First dynamic kinetic resolution of selenium-containing chiral amines catalyzed by palladium (Pd/BaSO(4)) and Candida antartica lipase (CAL-B)

An efficient method for chemoenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution of selenium-containing chiral amines (organoselenium-1-phenylethanamines) has been developed, leading to the corresponding amides in excellent enantioselectivities and high isolated yields. This one-pot procedure employs two different types of catalysts: Pd on barium sulphate (Pd/BaSO(4)) as racemization catalyst and lipase (CAL-B) as the resolution catalyst. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Synthesis of L1(0) Fe-Pd films by electrodeposition and thermal annealing

Fe-Pd alloy films have been prepared by electrochemical deposition from an alkaline electrolyte containing Fe sulfate, Pd chloride and 5-sulfosalicylic acid onto polycrystalline titanium substrates. The as-deposited films were nanocrystalline and magnetically soft (coercivity similar to 25 Oe). L1(0) Fe-Pd films with a (111) preferred orientation were obtained by post-deposition thermal annealing of films with composition about 37 at% Fe in an (Ar + 5% H-2) gas flow at 500 degrees C. Such films exhibit hard magnetic properties, with a coercivity up to 1880 Oe, and a slightly anisotropic magnetic response, with a larger in-plane remanence. Preliminary magnetic investigations support magnetization switching through pinning of domain walls. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nitrate reduction on Pt single crystals with Pd multilayer

Nitrate reduction on palladium multilayers deposited on platinum single crystal electrodes was studied by cyclic voltammetry and FTIR spectroscopy in acid and alkaline media. The results are compared with those obtained with bulk palladium single crystals. The reaction is sensitive to the electrode surface structure, the reactivity depending on the solution pH. In acid solution nitrate was reduced at potentials below the potential of zero total charge (pztc), when the electrode is negatively charged. Competition between nitrate, hydrogen and anion adsorption and NO formation and accumulation at the surface are proposed as the main reasons for the slow reaction rate. On the bulk palladium single crystal electrodes, NO formation leads to a fast blockage of the surface resulting in a very low activity for nitrate reduction. In alkaline solution, nitrate is reduced at more positive potentials with significantly higher current being measured on the Pd multilayer on Pt(100) electrode. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Potential oscillations in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell with a Pd-Pt/C anode

We report in this paper the occurrence of potential oscillations in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with a Pd-Pt/C anode, fed with H(2)/100 ppm CO, and operated at 30 degrees C. We demonstrate that the use of Pd-Pt/C anode enables the emergence of dynamic instabilities in a PEMFC. Oscillations are characterized by the presence of very high oscillation amplitude, ca. 0.8 V. which is almost twice that observed in a PEMFC with a Pt-Ru/C anode under similar conditions. The effects of the H(2)/CO flow rate and cell current density on the oscillatory dynamics were investigated and the mechanism rationalized in terms of the CO oxidation and adsorption processes. We also discuss the fundamental aspects concerning the operation of a PEMFC under oscillatory regime in terms of the benefit resulting from the higher average power output. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis and characterization of mono and polymeric cyclopalladated compounds: Crystal and molecular structure of [{Pd(dmba)(ONO(2))}(2)(mu-pz)] center dot H(2)O (pz = pyrazine)

In the treatment of cyclometallated dimer [Pd(dmba)(mu-Cl)](2) (dmba = N,N-dimethylbenzylamine) with AgNO(3) and acetonitrile the result was the monomeric cationic precursor [Pd(dmba)(NCMe)(2)](NO(3)) (NCMe=acetonitrile) (1). Compound 1 reacted with m-nitroaniline (m-NAN) and pirazine (pz), originating [Pd(dmba)(ONO(2))(m-NAN)] (2) and [{Pd(dmba)(ONO(2))}(2)(mu-pz)] center dot H(2)O (3), respectively. These compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy. The IR spectra of (2-3) display typical bands of monodentade O-bonded nitrate groups, whereas the NMR data of 3 are consistent with the presence of bridging pyrazine ligands. The structure of compound 3 was determined by Xray diffraction analysis. This packing consists of a supramolecular chain formed by hydrogen bonding between the water molecule and nitrato ligands of two consecutive [Pd(2)(dmba)(2)(ONO(2))2(mu-pz)] units. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Analysis of tapping test results in a test battery for advanced PD patients

