Directional Moving Target Indication for Civil Traffic Monitoring Using Single Channel SAR

This paper presents a novel moving target indicator which is selective with respect to a direction of interest. Preliminary results indicate that the obtained selectivity may have high interest in civil traffic monitoring using single channel SAR data.

The Moving Text. Localization, translation and distribution

For some years now, translation theorist and educator Anthony Pym has been trying to establish a dialogue between the academic tradition he comes from and the world of the language industries into which he is meant to introduce his students: in other words, between the Translation Studies discipline and the localisation sector. This rapprochement is also the stated aim of his new book The Moving Text (p. 159). Rather than collect and synthesise what was previously dispersed over several articles, Pym has rewritten his material completely, both literally and conceptually, all in the light of the more than three decades of research he has conducted into the field of cross--cultural communication. The theoretical arguments are ably supported by a few short but telling and well-exploited examples.

ECG denoising based on adaptive signal processing technique

An Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring system deals with several challenges related with noise sources. The main goal of this text was the study of Adaptive Signal Processing Algorithms for ECG noise reduction when applied to real signals. This document presents an adaptive ltering technique based on Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm to remove the artefacts caused by electromyography (EMG) and power line noise into ECG signal. For this experiments it was used real noise signals, mainly to observe the di erence between real noise and simulated noise sources. It was obtained very good results due to the ability of noise removing that can be reached with this technique. A recolha de sinais electrocardiogr a cos (ECG) sofre de diversos problemas relacionados com ru dos. O objectivo deste trabalho foi o estudo de algoritmos adaptativos para processamento digital de sinal, para redu c~ao de ru do em sinais ECG reais. Este texto apresenta uma t ecnica de redu c~ao de ru do baseada no algoritmo Least Mean Square (LMS) para remo c~ao de ru dos causados quer pela actividade muscular (EMG) quer por ru dos causados pela rede de energia el ectrica. Para as experiencias foram utilizados ru dos reais, principalmente para aferir a diferen ca de performance do algoritmo entre os sinais reais e os simulados. Foram conseguidos bons resultados, essencialmente devido as excelentes caracter sticas que esta t ecnica tem para remover ru dos.

Hyperspectral subspace identification

Signal subspace identification is a crucial first step in many hyperspectral processing algorithms such as target detection, change detection, classification, and unmixing. The identification of this subspace enables a correct dimensionality reduction, yielding gains in algorithm performance and complexity and in data storage. This paper introduces a new minimum mean square error-based approach to infer the signal subspace in hyperspectral imagery. The method, which is termed hyperspectral signal identification by minimum error, is eigen decomposition based, unsupervised, and fully automatic (i.e., it does not depend on any tuning parameters). It first estimates the signal and noise correlation matrices and then selects the subset of eigenvalues that best represents the signal subspace in the least squared error sense. State-of-the-art performance of the proposed method is illustrated by using simulated and real hyperspectral images.

Square-wave voltametric method for determination of molinate concentration in a biological process using a hanging mercury drop electrode

A square-wave voltammetric (SWV) method using a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) has been developed for determination of the herbicide molinate in a biodegradation process. The method is based on controlled adsorptive accumulation of molinate for 10 s at a potential of -0.8 V versus AgCl/Ag. An anodic peak, due to oxidation of the adsorbed pesticide, was observed in the cyclic voltammogram at ca. -0.320 V versus AgCl/Ag; a very small cathodic peak was also detected. The SWV calibration plot was established to be linear in the range 5.0x10-6 to 9.0x10-6 mol L-1; this corresponded to a detection limit of 3.5x10-8 mol L-1. This electroanalytical method was used to monitor the decrease of molinate concentration in river waters along a biodegradation process using a bacterial mixed culture. The results achieved with this voltammetric method were compared with those obtained by use of a chromatographic method (HPLC–UV) and no significant statistical differences were observed.

Square-wave adsorptive-stripping voltammetric detection in the quality control of fluoxetine

Electroanalytical methods based on square-wave adsorptive-stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV) and flow-injection analysis with square-wave adsorptive-stripping voltammetric detection (FIA-SWAdSV) were developed for the determination of fluoxetine (FXT). The methods were based on the reduction of FXT at a mercury drop electrode at -1.2 V versus Ag/AgCl, in a phosphate buffer of pH 12.0, and on the possibility of accumulating the compound at the electrode surface. The SWAdSV method was successfully applied in the quantification of FXT in pharmaceutical products, human serum samples, and in drug dissolution studies. Because the presence of dissolved oxygen did not interfere significantly with the analysis, it was possible to quantify FXT in several pharmaceutical products using FIA-SWAdSV. This method enables analysis of up to 120 samples per hour at reduced costs.

