comunitaria y el marketing y su impacto en las comunidades. La teoría de la complejidad permitirá entender los sistemas como un todo, en donde las relaciones e interacciones de cada una de sus diferentes partes nos conducen a innumerables escenarios posibles. También se buscará entender la importancia de la relación organización-comunidad, ya que la comunidad puede jugar un papel determinante cuando las organizaciones se adaptan a los cambios. Es de suma importancia establecer relaciones estratégicas con la comunidad, entendiendo a la comunidad como un sistema o grupo social con determinadas características, que permitan tanto a las organizaciones como a la misma comunidad entender, comprender y satisfacer eficazmente las necesidades subyacentes y, así, llegar a establecer un entorno de retroalimentación continua y sostenibilidad a lo largo del tiempo. Actualmente, el funcionamiento del mundo ha cambiado en cierta medida, ya que antes la base del conocimiento se centraba en función del orden y la regularidad. Ahora, en cambio, se destaca la creatividad y la dinámica que son causadas por el desorden y la irregularidad presentes en los sistemas. El mundo se plantea como un grupo de innumerables sistemas auto-organizados, donde su funcionamiento puede provocar resultados impredecibles o aleatorios. La materia de complejidad en los sistemas se ha desarrollado por diferentes autores según aproximaciones desde diferentes ramas de la ciencia, como la cibernética, basada en los mecanismos de retroalimentación y control; desde la teoría general de los sistemas, que da énfasis en el dinamismo presente en los sistemas y cómo la organización está presente en su estructura. En el presente proyecto se realizará un estudio de tipo teórico-conceptual: se seleccionarán las bases de datos, fuentes de información y los documentos más representativos o que proporcionen la mayor información posible que permita el completo entendimiento de la investigación y de sus alcances propuestos. Es así que esta investigación busca aportar más elementos dentro de los diferentes estudios que pretenden explicar y mejorar la perdurabilidad de las empresas bajo las diferentes líneas de investigación. A través del tiempo, el GIPE ha ido evolucionando de acuerdo con los resultados de las investigaciones y se ha centrado en cuatro líneas de investigación: Liderazgo, Realidad, Estrategia y Gerencia. El proyecto de investigación “Relación de las organizaciones con el medio y marketing” hace parte de la línea de gerencia y busca identificar oportunidades gerenciales para las organizaciones que las acerquen al conocimiento y manejo de las áreas funcionales (Facultad de Administración, 2013). Además, el proyecto se adentra en las organizaciones en entornos complejos y su relación con la comunidad, y se observa así la organización como un ser vivo que contribuye al bienestar de la sociedad que, finalmente, es lo que garantiza su perdurabilidad.

Processament de la informació en nens de pre-escolar de les comarques gironines. Implicacions pedagògiques

