Toxicidade genética associada à região hidrográfica do Guaíba através de bioensaios de curta duração

O presente estudo está centrado na avaliação de amostras de água superficial coletadas em 8 pontos distribuídos na Região Hidrográfica do Guaíba que sofrem influência de atividade agrícola, urbana e/ou industrial. Foram realizadas 4 coletas, representativas das quatro estações do ano: setembro de 2000, agosto de 2001, fevereiro de 2002 e maio de 2003. Tais amostras foram avaliadas através do Teste para Detecção de Mutação e Recombinação Mitótica (SMART) em Drosophila melanogaster e do Teste de Micronúcleos com Bloqueio de Citocinese (CBMN) em cultura de linfócitos humanos. Ao mesmo tempo procurou-se correlacionar os dados obtidos com o Teste CBMN com os observados no SMART, na busca de estabelecer o provável mecanismo de ação das genotoxinas presentes nos rios que constituem esta grande área. Os dados obtidos a partir do emprego destas duas metodologias caracterizaram os rios Caí, Jacuí, Taquari, Sinos, Gravataí, Lago Guaíba, na Ponta da Cadeia (GPC) e Arroio Dilúvio, como indutores de toxicidade genética. Estes achados sugerem que, nas condições experimentais aplicadas, os poluentes ambientais induzem uma pluralidade de lesões no material genético das células somáticas, relacionadas com: mutação gênica e recombinação - detectada pelo SMART e/ou mutação cromossômica também diagnosticada pelo CBMN. O conjunto destes dados demonstra que cerca de 50% das amostras testadas (16/32) foram genotóxicas em um ou em ambos os testes. Além disso, o maior número de respostas positivas (4/19) foi observado nas águas provenientes do GPC e do Caí, seguido pelos rios Jacuí e Taquari (3/19), rio dos Sinos e Arroio Dilúvio (2/19), e rio Gravataí (1/19), Na verdade, a análise comparativa dos resultados, demonstrou que o ensaio CBMN foi mais sensível para a detecção de genotoxinas de origem ambiental, já que das 11 amostras classificadas como indutoras de eventos clastogênicos e aneugênicos neste teste somente 3 - Jacuí e Caí (Setembro de 2000), assim como GPC (Fevereiro de 2002) – foram diagnosticadas como positivas no SMART. Entretanto, justifica-se a inclusão do SMART na investigação de amostras ambientais em função deste teste privilegiar a detecção de um parâmetro genético ainda pouco considerado, mas que têm um papel crucial nos eventos relacionados com a carcinogênese – a recombinação homóloga. Desta forma, os dados obtidos através dos ensaios SMART e CBMN podem servir como um alerta relativo ao risco imposto pelas águas da Região Hidrográfica do Guaíba – o que compromete o abastecimento de água potável para mais de um milhão de pessoas. De fato, os principais impactos ambientais no Lago Guaíba são (i) o escoamento de esgotos domésticos de Porto Alegre; (ii) as águas contaminadas, principalmente, dos rios Gravataí e Sinos que desembocam no lago; (iii) efluentes provenientes das indústrias de produtos alimentares, metalurgia e celulose, localizadas nas suas margens; e (iv) grandes lançamentos de dejetos urbanos não tratados provenientes das águas do Arroio Dilúvio.

Líquidos iônicos aplicados na síntese e estabilização de nanopartículas de Pt(0) e Pd/Pt(0), caracterização e estudos em reações de hidrogenação catalítica