Edentulism and shortened dental arch in Brazilian elderly from the National Survey of Oral Health 2003

OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of edentulism and estimate the prevalence of functional dentition and shortened dental arch among elderly population. METHODS: A population-based epidemiological study was carried out with a sample of 5,349 respondents aged 65 to 74 years obtained from the 2002 and 2003 Brazilian Ministry of Health/Division of Oral Health survey database. The following variables were studied: gender; macroregion of residence; missing teeth; percentage that met the World Health Organization goal for oral health in the age group 65 to 74 years (50% having at least 20 natural teeth); presence of shortened dental arch; number of posterior occluding pairs of teeth. The Chi-square test assessed the association between categorical variables. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to assess differences of mean between number of posterior occluding pairs teeth, macro-region and gender. RESULTS: The elderly population had an average of 5.49 teeth (SD: 7.93) with a median of 0. The proportion of completely edentulous respondents was 54.7%. Complete edentulism was 18.2% in the upper arch and 1.9% in the lower arch. The World Health Organization goal was achieved in 10% of all respondents studied. However, only 2.7% had acceptable masticatory function and aesthetics (having at least shortened dental arch) and a mean number of posterior occluding pairs of 6.94 (SD=2.97). There were significant differences of the percentage of respondents that met the World Health Organization goal and presence of shortened dental arch between men and women. There were differences in shortened dental arch between macroregions. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian epidemiological oral health survey showed high rate of edentulism and low rate of shortened dental arch in the elderly population studied, thus suggesting significant functional and aesthetic impairment in all Brazilian macroregions especially among women.

Waiting time for radiotherapy in women with cervical cancer

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the waiting time for radiotherapy for patients with cervical cancer. METHODS This descriptive study was conducted with 342 cervical cancer cases that were referred to primary radiotherapy, in the Baixada Fluminense region, RJ, Southeastern Brazil, from October 1995 to August 2010. The waiting time was calculated using the recommended 60-day deadline as a parameter to obtaining the first cancer treatment and considering the date at which the diagnosis was confirmed, the date of first oncological consultation and date when the radiotherapy began. Median and proportional comparisons were made using the Kruskal Wallis and Chi-square tests. RESULTS Most of the women (72.2%) began their radiotherapy within 60 days from the diagnostic confirmation date. The median of this total waiting time was 41 days. This median worsened over the time period, going from 11 days (1995-1996) to 64 days (2009-2010). The median interval between the diagnostic confirmation and the first oncological consultation was 33 days, and between the first oncological consultation and the first radiotherapy session was four days. The median waiting time differed significantly (p = 0.003) according to different stages of the tumor, reaching 56 days, 35 days and 30 days for women whose cancers were classified up to IIA; from IIB to IIIB, and IVA-IVB, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Despite most of the women having had access to radiotherapy within the recommended 60 days, the implementation of procedures to define the stage of the tumor and to reestablish clinical conditions took a large part of this time, showing that at least one of these intervals needs to be improved. Even though the waiting times were ideal for all patients, the most advanced cases were quickly treated, which suggests that access to radiotherapy by women with cervical cancer has been reached with equity.

Time domain design of fractional differintegrators using least-squares

In this paper we propose the use of the least-squares based methods for obtaining digital rational approximations (IIR filters) to fractional-order integrators and differentiators of type sα, α∈R. Adoption of the Padé, Prony and Shanks techniques is suggested. These techniques are usually applied in the signal modeling of deterministic signals. These methods yield suboptimal solutions to the problem which only requires finding the solution of a set of linear equations. The results reveal that the least-squares approach gives similar or superior approximations in comparison with other widely used methods. Their effectiveness is illustrated, both in the time and frequency domains, as well in the fractional differintegration of some standard time domain functions.

Layerwise mixed models for analysis of multilayered piezoelectric composite plates using least-squares formulation

This work provides an assessment of layerwise mixed models using least-squares formulation for the coupled electromechanical static analysis of multilayered plates. In agreement with three-dimensional (3D) exact solutions, due to compatibility and equilibrium conditions at the layers interfaces, certain mechanical and electrical variables must fulfill interlaminar C-0 continuity, namely: displacements, in-plane strains, transverse stresses, electric potential, in-plane electric field components and transverse electric displacement (if no potential is imposed between layers). Hence, two layerwise mixed least-squares models are here investigated, with two different sets of chosen independent variables: Model A, developed earlier, fulfills a priori the interiaminar C-0 continuity of all those aforementioned variables, taken as independent variables; Model B, here newly developed, rather reduces the number of independent variables, but also fulfills a priori the interlaminar C-0 continuity of displacements, transverse stresses, electric potential and transverse electric displacement, taken as independent variables. The predictive capabilities of both models are assessed by comparison with 3D exact solutions, considering multilayered piezoelectric composite plates of different aspect ratios, under an applied transverse load or surface potential. It is shown that both models are able to predict an accurate quasi-3D description of the static electromechanical analysis of multilayered plates for all aspect ratios.

Velocity estimation of moving ships using C-band SLC SAR data

A new algorithm for the velocity vector estimation of moving ships using Single Look Complex (SLC) SAR data in strip map acquisition mode is proposed. The algorithm exploits both amplitude and phase information of the Doppler decompressed data spectrum, with the aim to estimate both the azimuth antenna pattern and the backscattering coefficient as function of the look angle. The antenna pattern estimation provides information about the target velocity; the backscattering coefficient can be used for vessel classification. The range velocity is retrieved in the slow time frequency domain by estimating the antenna pattern effects induced by the target motion, while the azimuth velocity is calculated by the estimated range velocity and the ship orientation. Finally, the algorithm is tested on simulated SAR SLC data.