La nostra investigació s'inscriu en la concepció dinàmica de la intel·ligència, i concretament en el processos que configuren el processament cerebral en el Model d'integració de la informació descrit per Das, Kirby i Jarman (1979). Els dos processos cerebrals que constitueixen la base de la conducta intel·ligent són el processament simultani i el processament seqüencial; són les dues estratègies principals del processament de la informació. Tota classe d'estímul és susceptible d'ésser processat o bé seqüencialment (seriació, verbal, anàlisi), o be simultàniament (global, visual, síntesi). Basant-nos en el recull bibliogràfic i amb la convicció de que apropant-nos al coneixement de les peculiaritats del processament de la informació, ens endinsem en la comprensió del procés que mena a la conducta intel·ligent, i per tant, a l'aprenentatge, formulem la següent hipòtesi de treball: en els nens de preescolar (d'entre els 3 i els sis anys) es donaran aquest dos tipus de processament i variaran en funció de l'edat, el sexe, l'atenció, les dificultats d'aprenentatge, els problemes de llenguatge, el bilingüisme, el nivell sociocultural, la dominància manual, el nivell mental i de la presència de patologia. Les diferències que s'esdevinguin ens permetran de formular criteris i pautes per a la intervenció educativa. Els nostres objectius es refonen en mesurar el processament en nens de preescolar de les comarques gironines, verificar la relació de cada tipus de processament amb les variables esmentades, comprovar si s'estableix un paral·lelisme entre el processament i les aportacions de concepció localitzacionista de les funcions cerebrals en base als nostres resultats, i pautes per a la intervenció pedagògica. Quant al mètode, hem seleccionat una mostra representativa dels nens i nenes matriculats a les escoles publiques de les comarques gironines durant el curs 92/93, mitjançant un mostreig aleatori estratificat i per conglomerats. El tamany real de la mostra és de dos-cents seixanta un subjectes. Els instruments emprats han estat els següents: el Test K-ABC de Kaufman & Kaufman (1983) per a la avaluació del processament; un formulari dirigit als pares per a la recollida de la informació pertinent; entrevistes amb les mestres, i el Test de la Figura Humana de Goodenough. Pel que fa referència als resultats de la nostra recerca i en funció dels objectius proposats, constatem els fets següents. En els nens de preescolar, amb edats d'entre els tres i els sis anys, es constata l'existència dels dos tipus de processament cerebral, sense que es doni un predomini d'un sobre de l'altre; ambdós processaments actuen interrelacionadament. Ambdós tipus de processament milloren a mesura que augmenta l'edat, però es constaten diferències derivades del nivell mental: amb un nivell mental normal s'hi associa una millora d'ambdós processaments, mentre que amb un nivell mental deficient només millora fonamentalment el processament seqüencial. Tanmateix, el processament simultani està més relacionat amb les funcions cognitives complexes i és més nivell mental dependent que el processament seqüencial. Tant les dificultats d'aprenentatge com els problemes de llenguatge predominen en els nens i nenes amb un desequilibri significatiu entre ambdós tipus de processament; les dificultats d'aprenentatge estan més relacionades amb una deficiència del processament simultani, mentre que els problemes de llenguatge es relacionen més amb una deficiència en el processament seqüencial. Els nivells socioculturals baixos es relacionen amb resultats inferiors en ambdós tipus de processament. Per altra part, entre els nens bilingües és més freqüent el processament seqüencial significatiu. El test de la Figura Humana es comporta com un marcador de processament simultani i el nivell atencional com un marcador de la gravetat del problema que afecta al processament i en el següent ordre: nivell mental deficient, dificultats, d'aprenentatge i problemes de llenguatge . Les deficiències atencionals van lligades a deficiències en el processament simultani i a la presencia de patologia. Quant a la dominància manual no es constaten diferències en el processament. Finalment, respecte del sexe només podem aportar que quan un dels dos tipus de processament és deficitari,i es dóna per tant, un desequilibri en el processament, predomina significativament el nombre de nens afectats per sobre del de nenes.