A presente tese descreve a síntese e estabilização de nanopartículas de Pt (0) nos líquidos iônicos BMI.PF6, BMI.BF4 e BMI.CF3SO3, a síntese de nanopartículas bimetálicas de Pd/Pt (0) em líquido iônico BMI.PF6, a caracterização destes materiais por TEM, HRTEM, XRD, SAXS e XPS, e principalmente o estudo da aplicação destes materiais como catalisadores em reações de hidrogenação. A decomposição do precursor catalítico Pt2(dba)3 e redução do precursor PtO2 dissolvidos nos líquidos iônicos BMI.PF6, BMI.BF4 e BMI.CF3SO3 utilizando hidrogênio molecular como agente redutor resultou em nanopartículas de Pt (0) com um diâmetro médio entre 2-3 nm. Essas partículas, devidamente caracterizadas, foram utilizadas como catalisadores na hidrogenação de compostos olefínicos e aromáticos. Estudos cinéticos e mecanísticos de formação das nanopartículas metálicas, utilizando a hidrogenação de cicloexeno como sonda química, foram aplicados para avaliar e confirmar que as espécies ativas presentes nas reações de hidrogenação eram compostas de Pt (0). Os resultados obtidos foram complementados por TEM. As caracterizações das nanopartículas de Pt (0) (TEM, SAXS e XPS), os estudos cinéticos de formação destas, assim como, os dados de hidrogenação catalítica; evidenciaram que os líquidos iônicos utilizados são um excelente agente estabilizante para a síntese de nanopartículas de Pt (0) e Pd/Pt (0), bem como um meio ideal para reações de hidrogenação catalítica.

Toxicidade induzida pelos peptídeos AB42 e AB25-35 em modelo de cultura organotípica de hipocampo de ratos

O crescimento da expectativa de vida média da população mundial tem sido acompanhado do aumento na prevalência de doenças neurodegenerativas, como a doença de Parkinson, isquemia cerebral e, especialmente, a doença de Alzheimer. A doença de Alzheimer (DA) caracteriza-se por um crescente declínio na função mental e memória do paciente. Estes sintomas são explicados por uma profunda perda neuronal e pela presença de alterações estruturais no tecido cerebral: as placas senis, extracelulares e os emaranhados neurofibrilares, intracelulares. O passo que desencadeia a neurodegeneração na DA é ainda objeto de estudo, mas a hipótese mais aceita atualmente é a de que a secreção anormal do peptídeo β amilóide (Aβ), principal componente das placas senis, dê início ao processo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos investigar a toxicidade induzida pelo peptídeo Aβ1-42 e seu fragmento, o peptídeo Aβ25-35 em culturas organotípicas de hipocampo de ratos. Na primeira parte do trabalho, investigamos a toxicidade induzida pela exposição de culturas organotípicas de hipocampo de ratos a 10 ou 20 μM do peptídeo Aβ1-42, por 24 ou 72 h. Além disso, investigamos o envolvimento das proteínas iNOS e GSK-3β no mecanismo de morte celular induzida pelo peptídeo Aβ1-42. Na segunda parte do trabalho, investigamos a toxicidade induzida pelo fragmento Aβ25-35 na concentração de 25 μM, nos tempos de 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 ou 48 h de exposição às culturas organotípicas, e seu efeito sobre as proteínas Akt, GSK-3β e PTEN. A morte celular foi quantificada pela incorporação do iodeto de propídeo, corante marcador excluído de células sadias, e as proteínas foram quantificadas por imunodetecção com o uso de anticorpos específicos. Nossos resultados mostraram que o peptídeo Aβ1-42 apresentou toxicidade nas concentrações de 10 e 20 μM, induzindo a uma considerável morte celular após 72 h de exposição. A análise do imunoconteúdo da proteína iNOS mostrou um aumento significativo em relação ao controle, após 72 h de exposição ao peptídeo e na concentração de 20 μM. Os resultados obtidos na segunda parte do trabalho mostraram uma morte celular significativa apenas após 48 h de exposição ao peptídeo Aβ25- 35 na concentração de 25 μM. O tratamento com peptídeo Aβ25-35 levou ao aumento no estado de fosforilação da proteína Akt após 6 h de exposição e também da proteína GSK-3β, um potencial substrato da Akt. Após 12 h de exposição ao peptídeo, observamos uma diminuição de ambas as proteínas (Akt e GSK-3β). Porém, após 24 h de exposição ao peptídeo, a proteína Akt continua menos fosforilada enquanto que a proteína GSK-3β apresenta um novo pico de fosforilação. O imunoconteúdo da proteína fosfatase PTEN apresentou um aumento significativo em 24 h e 48 h. Os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que o tratamento das culturas organotípicas de hipocampo de ratos com o peptídeo Aβ1-42 como com o fragmento Aβ25-35 apresentou toxicidade após um período de aproximadamente 48 h de tratamento, e mostrou ser um bom modelo para o estudo de sua toxicidade. Com relação ao mecanismo investigado, os dados sugerem que a proteína iNOS pode estar envolvida na toxicidade induzida pelo peptídeo Aβ1-42. Além disso, sugerem que o fragmento Aβ25-35 possa exercer sua toxicidade através da inibição da via de sobrevivência celular PI3-K, por diminuir a fosforilação/ativação da proteína Akt, parecendo envolver a proteína fosfatase PTEN, principal regulador negativo da via PI3-K/Akt.