In Situ Near-Infrared (NIR) Versus High-Throughput Mid- Infrared (MIR) Spectroscopy to Monitor Biopharmaceutical Production

The development of biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes presents critical constraints, with the major constraint being that living cells synthesize these molecules, presenting inherent behavior variability due to their high sensitivity to small fluctuations in the cultivation environment. To speed up the development process and to control this critical manufacturing step, it is relevant to develop high-throughput and in situ monitoring techniques, respectively. Here, high-throughput mid-infrared (MIR) spectral analysis of dehydrated cell pellets and in situ near-infrared (NIR) spectral analysis of the whole culture broth were compared to monitor plasmid production in recombinant Escherichia coil cultures. Good partial least squares (PLS) regression models were built, either based on MIR or NIR spectral data, yielding high coefficients of determination (R-2) and low predictive errors (root mean square error, or RMSE) to estimate host cell growth, plasmid production, carbon source consumption (glucose and glycerol), and by-product acetate production and consumption. The predictive errors for biomass, plasmid, glucose, glycerol, and acetate based on MIR data were 0.7 g/L, 9 mg/L, 0.3 g/L, 0.4 g/L, and 0.4 g/L, respectively, whereas for NIR data the predictive errors obtained were 0.4 g/L, 8 mg/L, 0.3 g/L, 0.2 g/L, and 0.4 g/L, respectively. The models obtained are robust as they are valid for cultivations conducted with different media compositions and with different cultivation strategies (batch and fed-batch). Besides being conducted in situ with a sterilized fiber optic probe, NIR spectroscopy allows building PLS models for estimating plasmid, glucose, and acetate that are as accurate as those obtained from the high-throughput MIR setup, and better models for estimating biomass and glycerol, yielding a decrease in 57 and 50% of the RMSE, respectively, compared to the MIR setup. However, MIR spectroscopy could be a valid alternative in the case of optimization protocols, due to possible space constraints or high costs associated with the use of multi-fiber optic probes for multi-bioreactors. In this case, MIR could be conducted in a high-throughput manner, analyzing hundreds of culture samples in a rapid and automatic mode.

Propagation of waves generated by a pressure disturbance moving in a channel

This paper studies the effect of ship speed and water depth on the propagation of ship generated waves. The ship is represented by a moving pressure distribution function at the free surface that is able to reproduce most of the phenomena involved in wave propagation. Results are obtained for a ship sailing along a coastal stretch made of a sloping bottom and a constant depth region. The results show that in the sloping bottom the crests of waves are bent along the slope and in the constant depth the standard Kelvin wave patterns can be found for the subcritical regime. In the critical regime the wave system is characterized by significant diverging waves and for a supercritical regime, the transverse waves disappear. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

On the requirements of interpolating polynomials for path motion constraints

In the framework of multibody dynamics, the path motion constraint enforces that a body follows a predefined curve being its rotations with respect to the curve moving frame also prescribed. The kinematic constraint formulation requires the evaluation of the fourth derivative of the curve with respect to its arc length. Regardless of the fact that higher order polynomials lead to unwanted curve oscillations, at least a fifth order polynomials is required to formulate this constraint. From the point of view of geometric control lower order polynomials are preferred. This work shows that for multibody dynamic formulations with dependent coordinates the use of cubic polynomials is possible, being the dynamic response similar to that obtained with higher order polynomials. The stabilization of the equations of motion, always required to control the constraint violations during long analysis periods due to the inherent numerical errors of the integration process, is enough to correct the error introduced by using a lower order polynomial interpolation and thus forfeiting the analytical requirement for higher order polynomials.