A Auto-Estima dos docentes de Educação Física : a questão do género

A inclusão de alunos com necessidades educativas especiais no ensino regular encontra-se devidamente explicitada nacional e internacionalmente, contudo a sua implementação tem vindo a revelar-se desafiante tanto para o sistema educativo como para os agentes de ensino. São conhecidas e encontram-se publicadas em diversos estudos as vantagens da educação inclusiva, porém o sistema educativo depara-se com populações cada vez mais heterogéneas onde responder satisfatoriamente a todos se tem caracterizado como árdua tarefa. O papel dos professores não pode também ser esquecido dado que estes representam um papel muito importante em todo o processo, mas o que dizer relativamente ao seu grau de satisfação profissional e à sua auto-estima. O objectivo deste estudo foi analisar de que forma o sentimento de competência e capacidade, a satisfação pessoal nas relações profissionais, a percepção do reconhecimento pelos outros e a relação com os alunos varia em função do género. Para o desenvolvimento desta investigação foi utilizado o questionário intitulado por Escala de Auto-Estima Profissional (E.A.P., Leitão, 2012). A amostra foi constituída por 115 professores de Educação Física do 2º, 3º e Ensino Secundário das escolas da Rede de Estágio. Concluiu-se que todas as dimensões da auto-estima profissional apresentam valores médios moderados a elevados, sendo o sentimento de competência e capacidade (M = 5.01; DP = .62) o que revela um maior nível de satisfação por parte dos professores e o menos satisfatório o que diz respeito à Satisfação pessoal nas relações profissionais (M = 4.60; DP = .89). Relativamente ao sentimento de competência e capacidade verificámos que os inquiridos do sexo masculino apresentam resultados médios superiores aos do sexo feminino [MM = 5.06, DPM = .61; MF = 4.94, DPF = .62 ]. No que se refere à satisfação pessoal nas relações profissionais constatámos também que os inquiridos do sexo masculino apresentam resultados médios superiores aos do sexo feminino [MM = 4.63, DPM = .69; MF = 4.55, DPF = 1.13]. Relativamente às dimensões percepção do reconhecimento pelos outros e relação com os alunos verificámos que os inquiridos do sexo feminino apresentam resultados médios superiores aos do sexo masculinos, respectivamente [MM = 4.86, DPM =.77; MF = 4.87, DPF =.80] e alunos [MM = 4.91, DPM =.61; MF = 4.94, DPF =.63]. Contudo, não existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas em função do género em nenhuma das dimensões avaliadas [Sentimento de competência e capacidade [t (113) = -.983, p = .328; Satisfação pessoal nas relações profissionais [t (113) = -.453, p = .651] ; Percepção do reconhecimento pelos outros [t (113) = .032, p = .974] e Relação com os alunos [t (113) = .102, p = .919].

Fifty Years After Angicos : Paulo Freire, Popular Education and the Struggle for a Better World that is Possible

The main thesis of this paper is that Freire’s original experience in Angicos anticipated a grand design for social transformation of educational systems. As such it brought together two key concepts that formulated the basis of his educational system: popular culture as an counter-hegemonic project and popular education, more particularly what was later called citizen schools or public popular education as keystone of his new educational system. I use the term Paulo Freire System to show that his original attempts were not only to challenge pedagogical the prevailing banking education system that was so pervasive in Brazil and Latin American at the time. In challenging the hegemony of banking education, its narrative, theoretical foundations, epistemology and methodology, Freire and his team sought to create a new system that could replace the old one. They saw banking education not only as obsolete in terms of modernization of systems but also oppressive in gnoseological, epistemological and political terms. In the conclusion of this paper I will discuss the twins obsessions of Freire, already present in the Angicos experience and that will stay with him throughout his life: the relationship between democracy, citizenship and education, and education as a postcolonial ethical act of social transformation. I would like to emphasize therefore that the Paulo Freire system, as conceived in the Angicos experience and its aftermath was a much larger and comprehensive system that originally considered, even by his critics.

Aggregation of parasitism risk in an aphid-parasitoid system: Effects of plant patch size and aphid density

Few studies have linked density dependence of parasitism and the tritrophic environment within which a parasitoid forages. In the non-crop plant-aphid, Centaurea nigra-Uroleucon jaceae system, mixed patterns of density-dependent parasitism by the parasitoids Aphidius funebris and Trioxys centaureae were observed in a survey of a natural population. Breakdown of density-dependent parasitism revealed that density dependence was inverse in smaller colonies but direct in large colonies (>20 aphids), suggesting there is a threshold effect in parasitoid response to aphid density. The CV2 of searching parasitoids was estimated from parasitism data using a hierarchical generalized linear model, and CV2>1 for A. funebris between plant patches, while for T. centaureae CV2>1 within plant patches. In both cases, density independent heterogeneity was more important than density-dependent heterogeneity in parasitism. Parasitism by T. centaureae increased with increasing plant patch size. Manipulation of aphid colony size and plant patch size revealed that parasitism by A. funebris was directly density dependent at the range of colony sizes tested (50-200 initial aphids), and had a strong positive relationship with plant patch size. The effects of plant patch size detected for both species indicate that the tritrophic environment provides a source of host density independent heterogeneity in parasitism, and can modify density-dependent responses. (c) 2007 Gessellschaft fur Okologie. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Verification of design calculations of a wind catcher/tower natural ventilation system with performance testing in real building

