Composição, origem e distribuição de hidrocarbonetos em sedimentos marinhos nas principais regiões portuárias da costa sudeste brasileira

Regiões onde existem atividades portuárias estão mais susceptíveis à contaminação por hidrocarbonetos devido ao trânsito de embarcações e as operações de carga/descarga e, consequentemente, estão mais vulneráveis a sofrer impactos ambientais. Este trabalho avaliou a composição, distribuição e origem de hidrocarbonetos em oito regiões portuárias da costa sudeste brasileira: Santos-SP, São Sebastião-SP, Angra dos Reis-RJ, Itaguaí-RJ, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Arraial do Cabo-RJ, Macaé-RJ e Vitória-ES. Foram coletadas amostras de sedimentos marinhos superficiais (02 cm) em duas campanhas (2009 e 2010). Para a análise dos hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e dos hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) foram utilizadas cromatografia em fase gasosa com detector de ionização de chama e cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas, respectivamente. As concentrações médias e os desvios-padrão do Total de nalcanos (μg g-1), Total de Alifáticos (μg g-1), HPAs Totais (ng g-1) e 16 HPAs prioritários (ng g-1) encontrados foram 6,55 4,52, 123,16 86,12, 1470,24 958,41 e 653,93 482,81 na região do porto de Santos-SP; 2,69 1,16, 35,29 15,22, 756,25 350,28 e 142,35 142,35 na região do porto de São Sebastião-SP; 3,11 2,34, 56,99 78,39, 777,62 821,32 e 82,33 84,62 na região do porto de Angra dos Reis-RJ; 5,58 3,28, 26,55 12,19, 1221,15 1070,87 e 92,28 93,14 na região do porto de Itaguaí-RJ; 5,09 2,03, 179,22 108,16, 3547,27 3081,18 e 1879,05 1792,69 na região do porto do Rio de Janeiro; 1,63 2,15, 51,54 39,50, 366,26 222,89 e 194,83 141,65 na região do porto de Arraial do Cabo-RJ; 3,92 2,69, 50,42 81,30, 643,97 637,61 e 182,46 265,87 na região do porto de Macaé-RJ; e 4,78 4,05, 45,31 32,84, 868,78 874,56 e 258,84 142,89 na região do porto de Vitória-ES, respectivamente. O nível de contaminação por hidrocarbonetos nas regiões estudadas variou de baixo a muito alto, mostrando que estes níveis não são diretamente compatíveis com o tamanho e o desenvolvimento urbano em torno de cada porto. Para a avaliação das fontes de contaminação foram usadas razões diagnósticas selecionadas da literatura. A mistura de fontes (pirolítica e petrogênica) foi considerada predominante na maioria das áreas, indicando a influência das atividades dos portos e dos aportes de entradas de contaminação por vias urbanas, industriais e atmosféricas.

A Low-level Geographic Information System for coastal zone management, with applications to Brunei Darussalam: Part I: The concept and its design elements

This contribution is the first part of a four-part series documenting the development of B:RUN, a software program which reads data for common spreadsheets and presents them as low-resolution maps of slates and processes. The program emerged from a need which arose during a project in Brunei Darussalam for a 'low level' approach for researchers to communicate findings as efficiently and expeditiously as possible. Part I provides a overview of the concept and design elements of B:RUN. Part II will highlight results of the economics components of the program evaluating different fishing regimes, sailing distances from ports and fleet operating costs. Environmental aspects will be presented in Part III in the form of overlay maps. Part IV will summarize the implications of B:RUN results to coastal and fishery resources management in Brunei Darussalam and show how this approach can be adapted to other coastlines and used as a teaching and training tool. The following three parts will be published in future editions of Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly. The program is available through ICLARM.

Impact of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) on salmon fisheries in Monterey Bay, California