Exposição a fungos dos trabalhadores dos ginásios com piscina

RESUMO - Os trabalhadores dos ginásios com piscinas apresentam maior prevalência de lesões fúngicas, como a Tinea pedis e a onicomicose, devido às características intrínsecas da sua actividade profissional, pois apresentam mais horas por dia de exposição à contaminação fúngica das superfícies. Esta situação verifica-se não só por serem os que mais frequentam os locais possíveis de estarem contaminados, como é o caso de balneários, vestiários e zona envolvente às piscinas, mas também porque algumas das actividades desenvolvidas são realizadas com os pés descalços. Além disso, a utilização de roupa sintética e de calçado ocluso, que retêm a sudação excessiva, favorece o desenvolvimento fúngico. Constituiu objectivo deste trabalho conhecer o risco de infecção e/ou lesão (Tinea pedis e onicomicose) nos trabalhadores dos ginásios com piscina e a sua eventual relação com a exposição à contaminação fúngica (ar e superfícies) dos locais de trabalho. Foram descritas as variáveis ambientais e biológicas que influenciam a infecção e/ou lesão fúngica em ambiente profissional e exploradas eventuais associações entre essas mesmas variáveis. Foram também conhecidas as diferenças da contaminação fúngica das superfícies entre as duas principais estações do ano (Verão e Inverno) e entre antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção. O estudo realizado possui uma componente transversal, em que se pretendeu descrever os fenómenos ambientais e biológicos da contaminação fúngica em ambiente profissional e explorar eventuais associações entre variáveis; uma componente longitudinal, em que foram conhecidas as diferenças sazonais da contaminação fúngica das superfícies; e, ainda, uma componente quase experimental, em que foi analisada a distribuição fúngica nas superfícies antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção. Na vertente transversal foi considerada uma amostra de 10 ginásios com piscina e outra amostra de, pelo menos, 10 profissionais de cada estabelecimento, perfazendo um total de 124 trabalhadores (75 Homens - 60,48% e 49 Mulheres - 39,52%). Foram realizadas 258 colheitas biológicas aos pés dos trabalhadores, efectuada a avaliação ambiental da contaminação fúngica dos estabelecimentos através de 50 colheitas de amostras de ar e 120 colheitas de amostras de superfícies (60 antes e 60 depois da lavagem e desinfecção) e efectuados os respectivos processamento laboratorial e identificação fúngica. Foram também avaliadas as variáveis ambientais temperatura, humidade relativa e velocidade do ar, preenchidas 10 grelhas de observação, com o objectivo de efectuar o registo de informação sobre as variáveis que xx influenciam a exposição ocupacional às espécies fúngicas e, ainda, completadas 124 grelhas de observação inerentes à colheita de material biológico, de modo a realizar o registo dos profissionais com lesão e outras informações pertinentes para a análise laboratorial. Todos os 124 trabalhadores responderam a um questionário, em simultâneo à realização das colheitas biológicas, de modo a conhecer algumas das variáveis individuais e profissionais com pertinência para o presente estudo. Num dos estabelecimentos, foram também estudadas as diferenças da contaminação fúngica das superfícies entre antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção e, ainda, entre as duas estações do ano (Verão e Inverno). Nesse estabelecimento, foram realizadas 36 colheitas de superfícies antes e 36 colheitas depois da lavagem e desinfecção, em 6 dias diferentes da semana, durante 6 semanas sequenciais em cada estação do ano, completando um total de 72 colheitas de superfícies. Foi ainda criado e aplicado um método para estabelecer um padrão de exposição profissional a fungos nas superfícies, de modo a permitir definir níveis semi-quantitativos de estimação do risco de infecção fúngica dos trabalhadores dos ginásios com piscinas. Para o critério da Gravidade, considerou-se que a gravidade da contaminação e, consequentemente, da possível lesão, está intimamente relacionada com a espécie fúngica envolvida. Foram calculadas as médias da contaminação fúngica por cada estabelecimento antes da lavagem e desinfecção, de modo a estabelecer os níveis de Frequência e, em relação à Exposição, foram estabelecidos intervalos para agrupar as horas semanais de trabalho. Dos 124 trabalhadores que participaram no estudo, 58 (46,8%) possuíam lesões visíveis. Nesses 58, as Leveduras foram as mais isoladas (41,4%), seguidas dos Dermatófitos (24,1%) e de Fungos Filamentosos Não Dermatófitos (6,9%). Candida parapsilosis e Rhodotorula sp. foram as Leveduras mais frequentemente isoladas (20,2%); no caso dos Dermatófitos, Trichophyton rubrum foi a espécie mais frequente (55,5%) e, relativamente aos Fungos Filamentosos Não Dermatófitos, Penicillium sp. foi o mais isolado (15,6%), seguido do género Fusarium (12,5%). No que concerne à contaminação fúngica das superfícies, 37 fungos filamentosos foram isolados. Fusarium foi o género mais frequente, antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção (19,1% - 17,2%). Em relação aos fungos leveduriformes, 12 leveduras diferentes foram identificadas, tendo sido os géneros Cryptococcus (40,6%) e Candida (49,3%) os mais frequentes antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção, respectivamente. Em relação à contaminação fúngica do ar, foram identificados 25 fungos filamentosos diferentes, em que os 3 géneros mais frequentemente isolados foram Cladosporium (36,6%), Penicillium (19,0%) e Aspergillus (10,2%). Relativamente às leveduras, foi identificado o género xxi Rhodotorula (87,5%) e as espécies Trichosporon mucoides e Cryptococcus unigutulattus (12,5%). Verificou-se associação, ao nível de significância de 5%, entre lesão visível e horas semanais e entre lesão visível e tempo de profissão, comprovando a influência da duração da exposição ao factor de risco (contaminação fúngica do ambiente profissional), para a presença de lesão visível nos trabalhadores expostos (Tinea pedis e onicomicose), ficando demonstrada a relação entre a exposição ao factor de risco em estudo – exposição profissional a fungos – com os efeitos para a saúde. As variáveis ambientais avaliadas (temperatura, humidade relativa e velocidade do ar) não influenciaram a contaminação fúngica do ar e das superfícies, não tendo sido evidenciada nenhuma relação estatisticamente significativa (p>0,05). Contudo, verificou-se