El comercio compensatorio y sus potenciales afectaciones al principio de no discriminación establecido en los acuerdos de la OMC

En la última década el Ecuador replanteó su política comercial e inició operaciones de comercio compensatorio principalmente con Venezuela y China; se incorporó al ALBA y adoptó el SUCRE como mecanismo para realizar operaciones de intercambio comercial bajo los principios de complementariedad y solidaridad. En este contexto, existe la posibilidad de generar potenciales afectaciones a los principios del sistema multilateral de comercio, específicamente el de no discriminación. En ese sentido, en el presente estudio se describe el comercio compensatorio y su estructura; se analiza el principio de no discriminación, expresado a través de las cláusulas de nación más favorecida y de trato nacional. Del mismo modo, se analizan los acuerdos comerciales suscritos por el Ecuador dentro del ALBA, los acuerdos realizados con Venezuela y Cuba en el marco de ALADI y el uso del SUCRE. Se concluye que dichos acuerdos se enmarcan en un proceso de integración flexible que atiende a las necesidades y diferencias de sus miembros, por tanto tales intercambios no se ajustan a los lineamientos del SMC; no obstante, se adecuan a las excepciones que el propio sistema establece, en tal razón no se advierte contradicción o violación del ordenamiento jurídico internacional.

Algunas características de los programas antárticos de India y China (Tema Central)

This paper states that even though the Antarctic Treaty is a remarkable instrument for peaceful collaboration and scientific research, it is, basically, a by-product of the Cold War that reaffirms a particular status quo. This paper explores whether the ATS will meet the needs of an emerging world order. Particularly, the paper evaluates the ATS in the face of new global challenges, both internal and external to the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) itself, as well as power shifting processes on a world scale, climate change and the changing interests of new states. China is a key component in understanding this issue because its Antarctic engagement is entering a new phase one that challenges current multilateral provisions. China’s Antarctic program will be analyzed within the framework of International Relations approaches and theories.

The EEAS and the Eastern Partnership: let the blame game stop. CEPS Commentary, 4 September 2012

In the first year and a half of its existence, the EEAS and its head have become the target of extensive criticism for the shortcomings of EU foreign policy; shortcomings that in fact date back to the creation of the European Union. The EU’s diplomatic service has been blamed variously for ‘lacking clarity,’ ‘acting too slowly’ and ‘being unable to bridge the institutional divide’. In this Commentary author Hrant Kostanyan argues that the EEAS’ discretionary power in the Eastern Partnership multilateral framework is restricted by the decision-making procedures between a wide range of stakeholders: the member states and the partner countries, as well as by the EU institutions, international organisations and the Civil Society Forum. Since this decision-making process places a substantial number of brakes on the discretionary power of the EEAS, any responsible analysis or critique of the service should take these constraints into consideration. Ultimately, the EEAS is only able to craft EU foreign policy insofar as it is allowed to do so.

MFN status and the choice of tariff regime

The gradualist approach to trade liberalization views the uniform tariffs implied by MFN status as an important step on the path to free trade. We investigate whether a regime of uniform tariffs will be preferable to discriminatory tariffs when countries engage in non-cooperative interaction in multilateral trade. The analysis includes product differentiation and asymmetric costs. We show that with the cost asymmetry the countries will disagree on the choice of tariff regime. When the choice of import tariffs and export subsidies is made sequentially the uniform tariff regime may not be sustainable, because of an incentive to deviate to a discriminatory regime. Hence, an international body is needed to ensure compliance with tariff agreement.

Dual technological development in Botswana agriculture: A Stochastic input distance function approach

To improve the welfare of the rural poor and keep them in the countryside, the government of Botswana has been spending 40% of the value of agricultural GDP on agricultural support services. But can investment make smallholder agriculture prosperous in such adverse conditions? This paper derives an answer by applying a two-output six-input stochastic translog distance function, with inefficiency effects and biased technical change to panel data for the 18 districts and the commercial agricultural sector, from 1979 to 1996 This model demonstrates that herds are the most important input, followed by draft power. land and seeds. Multilateral indices for technical change, technical efficiency and total factor productivity (TFP) show that the technology level of the commercial agricultural sector is more than six times that of traditional agriculture and that the gap has been increasing, due to technological regression in traditional agriculture and modest progress in commercial agriculture. Since the levels of efficiency are similar, the same patient is repeated by the TFP indices. This result highlights the policy dilemma of the trade-off between efficiency and equity objectives.