Objective: To compare results from various tapping tests with diary responses in advanced PD. Background: A home environment test battery for assessing patient state in advanced PD, consisting of diary assessments and motor tests was constructed for a hand computer with touch screen and mobile communication. The diary questions: 1. walking, 2. time in off , on and dyskinetic states, 3. off at worst, 4. dyskinetic at worst, 5. cramps, and 6. satisfied with function, relate to the recent past. Question 7, self-assessment, allows seven steps from -3 ( very off ) to +3 ( very dyskinetic ) and relate to right now. Tapping tests outline: 8. Alternately tapping two fields (un-cued) with right hand 9. Same as 8 but using left hand 10. Tapping an active field (out of two) following a system-generated rhythm (increasing speed) with the dominant hand 11. Tapping an active field (out of four) that randomly changes location when tapped using the dominant hand Methods: 65 patients (currently on Duodopa, or candidates for this treatment) entered diary responses and performed tapping tests four times per day during one to six periods of seven days length. In total there were 224 test periods and 6039 test occasions. Speed for tapping test 10 was discardedand tests 8 and 9 were combined by taking means. Descriptive statistics were used to present the variation of the test variables in relation to self assessment (question 7). Pearson correlation coefficients between speed and accuracy (percent correct) in tapping tests and diary responses were calculated. Results: Mean compliance (percentage completed test occasions per test period) was 83% and the median was 93%. There were large differences in both mean tapping speed and accuracy between the different self-assessed states. Correlations between diary responses and tapping results were small (-0.2 to 0.3, negative values for off-time and dyskinetic-time that had opposite scale directions). Correlations between tapping results were all positive (0.1 to 0.6). Conclusions: The diary responses and tapping results provided different information. The low correlations can partly be explained by the fact that questions related to the past and by random variability, which could be reduced by taking means over test periods. Both tapping speed and accuracy reflect the motor function of the patient to a large extent.

Assessment of PD Speech Anomalies @ Home

Background: Voice processing in real-time is challenging. A drawback of previous work for Hypokinetic Dysarthria (HKD) recognition is the requirement of controlled settings in a laboratory environment. A personal digital assistant (PDA) has been developed for home assessment of PD patients. The PDA offers sound processing capabilities, which allow for developing a module for recognition and quantification HKD. Objective: To compose an algorithm for assessment of PD speech severity in the home environment based on a review synthesis. Methods: A two-tier review methodology is utilized. The first tier focuses on real-time problems in speech detection. In the second tier, acoustics features that are robust to medication changes in Levodopa-responsive patients are investigated for HKD recognition. Keywords such as Hypokinetic Dysarthria , and Speech recognition in real time were used in the search engines. IEEE explorer produced the most useful search hits as compared to Google Scholar, ELIN, EBRARY, PubMed and LIBRIS. Results: Vowel and consonant formants are the most relevant acoustic parameters to reflect PD medication changes. Since relevant speech segments (consonants and vowels) contains minority of speech energy, intelligibility can be improved by amplifying the voice signal using amplitude compression. Pause detection and peak to average power rate calculations for voice segmentation produce rich voice features in real time. Enhancements in voice segmentation can be done by inducing Zero-Crossing rate (ZCR). Consonants have high ZCR whereas vowels have low ZCR. Wavelet transform is found promising for voice analysis since it quantizes non-stationary voice signals over time-series using scale and translation parameters. In this way voice intelligibility in the waveforms can be analyzed in each time frame. Conclusions: This review evaluated HKD recognition algorithms to develop a tool for PD speech home-assessment using modern mobile technology. An algorithm that tackles realtime constraints in HKD recognition based on the review synthesis is proposed. We suggest that speech features may be further processed using wavelet transforms and used with a neural network for detection and quantification of speech anomalies related to PD. Based on this model, patients' speech can be automatically categorized according to UPDRS speech ratings.

Pd embedded in porous carbon (Pd@CMK-3) as an active catalyst for Suzuki reactions: accelerating mass transfer to enhance the reaction rate

Heterogeneous catalysts are promising candidates for use in organic reactions due to their advantages in separation, recovery, and environment compatibility. In this work, an active porous catalyst denoted as Pd embedded in porous carbon (Pd@CMK-3) has been prepared by a strategy involving immersion, ammoniahydrolysis, and heating procedures. Detailed characterization of the catalyst revealed that Pd(0) and Pd(II) species co-exist and were embedded in the matrix of the porous carbon (CMK-3). The as-prepared catalyst has shown high activity toward Suzuki reactions. Importantly, if the reaction mixture was homogenized by two minutes of ultrasonication rather than magnetic stirring before heating, the resistance to mass transfer in the pore channels was significantly reduced. As a result, the reactions proceeded more rapidly and a four-fold increase in the turnover frequency (TOF) could be obtained. When the ultrasonication was employed throughout the entire reaction process, the conversion could also exceed 90% even without the protection of inert gas, and although the reaction temperature was lowered to 30 °C. This work provides a method for fabricating highly active porous carbon encapsulated Pd catalysts for Suzuki reactions and proves that the problem of mass transfer in porous catalysts can be conveniently resolved by ultrasonication without any chemical modification being necessary.[Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2014 Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Estudo de difusão de In e Pd em [alfa]-Ti utilizando a técnica de espectrometria de retroespalhamento de Rutherford e canalização