To assess the impact of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) on salmon fisheries in the Monterey Bay region of California, the percentages of hooked fish taken by sea lions in commercial and recreational salmon fisheries were estimated from 1997 to 1999. Onboard surveys of sea lion interactions with the commercial and recreational f isheries and dockside interviews with fishermen after their return to port were conducted in the ports of Santa Cruz, Moss Landing, and Monterey. Approximately 1745 hours of onboard and dockside surveys were conducted—924 hours in the commercial fishery and 821 hours in the recreational fishery (commercial passenger fishing vessels [CPFVs] and personal skiffs combined). Adult male California sea lions were responsible for 98.4% of the observed depredations of hooked salmon in the commercial and recreational fisheries in Monterey Bay. Mean annual percentages of hooked salmon taken by sea lions ranged from 8.5% to 28.6% in the commercial fishery, 2.2% to 18.36% in the CPFVs, and 4.0% to 17.5% in the personal skiff fishery. Depredation levels in the commercial and recreational salmon fisheries were greatest in 1998—likely a result of the large El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event that occurred from 1997 to 1998 that reduced natural prey resources. Commercial fishermen lost an estimated $18,031−$60,570 of gear and $225,833−$498,076 worth of salmon as a result of interactions with sea lions. Approximately 1.4−6.2% of the available salmon population was removed from the system as a result of sea lion interactions with the fishery. Assessing the impact of a growing sea lion population on fisheries stocks is difficult, but may be necessary for effective fisheries management.

Análise de transição entre cabos coaxiais constituída por corrugações e desníveis angulares.

Esta dissertação apresenta um formalismo baseado no Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), adequado a análise de descontinuidades coaxiais com simetria axial, entre duas linhas coaxiais quaisquer, incluindo corrugações nos tubos internos e externos. Pelo método de Galerkin-Budnov deduz-se um operador integral bilinear, aplicado ao campo magnético, expandido em todo o domínio da estrutura, coaxial-descontinuidade-coaxial. As portas de entrada e saída da estrutura são posicionadas distantes da descontinuidade, de forma que nelas só haja o modo Transversal Eletromagnético (TEM). O campo magnético procurado e obtido pelo MEF. Os resultados encontrados; perdas de retorno, comportamento do campo magnético e as equi-fases nas portas de entrada e saída da estrutura, foram calculados e confrontados com as do Método de Casamento de Modos (MCM), com um alto grau de concordância.

Teste de sentar-levantar: relação com a mortalidade por todas as causas e com a flexibilidade

Sabe-se que um estilo de vida sedentário e uma condição aeróbica baixa são associados com uma maior chance de desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares e um maior risco de mortalidade por todas as causas. Contudo, é possível que outros indicadores de aptidão física possam ter significado clínico prognóstico. Originalmente proposto em 1999, o teste de sentar-levantar (TSL) é, simples de executar e possui comprovada reprodutibilidade inter e intra-avaliador. O avaliado inicia o teste com o escore máximo de 5 pontos para cada uma das ações de sentar e levantar, sendo subtraído do mesmo, um ponto para cada apoio extra utilizado (mão, braço e joelho) e meio ponto para cada desequilíbrio corporal perceptível. A pontuação do TSL escore, variando de 0 a 10, é realizada pela soma das ações de sentar e levantar. Considerando o potencial papel da flexibilidade para uma execução mais eficiente de gestos motores, não é surpreendente que o desempenho sobre TSL possa ser influenciado por essa valência. O objetivo desta dissertação foi analisar a relação entre o resultado do TSL e a mortalidade por todas as causas e a flexibilidade. No primeiro estudo, 2002 indivíduos entre 51 e 80 anos (68% homens), realizaram o TSL e os resultados foram estratificados em quatro faixas: 0/3; 3,5/5,5, 6/7,5 and 8/10. Baixos resultados no TSL escore foram associados com um maior risco de mortalidade (p<0,001). Uma tendência contínua de maior sobrevivência se refletiu no ajuste multivariado idade, sexo, índice de massa corporal em um razão de risco de 5,44 [95%IC=3,19,5], 3,44 [95%IC=2,05,9] e 1,84 [95%IC=1,13,0] (p<0,001) dos menores para as maiores faixas de resultados do TSL. Cada aumento de um ponto no escore do TSL significou uma melhora de 21% na sobrevivência. Já o segundo estudo, contou com 3927 indivíduos (67,4% homens) que realizaram o TSL e o Flexiteste. O Flexiteste avalia a amplitude máxima passiva de 20 movimentos corporais. Para cada um dos movimentos, existem cinco escores possíveis, 0 a 4 em uma ordem de mobilidade crescente. A soma dos resultados dos 20 movimentos fornece uma pontuação de flexibilidade global denominada de Flexíndice (FLX). Os resultados do FLX foram estratificados em quartis (626, 2735, 3644 and 4577). Os valores do TSL em cada quartil diferiram entre si (p<0,001). Além disso, o escore do TSL e o FLX foram diretamente associados (r=0,296; p<0,001). Os indivíduos com um TSL escore zero são menos flexíveis para todos os 20 movimentos do Flexiteste do que aqueles com escore 10. Portanto, os dados da presente dissertação, indicam que: o resultado do TSL se mostrou um importante preditor de mortalidade por todas as causas para indivíduos entre 51-80 anos de idade e que indivíduos mais flexíveis tendem a ter maiores escores no TSL.