European Union

Determination of shadow notifications of domestic support for agriculture in the European Union under the WTO (World Trade Organization) Agreement on Agriculture, and consideration of the potential impact of an agreement in the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations.

Mid-term evaluation of African Technology Policy Studies Network Phase VI Strategic Plan: for the period January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2010

The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a multidisciplinary network of researchers, private sector actors, policymakers and civil society. ATPS has the vision to become the leading international centre of excellence and reference in science, technology and innovation (STI) systems research, training and capacity building, communication and sensitization, knowledge brokerage, policy advocacy and outreach in Africa. It has a Regional Secretariat in Nairobi Kenya, and operates through national chapters in 29 countries (including 27 in Africa and two Chapters in the United Kingdom and USA for Africans in the Diaspora) with an expansion plan to cover the entire continent by 2015. The ATPS Phase VI Strategic Plan aims to improve the understanding and functioning of STI processes and systems to strengthen the learning capacity, social responses, and governance of STI for addressing Africa's development challenges, with a specific focus on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). A team of external evaluators carried out a midterm review to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of the Strategic Plan for the period January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2010. The evaluation methodology involved multiple quantitative and qualitative methods to assess the qualitative and quantitative inputs (human resources, financial resources, time, etc.) into ATPS activities (both thematic and facilitative) and their tangible and intangible outputs, outcomes and impacts. Methods included a questionnaire survey of ATPS members and stakeholders, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs) with members in six countries. Effectiveness of Programmes Under all six strategic goals, very good progress has been made towards planned outputs and outcomes. This is evidenced by key performance indicators (KPIs) generated from desk review, ratings from the survey respondents, and the themes that run through the FGDs. Institutional and Programme Cost Effectiveness Institutional Effectiveness: assessment of institutional effectiveness suggests that adequate management frameworks are in place and are being used effectively and transparently. Also technical and financial accounting mechanisms are being followed in accordance with grant agreements and with global good practice. This is evidenced by KPIs generated from desk review. Programme Cost Effectiveness: assessment of cost-effectiveness of execution of programmes shows that organisational structure is efficient, delivering high quality, relevant research at relatively low cost by international standards. The evidence includes KPIs from desk review: administrative costs to programme cost ratio has fallen steadily, to around 10%; average size of research grants is modest, without compromising quality. There is high level of pro bono input by ATPS members. ATPS Programmes Strategic Evaluation ATPS research and STI related activities are indeed unique and well aligned with STI issues and needs facing Africa and globally. The multi-disciplinary and trans-boundary nature of the research activities are creating a unique group of research scientists. The ATPS approach to research and STI issues is paving the way for the so called Third Generation University (3GU). Understanding this unique positioning, an increasing number of international multilateral agencies are seeking partnership with ATPS. ATPS is seeing an increasing level of funding commitments by Donor Partners. Recommendations for ATPS Continued Growth and Effectiveness On-going reform of ATPS administrative structure to continue The on-going reforms that have taken place within the Board, Regional Secretariat, and at the National Chapter coordination levels are welcomed. Such reform should continue until fully functional corporate governance policy and practices are fully established and implemented across the ATPS governance structures. This will further strengthen ATPS to achieve the vision of being the leading STI policy brokerage organization in Africa. Although training in corporate governance has been carried out for all sectors of ATPS leadership structure in recent time, there is some evidence that these systems have not yet been fully implemented effectively within all the governance structures of the organization, especially at the Board and National chapter levels. Future training should emphasize practical application with exercises relevant to ATPS leadership structure from the Board to the National Chapter