influência do número de ocupantes que frequentaram cada um dos estabelecimentos nas médias das unidades formadoras de colónias por metro quadrado nas superfícies antes da lavagem e desinfecção. Não se verificou correlação entre os resultados quantitativos da contaminação fúngica do ar e a das superfícies dos 10 estabelecimentos monitorizados. No entanto, verificaram-se diferenças significativas, ao nível de significância de 10%, entre a contaminação fúngica das superfícies e a contaminação fúngica do ar (p<0,1), tendo-se constatado que apesar de 50% dos valores mais baixos terem sido superiores na contaminação fúngica do ar, a contaminação fúngica das superfícies apresentou-se com maior variabilidade quantitativa. Em relação às diferenças significativas na contaminação fúngica das superfícies nos 10 estabelecimentos entre antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção, apenas se verificou redução significativa (p<0,05) da contaminação fúngica depois da lavagem e desinfecção nos balneários e vestiários masculinos em relação aos fungos leveduriformes. No estabelecimento seleccionado, verificou-se que a relação entre a contaminação fúngica e a temperatura e humidade relativa não foi significativa (p>0,05) em ambas as estações do ano e também não se constatou influência dos ocupantes nos valores médios das unidades formadoras de colónias por metro quadrado das superfícies antes da lavagem e desinfecção em ambas as estações de ano. Em quase todas as situações em que se verificaram diferenças significativas entre as duas estações do ano, verificou-se um aumento das unidades formadoras de colónias por metro quadrado no Inverno, com excepção do total das unidades formadoras de colónias por metro quadrado antes da lavagem e desinfecção nos balneários e vestiários masculinos em que se verificou aumento no Verão. Constatou-se também que apenas ocorreu redução da xxii contaminação fúngica depois da lavagem e desinfecção nas escadas de acesso no Inverno e nos balneários e vestiários masculinos no Verão. Com a aplicação do método para estabelecer um padrão de exposição profissional a fungos nas superfícies obteve-se, nos 10 estabelecimentos, com Nível de Risco Mínimo 65 locais (54,2%), com Nível de Risco Médio 23 locais (19,2%) e com Nível de Risco Elevado 32 locais (26,6%). Próximo do jacuzzi e junto ao tanque foram os locais com mais classificações de Nível de Risco Elevado. No estabelecimento seleccionado verificou-se que, no Verão, depois da lavagem e desinfecção, ocorreu um maior número de locais classificados no Nível de Risco Elevado e, no Inverno, constatou-se a situação inversa, tendo sido observado maior número de locais com Nível de Risco Elevado antes da lavagem e desinfecção. Junto ao tanque e nas escadas de acesso à zona envolvente ao jacuzzi e tanque foram os locais com mais classificações de Nível de Risco Elevado, no Verão e no Inverno. Foram isolados nas superfícies fungos comuns aos isolados nos trabalhadores. Antes da lavagem e desinfecção, 30,3% dos fungos foram isolados nas superfícies e nos trabalhadores e depois desses procedimentos 45,5% dos fungos foram também isolados comummente. As Leveduras foram as mais isoladas comummente e as que se verificaram mais frequentes antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção da superfícies e, também, nos resultados das colheitas biológicas realizadas aos trabalhadores, foram o género Rhodotorula e a espécie Candida parapsilosis, permitindo confirmar que a infecção fúngica dos trabalhadores está relacionada com a contaminação fúngica das superfícies. Concluiu-se que é necessária a intervenção em Saúde Ocupacional no âmbito da vigilância ambiental e da vigilância da saúde, com o intuito de diminuir a prevalência das infecções fúngicas. Para a prossecução desse objectivo, sugere-se a implementação de medidas preventivas, nomeadamente: o controlo da contaminação fúngica das superfícies mediante procedimentos de lavagem e desinfecção eficazes, de modo a minimizar a contaminação fúngica das superfícies; a identificação precoce da infecção através da realização de colheitas biológicas periódicas aos trabalhadores, inseridas num protocolo de vigilância da saúde; e, ainda, a sensibilização para a aplicação de medidas de higiene pessoal e o tratamento das patologias. A aplicação do método criado para estabelecer um padrão de exposição profissional a fungos nas superfícies servirá não só para a estimação do risco de infecção fúngica dos trabalhadores de ginásios com piscinas, mas também para facilitar o estabelecimento de valores fúngicos de referência, a implementação de medidas correctivas adequadas e imediatas e, ainda, a prevenção de infecções fúngicas, não só nos ginásios com piscina, mas também noutros contextos profissionais. ------------ SUMMARY - Gyms with swimming pools workers have higher prevalence of fungal injuries, such as Tinea pedis and onychomycosis. This is due to their work intrinsic characteristics, since they have more hours per day of exposure to surfaces fungal contamination. This occurs not only because they attend sites most likely to be contaminated, such as showers, changing rooms and pool surrounding area, but also because some of the activities are done barefoot. Furthermore, synthetic clothing and occluded footwear use, which retain the excessive sweating, promotes fungal development. The aim of this study was to know gymnasiums with swimming pool workers infection and/or injury (Tinea pedis and onychomycosis) risk, and its possible relationship with exposure to workplace fungal contamination (air and surfaces). This study describes environmental and biological variables that influence infection and/or fungal injury in a professional setting and explored possible associations between these variables. Differences in surfaces fungal contamination between the two main seasons (summer and winter), as well between before and after cleaning and disinfection were known. It was developed a study with an cross-sectional perspective, that aimed to describe the biological and environmental phenomena of fungal contamination in a professional environment and explore possible associations between variables; an longitudinal perspective in which were known surfaces fungal contamination seasonal differences; and also with an almost experimental perspective that analyzed surfaces fungal distribution before and after cleaning and disinfection. The cross-sectional perspective comprised 10 gyms with swimming pool