Propriedades fotoluminescentes e higroscopia do composto SrAl2O4 dopado com íons de Ni2+

Amostras foram preparadas pelo método de difusão a partir dos reagentes químicos SrCO3, Al2O3 e NiO em proporções estequiométricas. Medidas por difração de raios X mostraram que as amostras possuem uma única fase: SrAl2O4. Neste trabalho apresentamos imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura das amostras SrAl2O4 dopadas com 0,1%, 0,5%, 1,0%, 2,0%, 5,0% e 10,0% de íons de Ni2+, medidas de fotoluminescência, excitação da fotoluminescência da amostra SrAl2O4 dopada com 1,0% de íons de Ni2+, medidas de absorção fotoacústica das amostras SrAl2O4 dopadas com 1,0%, 2,0%, 5,0% e 10,0% de íons de Ni2+. Estas medidas foram realizadas a temperatura ambiente para investigar as transições eletrônicas dos íons divalente de níquel que entraram substitucionalmente nos sítios de Sr2+ da rede do SrAl2O4. Os resultados ópticos mostram a existência de três centros emissores de Ni2+. De acordo com a literatura, a estrutura do SrAl2O4 é composta de dois sítios octaédrico distintos de íons de Sr2+, o Sr12+ e o Sr22+, cujas distâncias médias Sr1 O e Sr2 O são, respectivamente, 2,800 Ǻ e 2,744 Ǻ. Visto que os íons de Ni2+ tendem a substituir os íons de Sr2+, devido ao fato de possuírem a mesma valência, é necessário considerar que uma parte dos íons de Ni2+ ocuparam os sítios dos íons de Al3+ na rede do SrAl2O4 para justificar a existência de um terceiro centro emissor de Ni2+ nesse composto. Uma novo sítio octaédrico para os íons de Ni2+ foi estimado a partir do valor da aresta do sítio tetraédrico ocupado pelos íons de Al3+ na rede do SrAl2O4 (considerando o raio iônico do Ni2+ como aproximadamente 40% maior do que o raio iônico do Al3+). As transições eletrônicas presentes nos espectros de excitação e absorção fotoacústica permitiram determinar os parâmetros de campo cristalino (Dq) e Racah (B e C) para os três sítios diferentes ocupados pelos íons de Ni2+ no SrAl2O4. Neste caso, os resultados mostraram que o sítio II dos íons de Ni2+ é associado à posição do Sr1 e possuem um parâmetro Dq menor e que o parâmetro Dq associado aos íons de Ni2+ que substituíram os íons de Sr no sitio I, o qual, por sua vez é associado à posição do Sr2. E, por fim, o sítio III que possui o menor parâmetro de campo cristalino Dq, portanto a maior distância íon ligante, é identificado como aquele relacionado ao rearranjo octaédrico local das antigas posições de Al3+. O caráter higroscópico do SrAl2O4:Ni2+ é observado a partir dos espectros de absorção fotoacústica e os modos de vibração de estiramento das ligações Ni OH e O H são identificadas nos espectros.

Co-occurrence of bycatch and target species in the groundfish demersal trawl fishery of the U.S. west coast; with special consideration of rebuilding stocks

Bycatch and resultant discard mortality are issues of global concern. The groundfish demersal trawl fishery on the west coast of the United States is a multispecies fishery with significant catch of target and nontarget species. These catches are of particular concern in regard to species that have previously been declared overfished and are currently rebuilding biomass back to target levels. To understand these interactions better, we used data from the West Coast Groundfish Observer Program in a series of cluster analyses to evaluate 3 questions: 1) Are there identifiable associations between species caught in the bottom trawl fishery; 2) Do species that are undergoing population rebuilding toward target biomass levels (“rebuilding species”) cluster with targeted species in a consistent way; 3) Are the relationships between rebuilding bycatch species and target species more resolved at particular spatial scales or are relationships spatially consistent across the whole data set? Two strong species clusters emerged—a deepwater slope cluster and a shelf cluster—neither of which included rebuilding species. The likelihood of encountering rebuilding rockfish species is relatively low. To evaluate whether weak clustering of rebuilding rockfish was attributable to their low rate of occurrence, we specified null models of species occurrence. Results indicated that the ability to predict occurrence of rebuilding rockfish when target species were caught was low. Cluster analyses performed at a variety of spatial scales indicated that the most reliable clustering of rebuilding species was at the spatial scale of individual fishing ports. This finding underscores the value of spatially resolved data for fishery management.