A wind catcher/tower natural ventilation system was installed in a seminar room in the building of the School of Construction Management and Engineering, the University of Reading in the UK . Performance was analysed by means of ventilation tracer gas measurements, indoor climate measurements (temperature, humidity, CO2) and occupant surveys. In addition, the potential of simple design tools was evaluated by comparing observed ventilation results with those predicted by an explicit ventilation model and the AIDA implicit ventilation model. To support this analysis, external climate parameters (wind speed and direction, solar radiation, external temperature and humidity) were also monitored. The results showed the chosen ventilation design provided a substantially greater ventilation rate than an equivalent area of openable window. Also air quality parameters stayed within accepted norms while occupants expressed general satisfaction with the system and with comfort conditions. Night cooling was maximised by using the system in combination with openable windows. Comparisons of calculations with ventilation rate measurements showed that while AIDA gave reasonably correlated results with the monitored performance results, the widely used industry explicit model was found to over estimate the monitored ventilation rate.

Postnatal development of the mucosal immune system and consequences on health in adulthood

The intestinal microbiota is a dynamic multifaceted ecosystem which has evolved a complex and mutually beneficial relationship with the mammalian host. The contribution to host fitness is evident, but in recent years it has become apparent that these commensal microorganisms may exert far more influence over health and disease than previously thought. The gut microbiota are implicated in many aspects of biological function, such as metabolism, angiogenesis and immune development: disruption, especially during the neonatal period, which may impose life-long penalty. Elimination of the microbiota appears difficult, but manipulation of the ratios and dominance of composite populations can be achieved by alterations in diet, rearing environment, antibiotics and/or probiotics. Components of the intestinal microbiota are frequently documented to affect normal function of the mucosal immune system in experimental animals and in domesticated, agricultural species. However, it is not always clear that the effects described are sufficiently well understood to provide a sound basis for commercial intervention. Some microbial interventions may be beneficial to the host under particular circumstances, while detrimental during others. It is essential that we further our understanding of the complex and intricate host-commensal relationship to avoid causing more long-term damage than advantage

With a little help from our friends: how system dynamics and soft OR can learn from each other

At its inception, the paradigm of system dynamics was deliberately made distinct from that of OR. Yet developments in soft OR now have much in common with current system dynamics modeling practice. This article briefly traces the parallel development of system dynamics and soft OR, and argues that a dialogue between the two would be mutually rewarding. to support this claim, examples of soft OR tools are described along with some of the field’s philosophical grounding and current issues. Potential benefits resulting from a dialogue are explored, with particular emphasis on the methodological framework of system dynamics and the need for a complementarist approach. The article closes with some suggestions on how to begin learning from.

Validation of the NANA (Novel Assessment of Nutrition and Ageing) touch screen system for use at home by older adults

Prospective measurement of nutrition, cognition, and physical activity in later life would facilitate early detection of detrimental change and early intervention but is hard to achieve in community settings. Technology can simplify the task and facilitate daily data collection. The Novel Assessment of Nutrition and Ageing (NANA) toolkit was developed to provide a holistic picture of an individual's function including diet, cognition and activity levels. This study aimed to validate the NANA toolkit for data collection in the community. Forty participants aged 65 years and over trialled the NANA toolkit in their homes for three 7-day periods at four-week intervals. Data collected using the NANA toolkit were compared with standard measures of diet (four-day food diary), cognitive ability (processing speed) and physical activity (self-report). Bland–Altman analysis of dietary intake (energy, carbohydrates, protein fat) found a good relationship with the food diary and cognitive processing speed and physical activity (hours) were significantly correlated with their standard counterparts. The NANA toolkit enables daily reporting of data that would otherwise be collected sporadically while reducing demands on participants; older adults can complete the daily reporting at home without a researcher being present; and it enables prospective investigation of several domains at once