sample, and another sample of, at least, 10 professionals in each establishment totalling 124 workers (75 men – 60,48%, and 49 women – 39,52%). Were performed 258 biological samples at workers feet, environmental fungal contamination evaluation from the establishments through 50 air samples and 120 surfaces samples (60 before and 60 after cleaning and disinfection) and conducted their laboratory processing and fungal identification. Were also evaluated environmental variables, such as temperature, relative humidity and air velocity completed 10 observation grids, in order to obtain data about variables that affect occupational exposure to fungal species, and also completed 124 observation grids inherent to biological material collection, in order to know the professionals with injury and other relevant information for laboratory analysis. All 124 workers answered to a questionnaire at the same time that occur biological samples collection, in order to xxv obtain information about some of the individual and professional variables with relevance to this study. In one of the establishments were also studied differences concerning surfaces fungal contamination between before and after cleaning and disinfection, and also between two main seasons (summer and winter). In this setting, there were performed 36 surfaces samples before and 36 surfaces samples after cleaning and disinfection on 6 different week days for 6 sequential weeks in each season, totalling 72 surfaces samples. It was also created and implemented a method to establish a pattern for surfaces fungal occupational exposure, in order to help define semi-quantitative levels estimation to fungal infection risk in gyms with swimming pools workers. For Gravity criterion it was considered that contamination severity and, thus, the possible injury are closely related to implicate fungal species. Was calculated fungal contamination average by each establishment prior cleaning and disinfection, in order to establish Frequency levels. Regarding Exposure, were established weekly hours group intervals spent in professional activity. From the 124 professionals tested, 58 (46,8%) had visible injuries. In the 58 workers, Yeasts were the most isolated (41,4%), followed by Dermatophytes (24,1%) and Other Filamentous Fungi Besides Dermatophytes (6,9%). Candida parapsilosis and Rhodotorula sp. were the most frequently isolated Yeasts (20,2% for each), from Dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum was the most frequently isolated species (55,5%) and from Other Filamentous Fungi Besides Dermatophytes, Penicillium sp. was the most frequent (15,6%), followed by Fusarium genera (12,5%). Regarding surfaces fungal contamination, 37 filamentous fungi were isolated. Fusarium genera was the most frequent, before and after cleaning and disinfection (19,1% - 17,2%). Considering yeasts, 12 different yeasts were identified, being Cryptococcus (40,6%) and Candida (49,3%) genera the more frequent before and after cleaning and disinfection, respectively. In relation to air fungal contamination, 25 different filamentous fungi were identified and the 3 most frequently isolated genera were Cladosporium (36,6%), Penicillium (19,0%) and Aspergillus (10,2%). For yeasts, were identified Rhodotorula genera (87,5%), and also the species Trichosporon mucoides and Cryptococcus unigutulattus (12,5%). Was found association with 5% significance level, between visible injury and weekly hours and between visible injury and occupation time, confirming exposure duration influence to risk factor (work environment fungal contamination) for the visible injury presence in exposed workers (Tinea pedis and onychomycosis), being confirmed the relation between the study exposure risk - occupational exposure to fungi - with health effects. xxvi Environmental variables evaluated (temperature, relative humidity and air velocity) did not affect air and surfaces fungal contamination and wasn’t found no statistically significant relation (p>0,05). However, there was evidence that occupant’s number influence surfaces colony forming units mean per square meter before cleaning and disinfection. There was no correlation between quantitative data from air fungal contamination and surfaces fungal contamination from the 10 establishments monitored. However, there were significant differences with 10% significance level, between surfaces and air fungal contamination (p<0,1), and despite 50% of the lowest rates were higher in air fungal contamination, it was found that surfaces fungal contamination had more quantitative variability. Regarding differences from the 10 establishments surfaces fungal contamination, between before and after cleaning and disinfection, there was only a significant reduction (p<0,05) in fungal contamination after cleaning and disinfection in male changing rooms for yeasts. In the selected establishment, it was found that relation between fungal contamination and temperature and relative humidity was not significant (p>0,05) in both seasons, and also there wasn’t no influence observed from occupants in surfaces colony forming units mean per square meters before cleaning and disinfection in both seasons. In almost all situations where significant differences between the two seasons were shown, there was a colony-forming units per square meter increase in winter. There was an exception in total colony forming units per square meter before cleaning and disinfection in male changing room’s exception, where there was an increase in summer. Furthermore, was found that only occur a reduction in fungal contamination after cleaning and disinfection, on access stairs in winter, as well as in male changing rooms in summer. With application from the method to establish pattern for surfaces fungal occupational exposure, it was obtained, in the 10 establishments, 65 sites with Low Risk Level (54,2%), 23 sites with Average Risk Level (19,2%) and 32 sites with High Risk Level (26,6%). Near swimming pool and jacuzzi were the places with more High Risk Level classifications. In the selected establishment, was found that in the summer, after cleaning and disinfection, there were a greater number of sites classified as High Risk Level, and in winter it was found the opposite situation, being noted more places with High Risk Level before cleaning and disinfection. Next to swimming pool and access stairs to swimming pool and jacuzzi were the places with more High Risk Level classifications in