Trade secrets: a ten year overview of the illegal import of sea turtle products into the United States

For more than 25 years all sea turtle products have been prohibited from international commerce by the 170-member nations of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Sea turtles continue to be threatened by direct take (including poaching) and illegal trade despite multi-national protection efforts. Although take may contribute significantly to sea turtle decline, illegal take is difficult to measure since there are few quantified records associated with legal fisheries and fewer still for illegal take (poaching). We can, however, quantify one portion of the illegal sea turtle trade by determining how many illegal products were seized at United States ports of entry over a recent 10-year period. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) oversees the import and export of wildlife and wildlife products, ensuring that wildlife trade complies with United States laws and international treaties. Additionally, the USFWS has legal authority to target suspected illegal wildlife activity through undercover and field investigations. In an effort to assess the scale of illegal sea turtle take and trade, we have conducted a 10-year (1994 – 2003) review of the law enforcement database maintained by the USFWS. This database tracks the number and type of wildlife cases, the quantity of seized products, and the penalties assessed against violators. These data are minimum estimates of the sea turtle products passing through the United States borders, as smuggled wildlife is oftentimes not detected.

Age and growth of the swordfish (Xiphias gladius L.) in the waters around Taiwan determined from anal-fin rays

Age and growth of the swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in Taiwan waters was studied from counts of growth bands on cross sections of the second ray of the first anal fin. Data on lower jaw fork length and weight, and samples of the anal fin of male and female swordfish were collected from three offshore and coastal tuna longline fishing ports on a monthly basis between September 1997 and March 1999. In total, 685 anal fins were collected and 627 of them (293 males and 334 females) were aged successfully. The lower jaw fork lengths of the aged individuals ranged from 83.4 to 246.6 cm for the females and from 83.3 to 206 cm for the males. The radii of the fin rays and growth bands on the cross sections were measured under a dissecting microscope equipped with an image analysis system. Trends in the monthly marginal increment ratio indicated that growth bands formed once a year. Thus, the age of each fish was deter-mined from the number of visible growth bands. Two methods were used to estimate and compare the standard and the generalized von Bertalanffy growth parameters for both males and females. The nonlinear least square estimates of the generalized von Bertalanffy growth parameters in method II, in which a power function was used to describe the relationship between ray radius and LJFL, were recommended as most acceptable. There were significant differences in growth parameters between males and females. The growth parameters estimated for females were the following: asymptotic length (L∞) = 300.66 cm, growth coefficient (K) = 0.040/yr, age at zero length (t0) = –0.75 yr, and the fitted fourth parameter (m) = –0.785. The growth parameters estimated for males were the following: asymptotic length (L∞) = 213.05 cm, growth coefficient (K) = 0.086/yr, age at zero length (t0) = –0.626 yr, and the fitted fourth parameter (m) = –0.768.

Engineering design and mechatronics: The schemebuilder project

The paper describes the development of a software design aid for use at the conceptual stage of engineering design. It is intended for use in the design of mechatronic products but has wider potential uses. Early approaches were based on function structures and tables of options and the system that evolved allows the assembly of schemes linked by matching their input and output ports. A database of components is provided which can be accessed via different indexes and the designer can easily create and compare alternative schemes at the concept stage. A bond graph approach is used to define the interconnections between components. This allows correct port matching but also provides for future development such as constraint propagation through the design and links to simulation tools. © 1993 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

21 Port self wavelength switching of 40 Gb/s spectral-amplitude-encoded DPSK signals

Ultrafast self-switching of spectral-amplitude-encoded 40 Gb/s DPSK signals is demonstrated for the first time. Switching between 21 ports with 15nm maximum bin separation is achieved using a single correlator based on HNLF and an AWG. © 2009 IEEE.