levels. Training on Transformational Leadership - Leading a Change Though a subject of intense debate amongst economists and social scientists, it is generally agreed that cultural mindsets and attitudes could enhance and/or hinder organizational progress. ATPS’s vision demands transformational leadership skills amongst its leaders from the Board members to the National Chapter Coordinators. To lead such a change, ATPS leaders must understand and avoid personal and cultural mindsets and value systems that hinder change, while embracing those that enhance it. It requires deliberate assessment of cultural, behavioural patterns that could hinder progress and the willingness to be recast into cultural and personal habits that make for progress. Improvement of relationship amongst the Board, Secretariat, and National Chapters A large number of ATPS members and stakeholders feel they do not have effective communications and/or access to Board, National Chapter Coordinators and Regional Secretariat activities. Effort should be made to improve the implementation of ATPS communication strategy to improve on information flows amongst the ATPS management and the members. The results of the survey and the FGDs suggest that progress has been made during the past two years in this direction, but more could be done to ensure effective flow of pertinent information to members following ATPS communications channels. Strategies for Increased Funding for National Chapters There is a big gap between the fundraising skills of the Regional Secretariat and those of the National Coordinators. In some cases, funds successfully raised by the Secretariat and disbursed to national chapters were not followed up with timely progress and financial reports by some national chapters. Adequate training in relevant skills required for effective interactions with STI key policy players should be conducted regularly for National Chapter coordinators and ATPS members. The ongoing training in grant writing should continue and be made continent-wide if funding permits. Funding of National Chapters should be strategic such that capacity in a specific area of research is built which, with time, will not only lead to a strong research capacity in that area, but also strengthen academic programmes. For example, a strong climate change programme is emerging at University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN), with strong collaborations with Universities from neighbouring States. Strategies to Increase National Government buy-in and support for STI Translating STI research outcomes into policies requires a great deal of emotional intelligence, skills which are often lacking in the first and second generation universities. In the epoch of the science-based or 2GUs, governments were content with universities carrying out scientific research and providing scientific education. Now they desire to see universities as incubators of new science- or technology-based commercial activities, whether by existing firms or start-ups. Hence, governments demand that universities take an active and leading role in the exploitation of their knowledge and they are willing to make funds available to support such activities. Thus, for universities to gain the attention of national leadership they must become centres of excellence and explicit instruments of economic development in the knowledge-based economy. The universities must do this while working collaboratively with government departments, parastatals, and institutions and dedicated research establishments. ATPS should anticipate these shifting changes and devise programmes to assist both government and universities to relate effectively. New administrative structures in member organizations to sustain and manage the emerging STI multidisciplinary teams Second Generation universities (2GUs) tend to focus on pure science and often do not regard the application of their know-how as their task. In contrast, Third Generation Universities (3GUs) objectively stimulate techno-starters – students or academics – to pursue the exploitation or commercialisation of the knowledge they generate. They view this as being equal in importance to the objectives of scientific research and education. Administratively, research in the 2GU era was mainly monodisciplinary and departments were structured along disciplines. The emerging interdisciplinary scientific teams with focus on specific research areas functionally work against the current mono-disciplinary faculty-based, administrative structure of 2GUs. For interdisciplinary teams, the current faculty system is an obstacle. There is a need for new organisational forms for university management that can create responsibilities for the task of know-how exploitation. ATPS must anticipate this and begin to strategize solutions for their member institutions to transition to 3Gus administrative structure, otherwise ATPS growth will plateau, and progress achieved so far may be stunted.