Summer and Winter. Were isolated common fungi in surfaces and in workers. Prior to cleaning and disinfection 30,3% of fungi were isolated on surfaces and workers, and after 45,5% of fungi were also xxvii commonly isolated. The Yeasts were the most commonly isolated and the most frequent before and after surfaces cleaning and disinfection, and also in workers biological samples, were Rhodotorula genera and Candida parapsilosis, allowing confirming that workers fungal infection is related with surfaces fungal contamination. It was concluded that Occupational Health intervention it is necessary, in environmental monitoring and health surveillance perspective, in order to reduce fungal infections prevalence. To achieve this objective, preventive measures implementation it’s recommended, including: surfaces fungal contamination control, through effective cleaning and disinfecting in order to minimize surfaces fungal contamination; early infection identification by performing periodic biological sampling from workers, included in a health surveillance protocol; and also personal hygiene and diseases treatment awareness. Application of the created method to establish pattern for surfaces fungal occupational exposure, will be useful not only for estimating workers from gymnasiums with swimming pools fungal infection risk, but also to facilitate fungal reference values stipulation, effective and corrective measures implementation, and also, fungal infections prevention, not only in gymnasiums with swimming pool, but also in other professional settings.----------------- RÉSUMÉ - Les travailleurs des gymnases avec des piscines présentent souvent des infections fongiques, telles que Tinea pedis et aussi des onychomycoses, dues à leur activité professionnel, parce qu’ils restent plus longtemps tout prés des surfaces avec une certaine contamination fongique. Toute cette situation est due non seulement parce qu’ils sont ceux qui fréquentent plus souvent les places plus contaminées: des balnéaires, des vestiaires et des zones autour des piscines, mais aussi ils réalisent des activités aux pieds nus ou avec des chaussures très fermés et encore quelques fois avec des vêtements synthétiques. Tout cela emmène à une grande sudation ce qui aidera au développement fongique. Un objective de ce travaille a été connaître le risque d’infection et/ou présence de lésion (Tinea pedis et des onychomycoses) dans les travailleurs des gymnases avec des piscines et leur éventuel rapport avec l’exposition à la contamination fongique (de l’air et des surfaces) dans leurs locaux de travaille. On a décrit aussi des variables d’environnement et biologiques qui ont une certaine influence dans les infections fongiques dans tout l’environnement professionnel et aussi approfondir des éventuels associations entre ces même variables. On a encore reconnu des différences de la contamination fongique avant et après des lavages et désinfection de ces surfaces. Aussi on a trouvé des différences de contamination en Été et en Hiver. Cet étude a un composante transversale, en visant la description des phénomènes de contamination fongique biologique et de l'environnement dans un environnement professionnel et l’étude des associations possibles entre les variables; une composante longitudinale dans laquelle ils étaient connus comme des variations saisonnières de la contamination fongique des surfaces, et même; un quasi-composante expérimentale, où elle a examiné la répartition des champignons surfaces avant et après le lavage et la désinfection. Dans la composante transversale on été considérés 1 échantillons de 10 gymnases avec des piscines et un autre échantillon de au moins 10 professionnels de chaque établissement dans un total 124 travailleurs (75 hommes - 60,48% et 49 femmes - 39,52%). On a réalisé 258 prélèvements aux pieds des travailleurs et on a effectué en simultané la validation par contamination fongique de l’environnement par 50 prélèvements de l’air et par 120 prélèvements de surfaces (60 avant et 60 après des lavages et des désinfections) et on a effectué leur traitement en laboratoire et l’identification fongique. On a fait aussi l’évaluation des variables de l’environnement, la température, l’humidité relative et la vitesse de l’air. On a remplie 10 tableaux xxix d’observation, avec l’objective d’obtenir des informations sur les variables qu’influenceront l’exposition occupationnel aux souches fongiques, et encore 124 tableaux d’observation liée au prélèvement du matériel biologique, pour réaliser le registre des professionnels avec des lésions et des autres informations pertinentes pour une analyse laboratoire. Tous ces 124 travailleurs ont rempli un questionnaire au même temps que les prélèvements biologiques, afin de connaître quelques variables individuels et professionnels importants pour cet étude. Dans un des établissements on a aussi étudié les différences fongiques des surfaces parmi avant et après les lavages et de la désinfection et encore parmi l’Été et l’Hiver. Dans ce même établissement on a réalisé 36 prélèvements des surfaces avant et 36 après des lavages et de la désinfection, pendant 6 jours différents de la semaine, pendant 6 semaines en chaque saison de l’année, dans un total de 72 prélèvements des surfaces. On a encore crié et appliqué une méthode pour établir un standard d’exposition professionnelle au fungi sur les surfaces, afin de permettre la définition des niveaux semi quantitative d’estimation des risques d’infection fongique des travailleurs des gymnases avec des piscines. Pour le critère de Gravité, il a été considéré que la gravité de la contamination, et donc les possibles dommages, est étroitement liée aux espèces fongiques impliquées. Nous avons calculé la moyenne de la contamination fongique par chaque établissement avant le lavage et la désinfection afin d'établir les niveaux de Fréquence et, par rapport à l'Exposition, ont été crées pour regrouper les intervalles d'heures hebdomadaires consacrées à l'activité professionnelle en question. Sur les 124 travailleurs qui ont participé à l'étude, 58 (46,8%) avaient des lésions visibles. Parmi ces 58, les Levures ont été les plus isolées (41,4%), suivis par des Dermatophytes (24,1%) et des Filamenteux Non Dermatophytes (6,9%). Candida parapsilosis and Rhodotorula sp. ont été les Levures les plus fréquemment isolées (20,2%); dans le cas des Dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum est le plus fréquent (55,5%) et pour les Filamenteux