Self-regulating casing treatment for axial compressor stability enhancement

The operating range of an axial compressor is often restricted by a safety imposed stall margin. One possible way of regaining operating range is with the application of casing treatment. Of particular interest here is the type of casing treatment which extracts air from a high pressure location in the compressor and re-injects it through discrete loops into the rotor tip region. Existing re-circulation systems have the disadvantage of reducing compressor efficiency at design conditions because worked flow is unnecessarily re-circulated at these operating conditions. Re-circulation is really only needed near stall. This paper proposes a self-regulating casing treatment in which the re-circulated flow is minimized at compressor design conditions and maximized near stall. The self-regulating capability is achieved by taking advantage of changes which occur in the tip clearance velocity and pressure fields as the compressor is throttled toward stall. In the proof-of-concept work reported here, flow is extracted from the high pressure region over the rotor tips and re-injected just upstream of the same blade row. Parametric studies are reported in which the flow extraction and re-injection ports are optimized for location, shape and orientation. The optimized design is shown to compare favorably with a circumferential groove tested in the same compressor. The relationship between stall inception type and casing treatment effectiveness is also investigated. The self-regulating aspect of the new design works well: stall margin improvements from 2.2 to 6.0% are achieved for just 0.25% total air re-circulated near stall and half that near design conditions. The self-regulating capability is achieved by the selective location and orientation of the extraction hole; a simple model is discussed which predicts the optimum axial location. Copyright © 2011 by ASME.

Demonstration of multi-casting in a 1 × 9 LCOS wavelength selective switch

A multi-functional 1 × 9 wavelength selective switch based on liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) spatial light modulator technology and anamorphic optics was tested at a channel spacing of 100 and 200 GHz, including dynamic data measurements on both single beam deflection and multi-casting to two ports. The multi-casting holograms were optimized using a modified Gerchberg-Saxton routine to design the core hologram, followed by a simulated annealing routine to reduce crosstalk at non-switched ports. The effect of clamping the magnitude of phase changes between neighboring pixels during optimization was investigated, with experimental results for multi-casting to two ports resulting in a signal insertion loss of-7.6 dB normalized to single port deflection, a uniformity of ±0.6%, and a worst case crosstalk of-19.4 dB, which can all be improved further by using a better anti-reflection coating on the LCOS SLM coverplate and other measures. © 2013 IEEE.

A 40 Gb/s optical bus for optical backplane interconnections

Optical technologies have received large interest in recent years for use in board-level interconnects. Polymer multimode waveguides in particular, constitute a promising technology for high-capacity optical backplanes as they can be cost-effectively integrated onto conventional printed circuit boards (PCBs). This paper presents the first optical backplane demonstrator based on the use of PCB-integrated polymer multimode waveguides and a regenerative shared bus architecture. The backplane demonstrator is formed with commercially-available low-cost electronic and photonic components onto conventional FR4 substrates and comprises two opto-electronic (OE) bus modules interconnected via a prototype regenerator unit. The system enables interconnection between the connected cards over four optical channels, each operating at 10 Gb/s. Bus extension is achieved by cascading OE bus modules via 3R regenerator units, overcoming therefore the inherent limitation of optical bus topologies in the maximum number of cards that can be connected to the bus. Details of the design, fabrication, and assembly of the different parts of this optical bus backplane are presented and related optical and data transmission characterisation studies are reported. The optical layer of the OE bus modules comprises a four-channel three-card waveguide layout that is compatible with VCSEL/PD arrays and ribbon fibres. All on-board optical paths exhibit insertion losses below 13 dB and intra-channel crosstalk lower than -29 dB. The robustness of the signal distribution from the bus inputs to all respective bus output ports in the presence of input misalignment is demonstrated, while 1 dB input alignment tolerances of approximately ±10 μm are obtained. The electrical layer of the OE bus modules comprises the essential driving circuitry for 1×4 VCSEL and PD arrays and the corresponding control and power regulation circuits. The interface between the optical and electrical layers of the bus modules is achieved with simple OE connectors that enable end-fired optical coupling into and out of the on-board polymer waveguides. The backplane demonstrator achieves error-free (BER < 10-12) 10 Gb/s data transmission over each optical channel, enabling therefore, an aggregate interconnection capacity of 40 Gb/s between any connected cards. © 1983-2012 IEEE.

Two-port InGaAsP/InP square resonator microlasers

Two-port InGaAsP/InP square resonator microlasers with a side length of 20 mm have been fabricated by the planar technology process, which have two 1 mu m-wide output ports connected to the vertices of the square resonator. Continuous-wave electrically injected microsquare lasers have been realised at room temperature with mode Q-factors of 1.75 x 10(4) at the threshold current.