A global empirical system for probabilistic seasonal climate prediction

Preparing for episodes with risks of anomalous weather a month to a year ahead is an important challenge for governments, non-governmental organisations, and private companies and is dependent on the availability of reliable forecasts. The majority of operational seasonal forecasts are made using process-based dynamical models, which are complex, computationally challenging and prone to biases. Empirical forecast approaches built on statistical models to represent physical processes offer an alternative to dynamical systems and can provide either a benchmark for comparison or independent supplementary forecasts. Here, we present a simple empirical system based on multiple linear regression for producing probabilistic forecasts of seasonal surface air temperature and precipitation across the globe. The global CO2-equivalent concentration is taken as the primary predictor; subsequent predictors, including large-scale modes of variability in the climate system and local-scale information, are selected on the basis of their physical relationship with the predictand. The focus given to the climate change signal as a source of skill and the probabilistic nature of the forecasts produced constitute a novel approach to global empirical prediction. Hindcasts for the period 1961–2013 are validated against observations using deterministic (correlation of seasonal means) and probabilistic (continuous rank probability skill scores) metrics. Good skill is found in many regions, particularly for surface air temperature and most notably in much of Europe during the spring and summer seasons. For precipitation, skill is generally limited to regions with known El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections. The system is used in a quasi-operational framework to generate empirical seasonal forecasts on a monthly basis.

Boron isotope composition of tourmalinite and vein tourmalines associated with gold mineralization, Serra do Itaberaba Group, central Ribeira Belt, SE Brazil

Important concentrations of tourmaline occur as gold-bearing stratiform tourmalinites and in mineralized quartz-tourmaline veins at the Tapera Grande and Quartzito gold prospects in the Mesoproterozoic Serra do Itaberaba Group, central Ribeira Belt (Sao Paulo State, SE Brazil). The main rock types in both prospects constitute the volcanic-sedimentary Morro da Pedra Preta Formation, which formed in a submarine back-arc setting. At Tapera Grande, the volcanic-sedimentary sequence is composed of metabasic and metavolcaniclastic rocks, graphitic and sulfur-rich metapelites, banded iron formation, metandesite, metarhyolite, calcsilicates, tourmalinites and metahydrothermalites derived from mafic and felsic rocks. The Mesoproterozoic rocks at Quartzito prospect are lithologically similar but they have been affected by Neoproterozoic faulting and shearing and by the emplacement of granitic rocks, resulting in the formation of tourmaline-rich quartz-carbonate veins with gold and base metal mineralization. We conducted a chemical and B-isotope study of tourmalines in order to better understand the origin of the stratiform tourmalinites in the Morro da Pedra Preta Formation and their relationship with gold mineralization. The overall range of delta(11)B values obtained for the tourmalinite and vein tourmalines is between - 15%. and -5 parts per thousand, with the tourmalinites failing at the low end of this range (-15 to -8 parts per thousand). Such values are typical for continental crust and inconsistent with a primary marine boron signature as expected from the submarine-exhalative model for the gold prospects. We conclude from this that tourmaline formed or recrystallized from crustal fluids related to the amphibolite-grade metamorphism which affected the Serra do Itaberaba Group and that gold deposition occurred syn- to post-peak metamorphism by phase immiscibility, as attested by fluid inclusions in Tapera Grande tourmalinite tourmaline and quartz. The vein-hosted tourmalines at Quartzito have isotopically variable boron signatures, with heavier delta(11)B values of -5 parts per thousand to -8 parts per thousand for acicular green tourmalines and lighter values (-15 parts per thousand to -7 parts per thousand for light blue, Ti-firee tourmaline from quartz-carbonate veins). We attribute the heavier boron to fluids derived from the volcano-sedimentary rocks of marine affinity whereas the lighter boron was contributed by crustal fluids related to the granitoids or metasediments in the continental crust. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Variation of System Performance with Design and Climate for Combisystems in Sweden