Climate change and the emergence of new organizational landscapes

There is general agreement across the world that human-made climate change is a serious global problem,although there are still some sceptics who challenge this view. Research in organization studies on the topic is relatively new. Much of this research, however, is instrumental and managerialist in its focus on ‘win-win’ opportunities for business or its treatment of climate change as just another corporate social responsibility (CSR) exercise. In this paper, we suggest that climate change is not just an environmental problem requiring technical and managerial solutions; it is a political issue where a variety of organizations – state agencies, firms, industry associations, NGOs and multilateral organizations – engage in contestation as well as collaboration over the issue. We discuss the strategic, institutional and political economy dimensions of climate change and develop a socioeconomic regimes approach as a synthesis of these different theoretical perspectives. Given the urgency of the problem and the need for a rapid transition to a low-carbon economy, there is a pressing need for organization scholars to develop a better understanding of apathy and inertia in the face of the current crisis and to identify paths toward transformative change. The seven papers in this special issue address these areas of research and examine strategies, discourses, identities and practices in relation to climate change at multiple levels.

Framväxten av sociala rörelsers globala politik

The emergence of social movements’ global politics Globalization not only transforms capital, media and technology, but also creates conditions for global politics, beyond ”international politics”. New transnational public arenas emerge, where a broad range of actors articulate demands and interests. A globalized political infrastructure arise from the combination of the (1) internal transnational mobilization within two opposing global networks: movements’ World Social Forum and political economy elites’ World Economic Forum; and a global connection with (2) regular dramatic street protests during multilateral regime summits; and (3) a permanent and virtual network of information communication technology that enables new forms of action, organization and mobilization. Together these arenas make participatory and global politics possible for social movements. Regime confrontations are formed by the new global media of ICT in a way that transforms the struggle into a political drama, where activists’ diversity of tactics – The Majority Drama, The Carnival, and The David-Goliath Drama – creates both competition and collaboration. These arenas are only emerging and this new form of global political structure creates both possibilities and problems. Still, a unique potential to democratize politics is created.

Os impactos dos novos acordos de livre comércio sobre o mercado de arroz no Brasil : um modelo de alocação espacial e temporal

O presente estudo identifica os efeitos dos novos acordos de livre comércio sobre os produtores de arroz no Brasil e nas demais regiões relevantes no mercado mundial. Inicialmente , são analisados os acordos comerciais de âmbito multilateral e regional, bem como as principais tendências. Na análise, verificam-se as distorções de mercado e os efeitos sobre os mercados agrícolas. Entre os produtos agrícolas comercializados no mercado internacional, o arroz tem a maior proteção por parte dos países e dos blocos regionais. Em função disto, o comércio de arroz está limitado a 5% da quantidade produzida no mundo, e os preços apresentam uma te ndência de queda ao longo das últimas décadas. A fim de compreender o funcionamento deste mercado, são definidas as principais regiões, analisados os desempenhos destas no mercado internacional e avaliadas as políticas domésticas e de comércio exterior adotadas pelos países. Neste sentido, a área de est udo foi definida com base na afinidade comercial e regional com os países do Mercado Comum do Sul (MERCOSUL) e no desempenho em termos de produção, consumo e comercialização de arroz. Entre as regiões de maio r relevância em termos de produção e consumo, destacamse a China, a Associação das Nações do Sudeste Asiático (ASEAN) e o Acordo Preferencial de Comércio do Sul da Ásia (SAPTA), enquanto por afinidade regional e comercial com os países do MERCOSUL salientam-se os países do Acordo de Livre Comércio da América do Norte (NAFTA), da Comunidade Andina (CAN) e da União Eur opéia (UE) Na análise do desempenho dos países e regiões no mercado internacional, observa-se que a performance de cada região é influenciada pelas políticas intervencionistas, de tal forma que grande parte dos países exportadores adota algum tipo de incentivo à exportação de arroz. Para analisar os efeitos dos novos acordos comerciais, como, por exemplo, da Área de Livre Comércio das Américas (ALCA), MERCOSUL-UE e MERCOSUL-CAN, desenvolve- se um modelo de alocação espacial e temporal utilizando-se de um Problema Complementar idade Mista (PCM). Este modelo permite considerar as diferentes barreiras tarifárias e os subsídios concedidos pelas regiões em estudo, incluindo diferentes cenários que contemplem reduções tarifárias e de subsídios. Desta forma, no primeiro cenário são incluídos os aspectos relacionados com os acordos multilaterais junto à OMC. Por outro lado, os cenários 2, (MERCOSUL-CAN), 3, (ALCA), e 4 (MERCOSUL-UE) simulam acordos de livre comércio de âmbito regional, considerando aspectos como, por exemplo, a eliminação (redução) das barreiras tarifárias e a eliminação (redução) de subsídios Por último, o quinto cenário é subdividido em dois grupos: o primeiro deles considera a formação da área de livre comércio entre a ASEAN e a China; o segundo trata dos efeitos sobre o me rcado internacional de arroz dada a entrada da China na OMC. Entre os cenários analisados destacam-se, como os mais favoráveis aos produtores brasileiros , os acordos de livre comércio com a CAN e os acordos de livre comércio com a UE. Em ambos os cenários existem perdas aos consumidores brasileiros e aos produtores dos países da CAN e da UE.