O objetivo da presente dissertação é o estudo de difusão de In e Pd na matriz de a-Ti. O interesse deste estudo baseia-se na investigação sistemática, realizada pelo grupo de Implantação Iônica, de difusão de impurezas substitucionais em a-Ti com o fim de determinar uma relação entre tamanho, valência e solubilidade e os respectivos coeficientes de difusão. Considerações de tamanho, diferença de valência e solubilidade indicam que o In deverá difundir substitucionalmente. Por outro lado, não está claro qual será o mecanismo de difusão do Pd, pois a sua solubilidade não é muito alta e seu raio atômico é menor que o da matriz. A dependência do coeficiente de difusão desses dois elementos com a temperatura foi estudada entre 823 e 1073 K no caso do In, e entre 673 e 1073 K no caso do Pd. Em ambos os casos, a técnica de RBS foi utilizada para determinar os perfis de concentração. Esta técnica tem uma alta resolução em profundidade (tipicamente 10 nm), o que permite a determinação das baixas difusividades esperadas no presente experimento (D ≤ 10-17 m² s-¹). Adicionalmente, utilizamos para o caso do Pd a técnica de canalização, com a finalidade de determinar o grau de substitucionalidade dos átomos de Pd, tanto imediatamente após a implantação, quanto depois de efetuados os recozimentos e, portanto, determinar o mecanismo de difusão do mesmo em α - Ti. No caso do In, os coeficientes de difusão seguem uma lei de Arrhenius com parâmetros de difusão Q = (260 ± 10) kJ/mol e Do = (2,0 ± 1,3) x 10-6 m² s-¹ , valores estes, típicos de um comportamento difusivo substitucional. No entanto, para o Pd, os coeficientes de difusão também seguem um comportamento tipo Arrhenius, com Q = (264 ± 9) kJ/mol e Do = (2,8 ± 1,3) x 10-3 m² s-¹. Quando se comparam os resultados do Pd com outros substitucionais, tais como Pb, Au, Sn e In, os resultados indicam que o Pd é um difusor rápido, porém mais lento que os intersticiais do tipo Fe, Co ou Cu. Por outro lado, os experimentos de canalização indicam que no intervalo de temperatura estudado, 30% dos átomos de Pd ficam em posição intersticial na rede. Isto é um forte indício de que o mecanismo de difusão é do tipo misto.

Líquidos iônicos aplicados na síntese e estabilização de nanopartículas de Pt(0) e Pd/Pt(0), caracterização e estudos em reações de hidrogenação catalítica

A presente tese descreve a síntese e estabilização de nanopartículas de Pt (0) nos líquidos iônicos BMI.PF6, BMI.BF4 e BMI.CF3SO3, a síntese de nanopartículas bimetálicas de Pd/Pt (0) em líquido iônico BMI.PF6, a caracterização destes materiais por TEM, HRTEM, XRD, SAXS e XPS, e principalmente o estudo da aplicação destes materiais como catalisadores em reações de hidrogenação. A decomposição do precursor catalítico Pt2(dba)3 e redução do precursor PtO2 dissolvidos nos líquidos iônicos BMI.PF6, BMI.BF4 e BMI.CF3SO3 utilizando hidrogênio molecular como agente redutor resultou em nanopartículas de Pt (0) com um diâmetro médio entre 2-3 nm. Essas partículas, devidamente caracterizadas, foram utilizadas como catalisadores na hidrogenação de compostos olefínicos e aromáticos. Estudos cinéticos e mecanísticos de formação das nanopartículas metálicas, utilizando a hidrogenação de cicloexeno como sonda química, foram aplicados para avaliar e confirmar que as espécies ativas presentes nas reações de hidrogenação eram compostas de Pt (0). Os resultados obtidos foram complementados por TEM. As caracterizações das nanopartículas de Pt (0) (TEM, SAXS e XPS), os estudos cinéticos de formação destas, assim como, os dados de hidrogenação catalítica; evidenciaram que os líquidos iônicos utilizados são um excelente agente estabilizante para a síntese de nanopartículas de Pt (0) e Pd/Pt (0), bem como um meio ideal para reações de hidrogenação catalítica.

Modelagem da perda esperada: uma alternativa para tratar o efeito da correlação entre a PD e LGD

Com a relevância que o mercado de crédito vem ganhando na economia o presente trabalho se propôs a fazer uma revisão conceitual do risco de crédito. Tendo a perda esperada como o principal componente do risco de crédito, o trabalho se aprofundou nesse tema propondo uma maneira nova para o cálculo da mesma. Da maneira que ela é modelada usualmente pressupoem que os parâmetros de PD e LGD são independentes. Alguns autores questionam essa pressuposição e que, se essa dependência não for levada em conta os cálculos de perda esperada e o capital que deveria ser alocado estarão incorretos. Uma alternativa para tratar a correlação é modelar os dois componentes conjuntamente, ao comparar os resultados do modelo usual com o modelo conjunto conclui-se que o erro da estimativa de perda esperada do modelo conjunto foi menor. Não se pode afirmar que o menor erro na estimativa de perda se deve a correlação entre a PD e LGD, porém ao modelar os parâmetros conjuntamente, retira-se essa forte pressuposição.