Investigação e avaliação da toxicidade aguda dos agrotóxicos mais utilizados no cinturão verde da Grande Natal (RN, Brasil) para o peixe-zebra (Danio rerio Hamilton Buchanan, 1822, Teleostei, Cyprinidae

The objectives of this research were to investigate the agrotoxic most used in the Gramorezinho region in the green belt of Natal, and to evaluate the acute toxicity of these, based on the LC50-48h values estimated in tests for Danio rerio, internationally used as test organism. The acute toxicity tests were performed under laboratory conditions, according to standardized methods (ABNT/NBR/15088/04) for this species. The LC50-48h estimated to Tamaron BR was 352.89 mg.L-1, which characterizes that as practically non-toxic, according to toxicological classes cited by Zucker. For Decis 25EC, the LC50-48h estimated was 0.0004156 mg.L-1 (4.156 X 10-4 mg.L-1), which classifies it as highly toxic to this species

Determinação da toxicidade aguda e caracterização de risco ambiental do herbicida Roundup (glifosato) sobre três espécies de peixes

Considering their commercial importance, as these are the species of freshwater fish more commercialized in Brazil, their occurence in different kinds of aquatic environments (lakes, rivers and dams) and for being tolerant to a wide range of variation of various physical parameters and chemical water, the fish species Oreochromis niloticus, Cyprinus carpio and Colossoma macropomum were chosen for this study, furthermore, to test the toxicity we used the herbicide Roundup. The fingerlings of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), commun carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) were submitted to the herbicide roundup in the following concentrations: 0.0 (control); 18,06; 19,10; 20,14; 21,18 and 22,22 mg.L-1, 0.0 (control); 13,89; 14,86; 15,83; 16,81 and 17,78 mg.L-1, and 0.0 (control); 18,06; 19,10; 20,14; 21,18 and 22,22 mg.L-1, respectively, three for 96 hours. The LC50 - 96h for O. niloticus, C. carpio and C. macropomum was 21,63, 15,33 and 20,06 mg.L-1 of the herbicide roundup, respectively. The results show that this herbicide is classified as slightly toxic to the three species. The values of dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature recorded in the aquarium control and aquarium experimental of the three fish species have remained without significant variations during the tests, which reduces the possibility of death caused by sudden variations of these parameters during the 96 hours the experiment. The values of LC50 between different species of fish were observed, noting that the species O.niloticus, C. carpio and C. macropomum showed no expressive differences. The values of environmental risk of Roundup were calculated to obtain more stringent parameters in assessing the dangerousness of those on nontargets. The risk of environmental contamination by Roundup for the Nile tilapia, common carp, and tambaqui are low for the lowest application rate (1 L.ha-1) and depths (1.5 and 2.0 m). The dilution of 100%, the highest recommended dose (5 L.ha-1) and depths (1.5 and 2.0 m) the risk is moderate for the three species. The values of the Risk Ratio (QR) were greater than 0,1, indicating that the values of the CAE and LC50 are above acceptable levels and there is a need, this study, a refinement in ecotoxicological tests

Avaliação da toxicidade aguda do inseticida metomil e o seu efeito sobre a atividade da acetilcolinesterase do peixe Danio rerio

