Mechanical effects of the self-organization of dislocations and related critical characteristics

The effects of the dislocation pattern formed due to the self-organization of the dislocations in crystals on the macroscopic hardening and dynamic internal friction (DIF) during deformation are studied. The classic dislocation models for the hardening and DIF corresponding to the homogeneous dislocation configuration are extended to the case for the non-homogeneous one. In addition, using the result of dislocation patterning deduced from the non-linear dlislocation dynamics model for single slip, the correlation between the dislocation pattern and hardening as well as DIF is obtained. It is shown that in the case of the tension with a constant strain rate, the bifurcation point of dislocation patterning corresponds to the turning point in the stress versus strain and DIF versus strain curves. This result along with the critical characteristics of the macroscopic behavior near the bifurcation point is microscopically and macroscopically in agreement with the experimental findings on mono-crystalline pure aluminum at temperatures around 0.5T(m). The present study suggests that measuring the DIF would be a sensitive and useful mechanical means in order to study the critical phenomenon of materials during deformation.

Evaluación de dieciseis variedades criollas de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) colectadas en diversas zonas de Nicaragua

Se evaluaron 16 materiales criollos de frijol común (Phaseolus vulqaris L.) con el objetivo de determinar su comportamiento en cuanto a crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento; así como la precocidad y composición química del grano. El ensayo se estableció en época de postrera en la Estación Experimental "La Compañía" en el Departamento de Carazo. El diseño utilizado fue Látice balanceado 4x4 modificado, 4 réplicas. En la evaluación se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: En el diámetro del tallo se obtuvieron variaciones entre 4.77 y 6.25 mm. Los primeros materiales florecieron a los 30 días después de la siembra. En cuanto a precocidad, Cuarenteño, Pepita, Rosado y Rojo Tico, maduraron primero, a los 60 días después de la siembra. El mayor número de vainas/planta (11.45) y granos/vaina (6.2) correspondió a Mono o Bayo. El peso de 1000 semillas fue superior para Rojo Seda con 227.5 g. Los mayores rendimientos correspondieron a Barreño (Acc.1730), Combinado (Acc.1287), Kaki (Acc.1234), Rojo Tico (Acc.1923) y Cuarenteño (Acc.2343), los que superaron los 1000 Kg/ha.

Electrochemical, spectroscopic and SPM evidence for the controlled formation of self-assembled monolayers and organised multilayers of ferrocenyl alkyl thiols on Au(111)

Organised multilayers were formed from the controlled self-assembly of ferrocene alkyl thiols on Au(111) surfaces. The control was accomplished by increasing the concentration of the thiol solutions used for the assembly. Cyclic voltammetry, ellipsometry, scanning probe microscopy (STM and AFM) and in situ FTIR spectroscopy were used to probe the differences between mono- and multilayers of the same compounds. Electrochemical desorption studies confirmed that the multilayer structure is attached to the surface via one monolayer. The electrochemical behaviour of the multilayers indicated the presence of more than one controlling factor during the oxidation step, whereas the reduction was kinetically controlled which contrasts with the behaviour of monolayers, which exhibit kinetic control for the oxidation and reduction steps. Conventional and imaging ellipsometry confirmed that multilayers with well-defined increments in thickness could be produced. However, STM indicated that at the monolayer stage, the thiols used promote the mobility of Au atoms on the surface. It is very likely that the multilayer structure is held together through hydrogen bonding. To the best of out knowledge, this is the first example of a controlled one-step growth of multilayers of ferrocenyl alkyl thiols using self-assembly techniques.

Estudio de cuatro variedades de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) bajo dos sistemas de labranza (minima y cero) sobre la dinámica de las malezas y en el crecimiento del cafeto joven

En el Centro de Capacitación y Servicio Regional del Pacífico (C.C.S.R.P.), Jardín Botánico, municipio de Masatepe, departamento de Masaya, se realizó en los meses de agosto a diciembre de 1995, el presente trabajo con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de cuatro variedades de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), dos criollas (Mono y Rojo Nacional) y dos mejoradas (Rev. 81 y DOR 364), bajo dos sistemas de labranza (mínima y cero) como cultivo intercalado sobre la dinámica de las malezas, y crecimiento del café (Coffea arabica L.). Este ensayo se realizó en un café injertado (Robusta-Catrenic), en su primer año de edad, se estableció bajo Bloques Completos al Azar (BCA) con cuatro repeticiones. La menor abundancia y dominancia de las malezas se encontró en el tratamiento donde sembró frijol con labranza cero, sin embargo las diferentes variedades utilizadas presentaron comportamientos variables. Las malezas más dominantes y frecuentes fueron: Biden pilosa L, Melantera aspera (Jacquin) L. C., y Cyperus sp L. En cuanto al crecimiento del café, las variables de altura de planta, número de ramas primarias, número de ramas pares, longitud de la primera y tercera bandola y el número de nudos totales de la primera y tercera bandola, no se encontraron diferencias significativas estadísticamente, pero numéricamente existen diferencias mínimas, en cuanto al diámetro del tallo presentó diferencias significativas donde el primer recuento (agosto) el menor diámetro se presentó en el tratamiento con la variedad Rojo nacional en labranza mínima y el tratamiento con la variedad Mono en labranza mínima con 1.15 y 1.12 cm respectivamente, lo cual indica que el asocio del cultivo del frijol común no afecta en el crecimiento en los primeros año de edad de la planta de café