Risco sistêmico e regulação bancária no Brasil

Esta dissertação analisa as medidas adotadas no Brasil para reduzir o risco de ocorrência de crises financeiras sistêmicas. É feita uma comparação entre estas medidas e às sugeridas pelos Organismos Multilaterais, procurando avaliar o grau de aderência aos padrões internacionais de referência. São apresentados alguns modelos que procuram explicar a ocorrência de crises sistêmicas, examinando as razões que tornam este setor mais vulnerável a ocorrência destes eventos.

Bandas de cambio : teoria, evidencia empirica e sua possivel aplicação no Brasil

Este relatório visa o estudo de bandas de câmbio em seus diferentes aspectos. Na primeira parte está apresentada uma versão simplificada, não matemática, da teoria das bandas de câmbio e de suas experiências nos diversos países que a adotaram. A segunda parte contém um estudo mais completo da teoria das bandas de câmbio, inclusive com alguns resultados novos no que diz respeito ao caso de bandas múltiplas. Analisamos neste caso a possibilidade de defesa contra ataques especulativos como função do nível de reservas. A terceira e quarta parte têm como objetivo o estudo preliminar do caso brasileiro. Começamos na terceira parte por um estudo empírico do Risco Brasil, isto é, da diferença entre as taxas de juros interna e externa. Este é um ponto importante quando se tem como objetivo algum tipo de regime cambial mais flexível do que atualmente se tem no Brasil. Finalmente, na última parte, fazemos algumas considerações sobre como um regime de bandas cambiais poderia ser útil durante um programa de estabilização no Brasil. Aqui apresentamos ideias preliminares sobre o assunto que poderiam ser desenvolvidas com mais precisão em uma possível prorrogação do convênio. Outras possibilidades de aplicações da teoria de bandas de câmbio ao Brasil, como um sistema de câmbio multilateral no contexto do MERCOSUL, não são tratadas neste estudo.

Regional trade agreements and the world trade organization

A Década de 1990 foi Marcada por uma Considerável Proliferação de Acordos Regionais de Comercio (Arcs). Esses Acordos, que em Princípio Teriam Caráter Excepcional no Sistema Multilateral de Comércio, Espalharam-Se por Várias Partes do Mundo E, Atualmente, são Raros os Casos de Países que não Participam de Pelo Menos um Acordo Preferencial. este Artigo tem como Objetivo Analisar os Acordos Preferenciais e suas Implicações no Sistema Multilateral de Comércio E, para Tanto, são Considerados os Aspectos Normativos e Econômicos Relacionados ao Tema. Além Disso, Apresenta-Se a Sistematização das Principais Questões Alusivas À Interpretação das Regras da Omc Relativas Aos Acordos Regionais de Comércio. Finalmente, com o Intuito de Fornecer Elementos Adicionais para a Avaliação do dos Acordos Preferenciais Serão Analisados os Impactos Econômicos de Alguns dos Principais Acordos para o Mercosul.

Interesse, ideologia & incompetência: a guerra do Iraque e o segundo consenso de Washington

Este projeto continua a avançar o programa de pesquisa que relaciona desenvolvimento econômico e democracia: pretende-se neste projeto dar um passo adiante e examinar como a democracia, uma vez consolidada como fruto do desenvolvimento capitalista, se torna ela própria um fator de desenvolvimento, particularmente quando ela deixa de ser uma mera democracia de elites para se tornar uma democracia de sociedade civil, na qual o debate público passa a ser um elemento central.

Ajuste macroeconômico e empréstimos externos no Brasil, 1995-2004

O presente estudo analisa a o impacto das restrições macroeconômicas, que emergiram no bojo da crise cambial de 1999, sobre a contratação de empréstimos externos pelo governo brasileiro junto às agências multilaterais de crédito, entre 1995-2004. A idéia básica é que a estratégia de equacionamento da crise externa teve reflexos diretos sobre o comportamento dos empréstimos contratados junto aos Multilateral Development Banks. Mais especificamente, o conjunto de políticas adotadas pelo governo brasileiro acabou promovendo tanto uma mudança na natureza como uma substancial redução na contratação de empréstimos principalmente junto ao Banco Mundial e ao Banco Inter americano de Desenvolvimento. Em decorrência, a estratégia de ajuste adotada, apesar do seu mérito, acabou privando o governo brasileiro de uma fonte barata de recursos e comprometendo o investimento do setor público.