Methomyl (Lannate®) is an insecticide from the carbamate group, frequently used in pest control in various types of crops. This compound works inhibiting the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. The use of physicochemical and ecotoxicological analysis is the most efficient strategy for the correct characterization and control of residues of metomil. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the acute toxicity of methomyl in 96 hours of exposure and, through a sublethal assay of 5 hours, to assess its effect on the activity of acetylcholinesterase present in brain and squeletic dorsal muscle of the Danio rerio fish. The results showed that the LC50-96 found to D. rerio was 3.4 mg/L and it was found through the average of four definitive tests. In vitro assays were used to test the inhibitory action of methomyl directly over soluble AChE, extracted from the squeletic dorsal muscle, with maximum inhibition of 68.57% to the insecticide concentrations of 0.2 mg/L. In sublethal tests with D. rerio, inhibitory effect of methomyl was found over the soluble form of AChE in the squeletic dorsal muscle, both in one and five hours of fish exposure to the insecticide. In both period, the average values of inhibition were around 61%. In the same condition, no significant inhibitory effect of methomyl soluble and membrane AChE of the D. rerio was observed in the 0.42, 0.85, 1.70 and 2.50 mg/L concentrations and in both times of fish exposure

Avaliação da toxicidade de florações naturais e de cultura de cianobactérias: efeitos sobre Ceriodaphnia silvestri (Crustacea, Cladocera)

The incidence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms is one of the important consequences of eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. It is a very common phenomenon in reservoirs and shrimp ponds in the State of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil. Cyanobacterias produce toxins which can affect aquatic organisms and men trough the food chain. Aiming to contribute to the studies of cyanobacterias in RN, we propose: a) to evaluate the toxicity of isolated cyanobacterias in important fresh-water environments; and b) to verify the effects of both natural and cultured blooms occurred in reservoirs for human supply and in the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. This study was carried out using samples of natural blooms occurred between March and October of 2004 in Gargalheiras Dam (08º L e 39º W), in July of 2004 in Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves Dam (06o S e 37o W) and in commercial shrimp ponds (Litopenaeus vannamei) located in fresh-water environments. The samples were collected with plankton net (20µm.) for identification, isolation and obtaining of phytoplanktonic biomass for liophilization and later toxicity bioassays. The toxicity of cultured samples and natural blooms was investigated through bioassays in Swiss mice. Quantification of cyanobacteria in samples was conducted following the Ütermol method, with 300mL samples fixed with lugol. The toxicity test with Ceriodaphnia silvestrii followed ABNT, 2001 recommendations, and were accomplished with natural hepatotoxic bloom s samples and cultured samples of both non-toxic and neurotoxic C. raciborskii. In this test, five newborns, aged between 6 and 24 hours, were exposed to different concentrations (0 a 800 mg.L-1) of crude cyanobacterial extracts during 24 and 48 hours. Three replicates were used per treatment. The pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen at the beginning and after 24 and 48hours from the test were measured. We estimated the CL50 through the Trimmed Spearman-Karber method. The blooms were constituted by Microcystis panniformis, M. aeruginosa, Anabaena circinalis, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Planktothrix agardhii, producers of mycrocistin-LR confirmed with HPLC analysis. Samples of hepatotoxic blooms registered toxinogenic potential for C. silvestrii, with CL50-24h value of 47.48 mg.L-1 and CL5048h of 38.15 mg.L-1 for GARG samples in march/2005; CL50-24h of 113,13 mg.L-1 and CL5048h of 88,24 mg.L-1 for ARG July/2004; CL50-24h of 300.39 mg.L-1 and CL50-48h of 149.89 mg.L-1 for GARG October/2005. For cultured samples, values of CL50-24h and CL50-48h for C. raciborskii toxic strains were 228.05 and 120.28 mg.L-1, respectively. There was no mortality of C. silvestrii during the tests with non-toxic C. raciborskii strain. The toxicity test with C. silvestrii presented good sensitivity degree to cyanotoxins. The toxicity of natural hepatotoxic blooms samples (microcystins) and cultured neurotoxic saxitoxins producer samples analyzed in this study give us strong indications of that toxin s influence on the zooplanktonic community structure in tropical aquatic environments. Eleven cyanobacteria strains were isolated, representing 6 species: Anabaenopsis sp., Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Chroococcus sp., Microcystis panniformis, Geitlerinema unigranulatum e Planktothrix agardhii. None presented toxicity in Swiss mice. The strains were catalogued and deposited in the Laboratório de Ecologia e Toxicologia de Organismos Aquáticos (LETMA), in UFRN, and will be utilized in ecotoxicológical and ecophysiological studies, aiming to clarify the causes and control of cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic environments in RN. This state s reservoirs must receive broader attention from the authorities, considering the constant blooms occurring in waters used for human consumption