Evaluación agronómica y morfológica de quince materiales genético de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), en la localidad Dulce Nombre de Jesús, Matagalpa

El presente trabajo, se realizó en postrera 2000, en la comarca Dulce Nombre de Jesús, Matagalpa. Con el propósito de determinar diferencias entre materiales genéticos clasificados en grupos por coloración de la cubierta de la semilla; evaluar el comportamiento de las variedades locales dentro del grupo de color de semilla y estimar la proporción de la varianza determinada por cada uno de los factores en estudio para las diferentes variables cuantitativas del cultivo de frijol. El ensayo consistió en un experimento Bifactorial jerárquico en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Para varios caracteres de la flor y vaina los materiales genéticos Kaki, Mono y Gualiceño presentaron una mayor diversidad que la encontrada en el grupo poblaciones de grano rojo. Dentro de este último grupo de poblaciones la variabilidad entre poblaciones fue muy evidente y distintivas para las variables de orden cualitativos antes mencionadas, mostrando algunos valores individuales superiores al presentado por las poblaciones Kaki, Mono y Gualiceño como fue una mayor precocidad a la floración y uniformidad a la madurez, así como una mayor resistencia a efectos del ambiente, no obstante que dentro de estos materiales se detectaron mezclas de plantas. Para la variable cuantitativa, de mayor interés, que es el rendimiento/ planta no se encontró diferencias estadísticas. Para la mayoría de las variables cuantitativas estudiadas la mayor parte de la variabilidad fenotípica observada se debió al error experimental seguido del efecto de variedades dentro de grupos de poblaciones agrupadas por color de semilla y en menor magnitud fue debido al efecto de color

Control of Mean and Fluctuating Forces on a Circular Cylinder at High Reynolds Numbers

A narrow strip is used to control mean and fluctuating forces on a circular cylinder at Reynolds numbers from 2.0 x 10(4) to 1.0 x 10(5). The axes of the strip and cylinder are parallel. The control parameters are strip width ratio and strip position characterized by angle of attack and distance from the cylinder. Wind tunnel tests show that the vortex shedding from both sides of the cylinder can be suppressed, and mean drag and fluctuating lift on the cylinder can be reduced if the strip is installed in an effective zone downstream of the cylinder. A phenomenon of mono-side vortex shedding is found. The strip-induced local changes of velocity profiles in the near wake of the cylinder are measured, and the relation between base suction and peak value in the power spectrum of fluctuating lift is studied. The control mechanism is then discussed from different points of view.

Thickness And Component Distributions Of Yttrium-Titanium Alloy Films In Electron-Beam Physical Vapor Deposition

Thickness and component distributions of large-area thin films are an issue of international concern in the field of material processing. The present work employs experiments and direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method to investigate three-dimensional low-density, non-equilibrium jets of yttrium and titanium vapor atoms in an electron-beams physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) system furnished with two or three electron-beams, and obtains their deposition thickness and component distributions onto 4-inch and 6-inch mono-crystal silicon wafers. The DSMC results are found in excellent agreement with our measurements, such as evaporation rates of yttrium and titanium measured in-situ by quartz crystal resonators, deposited film thickness distribution measured by Rutherford backscattering spectrometer (RBS) and surface profilometer and deposited film molar ratio distribution measured by RBS and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). This can be taken as an indication that a combination of DSMC method with elaborate measurements may be satisfactory for predicting and designing accurately the transport process of EBPVD at the atomic level.

Rapidly Infrared-Assisted Cooperatively Self-Assembled Highly Ordered Multiscale Porous Materials

In this paper, cooperative self-assembly (CSA) of colloidal spheres with different sizes was studied. It was found that a complicated jamming effect makes it difficult to achieve an optimal self-assembling condition for construction of a well-ordered stacking of colloidal spheres in a relatively short growth time by CSA. Through the use of a characteristic infrared (IR) technique to significantly accelerate local evaporation on the growing interface without changing the bulk growing environment, a concise three-parameter (temperature, pressure, and IR intensity) CSA method to effectively overcome the jamming effect has been developed. Mono- and multiscale inverse opals in a large range of lattice scales can be prepared within a growth time (15-30 min) that is remarkably shorter than the growth times of several hours for previous methods. Scanning electron microscopy images and transmittance spectra demonstrated the superior crystalline and optical qualities of the resulting materials. More importantly, the new method enables optimal conditions for CSA without limitations on sizes and materials of multiple colloids. This strategy not only makes a meaningful advance in the applicability and universality of colloidal crystals and ordered porous materials but also can be an inspiration to the self-assembly systems widely used in many other fields, such as nanotechnology and molecular bioengineering.