In Sweden, 90% of the solar heating systems are solar domestic hot water and heating systems (SDHW&H), so called combisystems. These generally supply most of the domestic hot water needs during the summer and have enough capacity to supply some energy to the heating system during spring and autumn. This paper describes a standard Swedish combisystem and how the output from it varies with heating load, climate within Sweden, and how it can be increased with improved system design. A base case is defined using the standard combi- system, a modern Swedish single family house and the climate of Stockholm. Using the simulation program Trnsys, parametric studies have been performed on the base case and improved system designs. The solar fraction could be increased from 17.1% for the base case to 22.6% for the best system design, given the same system size, collector type and load. A short analysis of the costs of changed system design is given, showing that payback times for additional investment are from 5-8 years. Measurements on system components in the laboratory have been used to verify the simulation models used. More work is being carried out in order to find even better system designs, and further improvements in system performance are expected.

Using an animated pedagogical agent to interact affectively with the student

This work proposes an animated pedagogical agent that has the role of providing emotional support to the student: motivating and encouraging him, making him believe in his self-ability, and promoting a positive mood in him, which fosters learning. This careful support of the agent, its affective tactics, is expressed through emotional behaviour and encouragement messages of the lifelike character. Due to human social tendency of anthropomorphising software, we believe that a software agent can accomplish this affective role. In order to choose the adequate affective tactics, the agent should also know the student’s emotions. The proposed agent recognises the student’s emotions: joy/distress, satisfaction/disappointment, anger/gratitude, and shame, from the student’s observable behaviour, i. e. his actions in the interface of the educational system. The inference of emotions is psychologically grounded on the cognitive theory of emotions. More specifically, we use the OCC model which is based on the cognitive approach of emotion and can be computationally implemented. Due to the dynamic nature of the student’s affective information, we adopted a BDI approach to implement the affective user model and the affective diagnosis. Besides, in our work we profit from the reasoning capacity of the BDI approach in order for the agent to deduce the student’s appraisal, which allows it to infer the student’s emotions. As a case study, the proposed agent is implemented as the Mediating Agent of MACES: an educational collaborative environment modelled as a multi-agent system and pedagogically based on the sociocultural theory of Vygotsky.

Análise da proposta educacional das escolas metodistas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a proposta educacional das Escolas Metodistas a partir do relacionamento destas com a própria estrutura eclesiástica da Igreja Metodista e com a sociedade brasileira como um todo, na oportunidade em que o Brasil se definia como um país capitalista dependente. Através da pesquisa e análise dos estatutos, prospectos, anuários, programas de ensino, organização curricular, revistas educacionais, artigos, discursos, documentos de arquivo, etc, provenientes do Instituto Porto Alegre (IPA), tomado como referencial para interpretar a proposta educacional das Escolas Metodistas, detectaram-se os princípios básicos-da referida proposta desde a fundação da Escola (1919) até os dias atuais. Procedeu-se à análise da evolução histórica da Igreja e das Escolas Metodistas sempre considerando a vinculação existente inicialmente com os Estados Unidos (nação hegemônica, externa) e posteriormente com o Estado Brasileiro (dominação interna). Concluiu-se que, na medida em que a sociedade brasileira ia sendo estruturada conforme os principios e propósitos definidos por uma nação hegemônica (Estados Unidos) e que o Estado Brasileiro se organizava como agente de uma dominação interna, as Escolas Metodistas passaram do nivel de dependência externa para um nível de dependência interna, e o relativo êxito de sua proposta educacional diluiu-se com a implantação do sistema oficial de ensino no país.