Obtenção e caracterização de nanopartículas de argilominerais

Natural nanoclays are of great interest particularly for the production of polymer-based nanocomposites. In this work, kaolinite clays from two natural deposits in the State of the Rio Grande do Norte and Paraiba were purified with thermal treatment and chemical treatments, and characterized. Front to the gotten data, had been proposals methodologies for elimination or reduction of coarse particle texts, oxide of iron and organic substance. These methodologies had consisted of the combination of operations with thermal treatments, carried through in electric oven, and acid chemical attacks with and hydrogen peroxide. The Analyzers Thermogravimetric was used to examine the thermal stability of the nanoclays. The analysis indicated weight losses at temperatures under 110 ºC and over the temperature range of 350 to 550 ºC. Based on the thermal analysis data, the samples were submitted to a thermal treatment at 500 °C, for 8 h, to remove organic components. The X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that thermal treatment under 500 °C affect the basic structure of kaolinite. The BET surface area measurements ranged from 32 to 38 m2/g for clay samples with thermal treatment and from 36 to 53 m2/g for chemically treated samples. Thus, although the thermal treatment increased the surface area, through the removal of organic components, the effect was not significant and chemical treatment is more efficient, not affect the basic structure of kaolinite, to improve particle dispersion. SEM analysis confirms that the clay is agglomerated forming micron-size particles

Obtenção de nanopartículas de hexaferrita de bário pelo método pechini

In this study barium hexaferrite was (general formulae BaFe12O19) was synthesized by the Pechini method under different conditions of heat treatment. Precursors like barium carbonate and iron nitrate were used. These magnetic ceramic, with magnetoplumbite type structure, are widely used as permanent magnet because of its excellent magnetic properties, such as: high Curie temperature, good magnetic anisotropy, high coercivity and corrosion resistance. The samples were characterized by thermal analysis (DTA and TG), X- ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) end Vibrating sample Magnetometer (VSM). The results confirm the expected phase, which was reinforced according to our analysis. A single phase powder at relatively high temperatures with particle sizes around 100 nm was obtained. The characteristic magnetic behavior one of the phases has been noted (probably superparamagnetic material), while another phase was identified as a ferrimagnetic material. The ferrimagnetic phase showed vortex configuration with two central and slightly inclined plateaus. In general, increase of heat treatment temperature and time, directly influenced the technological properties of the samples

Avaliação espectrofotométrica do manchamento de resinas odontológicas contendo nanopartículas

Composite resins have been subjected to structural modifications aiming at improved optical and mechanical properties. The present study consisted in an in vitro evaluation of the staining behavior of two nanohybrid resins (NH1 and NH2), a nanoparticulated resin (NP) and a microhybrid resin (MH). Samples of these materials were prepared and immersed in commonly ingested drinks, i.e., coffee, red wine and acai berry for periods of time varying from 1 to 60 days. Cylindrical samples of each resin were shaped using a metallic die and polymerized during 30 s both on the bottom and top of its disk. All samples were polished and immersed in the staining solutions. After 24 hours, three samples of each resin immersed in each solution were removed and placed in a spectrofotome ter for analysis. To that end, the samples were previously diluted in HCl at 50%. Tukey tests were carried out in the statistical analysis of the results. The results revealed that there was a clear difference in the staining behavior of each material. The nanoparticulated resin did not show better color stability compared to the microhybrid resin. Moreover, all resins stained with time. The degree of staining decreased in the sequence nanoparticulated, microhybrid, nanohybrid MH2 and MH1. Wine was the most aggressive drink followed by coffee and acai berry. SEM and image analysis revealed significant porosity on the surface of MH resin and relatively large pores on a NP sample. The NH2 resin was characterized by homogeneous dispersion of particles and limited porosity. Finally, the NH1 resin depicted the lowest porosity level. The results revealed that staining is likely related to the concentration of inorganic pa rticles and surface porosity

Adição de nanopartículas de Ti em matriz de Fe através da deposição por magnetron sputtering