Non Dermatophytes, Penicillium sp. a été le plus isolé (15,6%), suivi par Fusarium sp. (12,5%). En ce qui concerne la contamination fongique des surfaces, 37 champignons filamenteux ont été isolés. Le genre Fusarium est le plus fréquent avant et après le lavage et la désinfection (19,1% - 17,2%). Pour la levure, 12 levures différentes ont été identifiées, ayant été Cryptococcus sp. (40,6%) et Candida sp. (49,3%) les plus fréquents avant et après le lavage et la désinfection, respectivement. En ce qui concerne la contamination fongique de l'air, on a identifié 25 différents champignons filamenteux, où les 3 genres les plus fréquemment isolés étaient Cladosporium (36,6%), Penicillium (19,0%) et Aspergillus (10,2%). Pour les levures, il a été identifié le genre xxx Rhodotorula (87,5%) et les espèces Trichosporon mucoides et Cryptococcus unigutulattus (12,5%). On a vérifié une association, au niveau de signification de 5%, entre les lésions visibles et les heures hebdomadaires et entre les lésions visibles et la durée d’occupation, ce qui confirme l'influence de la durée de l'exposition aux facteurs de risque (contamination fongique dans le milieu de travail) pour la présence des lésions visibles chez les travailleurs exposés (Tinea pedis et onychomycose), en démontrant une relation entre l'exposition au facteur de risque dans ces études - l'exposition professionnelle aux champignons - avec les effets sur la santé. Les variables environnementales évalué (température, humidité relative et la vitesse de l'air) ne modifient pas la contamination fongique de l'air et des surfaces; donc, n'a pas été démontré aucune relation statistiquement significative (p>0,05). Cependant, il y a une influence du nombre d'occupants qui ont participé à chacun des établissements en moyenne des unités formant colonie par mètre carré sur la surface avant le lavage et la désinfection. Il n'y avait pas de corrélation entre les résultats quantitatifs de la contamination fongique de l'air et des surfaces des 10 établissements surveillés, cependant il existe des différences importantes, au niveau de signification de 10% entre la contamination fongique des surfaces et de la contamination fongique de l'air (p <0,1), on a constaté que malgré 50% des niveaux les plus bas étaient plus élevés dans la contamination fongique de l'air, la contamination fongique des surfaces présentée une plus grande variabilité quantitativement. En ce qui concerne les différences de la contamination fongique des surfaces dans les 10 établissements entre avant et après le lavage et la désinfection, il y avait seulement une réduction significative (p<0,05) de la contamination fongique après le lavage et la désinfection dans les balnéaires et vestiaires pour les hommes par rapport aux levures. Lors de l'établissement choisi, on a constaté que le rapport entre la contamination fongique et la température et l'humidité relative n'était pas significatif (p>0,05) dans les deux saisons et aussi on n’a pas observé l'influence des occupants en moyenne des unités formant colonie par mètres carrés de surfaces avant le lavage et la désinfection dans les deux saisons de l'année. Dans presque toutes les situations ou on a vérifié des différences significatives entre les deux saisons, il ya eu une augmentation des unités formant des colonies par mètre carré en Hiver, à l'exception du total des unités formant des colonies par mètre carré avant le lavage et désinfection dans les balnéaires et vestiaires des hommes où il y a eu une augmentation en Été. On a également été constaté que seulement a eu une réduction de la contamination des xxxi champignons après la désinfection de l'escalier d'accès en Hiver et dans les balnéaires et vestiaires des hommes en Été. Avec la méthode pour établir standard d’exposition professionnelle au fungi sur les surfaces on a obtenu dans les 10 établissements, avec le Niveau de Risque Faible de 65 places (54,2%), avec le Niveau de Risque Moyen 23 places (19,2%) et 32 places avec le Niveau de Risque Élevé (26,6%). Près du jacuzzi et près de la piscine sont les lieux avec des plus évaluations de Niveau de Risque Élevé. Lors de l'établissement choisi, il a été constaté que, dans l'Été, après le lavage et la désinfection, un plus grand nombre de places évaluées comme présentant un Niveau de Risque Élevé et en Hiver on a constaté la situation inverse avec de nombreux points de Niveau de Risque Élevé avant le lavage et la désinfection. A côté de la piscine et les escaliers ont été les lieux avec plus grands classifications de Niveau de Risque Élevé en Été et en Hiver. On a isolé, chez les travailleurs, des champignons communs aux isolés sur les surfaces. Avant le lavage et la désinfection, 30,3% des champignons ont été isolés sur les travailleurs et sur les surfaces et, après ces procédures, 45,5% des champignons ont été isolés fréquemment. Les levures les plus souvent isolées et les plus fréquentes avant et après le lavage et la désinfection des surfaces, et aussi dans les résultats d'échantillons biologiques prélevés sur les travailleurs, étaient du genre Rhodotorula et les espèces de Candida parapsilosis, ce qui permet confirmer que l'infection fongique des travailleurs est liée à la contamination fongique des surfaces. On a conclu qu’il est nécessaire l'intervention en Santé Occupationnelle sous la surveillance de l'environnement et sous la surveillance de la santé, afin de réduire la prévalence des infections fongiques. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous suggérons la mise en oeuvre de mesures préventives, y compris: le contrôle de la contamination fongique des surfaces par des méthodes de lavage et de désinfection afin de minimiser la contamination fongique des surfaces, l'identification précoce de l'infection avec des prélèvements biologiques périodiques, notamment un protocole pour la surveillance de la santé, et aussi la conscience du sens de l'hygiène personnelle et le traitement des pathologies. La méthode mise en place pour l’établissement d’un standard d’exposition professionnelle au fungi sur les surfaces, servira à estimer non seulement le risque d'infection fongique des travailleurs dans les gymnases avec des piscines, mais aussi pour faciliter l'établissement de valeurs de référence de champignons, l'application des mesures correctives immédiates et appropriées, et aussi la prévention des infections fongiques, non seulement dans les gymnases avec piscine, mais aussi dans d'autres contextes professionnels.