Microalloyed steels constitute a specific class of steel with low amount of carbon and microalloying elements such as Vanadium (V), Niobium (Nb) and Titanium (Ti). The development and application of microalloyed steels and steels in general are limited to the handling of powders with particles of submicron or nanometer dimensions. Therefore, this work presents an alternative in order to construction of microalloyed steels utilizing the deposition by magnetron sputtering technique as a microalloying element addiction in which Ti nanoparticles are dispersed in an iron matrix. The advantage of that technique in relation to the conventional metallurgical processes is the possibility of uniformly disperse the microalloying elements in the iron matrix. It was carried out deposition of Ti onto Fe powder in high CH4, H2, Ar plasma atmosphere, with two deposition times. After the deposition, the iron powder with nanoparticles of Ti dispersed distributed, were compacted and sintered at 1120 ° C in resistive furnace. Characterization techniques utilized in the samples of powder before and after deposition of Ti were Granulometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (DRX). In the case of sintered samples, it was carried out characterization by SEM and Vickers Microhardness assays. The results show which the deposition technique by magnetron sputtering is practicable in the dispersion of particles in iron matrix. The EDX microanalysis detected higher percentages of Ti when the deposition were carried out with the inert gas and when the deposition process was carried out with reactive gas. The presence of titanium in iron matrix was also evidenced by the results of X-ray diffraction peaks that showed shifts in the network matrix. Given these results it can be said that the technique of magnetron sputtering deposition is feasible in the dispersion of nanoparticles of iron matrix in Ti.

Estudo da molhabilidade de ligas de adição à base de prata sobre insertos cerâmicos para aplicação em brocas perfuração de poços de petróleo

Metal-ceramic interfaces are present in tricone drill bits with hard ceramic inserts for oil well drilling operations. The combination of actions of cutting, crushing and breaking up of rocks results in the degradation of tricone drill bits by wear, total or partial rupture of the drill bit body or the ceramic inserts, thermal shock and corrosion. Also the improper pressfitting of the ceramic inserts on the bit body may cause its total detachment, and promote serious damages to the drill bit. The improvement on the production process of metal-ceramic interfaces can eliminate or minimize some of above-mentioned failures presented in tricone drill bits, optimizing their lifetime and so reducing drilling metric cost. Brazing is a widely established technique to join metal-ceramic materials, and may be an excellent alternative to the common mechanical press fitting process of hard ceramic inserts on the steel bit body for tricone drill bit. Wetting phenomena plays an essential role in the production of metal/ceramic interfaces when a liquid phase is present in the process. In this work, 72Silver-28Copper eutectic based brazing alloys were melted onto zirconia, silicon nitride and tungsten carbide/Co substrates under high vacuum. Contact angle evolution was measured and graphically plotted, and the interfaces produced were analysed by SEM-EDX. The AgCu eutectic alloy did not wet any ceramic substrates, showing high contact angles, and so without chemical interaction between the materials. Better results were found for the systemns containing 3%wt of titanium in the AgCu alloy. The presence os titanium as a solute in the alloy produces wettable cand termodinamically stable compounds, increasing the ceramics wetting beahviour

Síntese de nanopartículas de magnetita via decomposição térmica em meio não-aquoso

This work aims at obtaining nanoparticles of iron oxide, the magnetite one (Fe3O4), via synthesis by thermal decomposition through polyol. Thus, two routes were evaluated: a simple decomposition route assisted by reflux and a hydrothermal route both without synthetic air atmosphere using a synthesis temperature of 260ºC. In this work observed the influence of the observe of surfactants which are generally applied in the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles decreasing cluster areas. Further, was observed pure magnetite phase without secondary phases generally found in the iron oxide synthesis, a better control of crystallite size, morphology, crystal structure and magnetic behavior. Finally, the introduction of hydroxyl groups on the nanoparticles surface was analyzed besides its employment in the polymer production with OH radicals. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, DLS, VSM, TEM, TG and DSC analyses. The results for the magnetite obtainment with a particle size greater than 5 nm and smaller than 11 nm, well defined morphology and good magnetic properties with superparamagnetic behavior. The reflux synthesis was more efficient in the deposition of the hydroxyl groups on the nanoparticles surface