Efecto de poli-cultivo (repollo-tomate; repollo-zanahoria) sobre la incidencia de defoliadores del cultivo de repollo (Brassica oleracea) var. Supperette

Se estableció un experimento de campo con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de los poli-cultivos repollo-tomate, repollo-zanahoria sobre la incidencia de las principales plagas defoliadoras del cultivo de repollo brassica oleracea además se evaluó un tratamiento de repollo en mono-cultivo donde se realizó aplicación del insecticida biológico dipel ( bacillus thuringensis. Las plagas predominantes durante el ensayo fueron plutella xilostella helulla phidilealis y ascia monuste. Para plutella se encontró diferencia significativa entre los tratamiento, siendo el poli-cultivo repollo-zanahoria que presento las menores poblaciones, en cuanto a helulla no se observó un efecto beneficioso del poli-cultivo ya que las poblaciones se mantuvieron estadísticamente iguales en los cuatro tratamientos, igual sucedió con las poblaciones de ascia. Se presentó mayores ingreso brutos en las parcelas de poli-cultivo repollo-tomate y en el mono-cultivo con aplicación de dipel, en el poli-cultivo repollo-zanahoria y en el mono-cultivo de repollo sin aplicaciones de insecticida los ingresos fueron bajos

Survey of the fatty acid composition of Canadian beef: Backfat and longissimus lumborum muscle

[EN]A survey of Canadian retail beef was undertaken with emphasis on the trans fatty acid (TFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers, and compared with current health recommendations. Thirty striploin steaks were collected in the winter and summer from major grocery stores in Calgary (Alberta, Canada). Steak fatty acid compositions (backfat and longissimus lumborum muscle analysed separately) showed minor seasonal differences with lower total saturates (PB0.05) and higher total monounsaturates (PB 0.01) in winter, but no differences in total polyunsaturated fatty acids. The ratio of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in longissimus lumborum averaged 5.8. The average TFA content in longissimus lumborum was 0.128 g 100 g_1 serving size, and 10t-18:1 was found to be the predominant isomer (32% of total trans), while vaccenic acid was second most abundant (15% of total trans). The CLA content in longissimus lumborum was similar to that of backfat, ranging from 0.43 to 0.60% of total fatty acids and rumenic acid represented 60% of total isomers. Overall, there is still room for improvement in the saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of Canadian beef to meet general dietary guidelines for human consumption and additional targets should include reducing 10t-18:1 while increasing both rumenic and vaccenic acids.

Visualization of molecule interaction between antigen and antibody - One of ellipsometric imaging applications

It is to investigate molecule interactions between antigen and antibody with ellipsometric imaging technique and demonstrate some features and possibilities offered by applications of the technique. Molecule interaction is an important interest for molecule biologist and immunologist. They have used some established methods such as immufluorcence, radioimmunoassay and surface plasma resonance, etc, to study the molecule interaction. At the same time, experimentalists hope to use some updated technique with more direct visual results. Ellipsometric imaging is non-destructive and exhibits a high sensitivity to phase transitions with thin layers. It is capable of imaging local variations in the optical properties such as thickness due to the presence of different surface concentration of molecule or different deposited molecules. If a molecular mono-layer (such as antigen) with bio-activity were deposited on a surface to form a sensing surface and then incubated in a solution with other molecules (such as antibody), a variation of the layer thickness when the molecules on the sensing surface reacted with the others in the solution could be observed with ellipsometric imaging. Every point on the surface was measured at the same time with a high sensitivity to distinguish the variation between mono-layer and molecular complexes. Ellipsometric imaging is based on conventional ellipsometry with charge coupled device (CCD) as detector and images are caught with computer with image processing technique. It has advantages of high sensitivity to thickness variation (resolution in the order of angstrom), big field of view (in square centimeter), high sampling speed (a picture taken within one second), and high lateral resolution (in the order of micrometer). Here it has just shown one application in study of antigen-antibody interaction, and it is possible to observe molecule interaction process with an in-situ technique.

Structure and diversity in Mytilus californianus (Mollusca: Bivalvia) communities

Mytilus californianus (Mollusca: Bivalvia), the California marine mussel, occurs in intertidal populations so derise that they are referred to as "Mussel beds." The mussel beds range in physical complexity from structurally simple, essentially mono-layered assemblages, to structurally complex, multi-layered assemblages. The internal environment within the bed varies accordingly. The mussel bed provides either directly or indirectly, habitat, food and shelter for a large community of associated invertebrates. This study examines the relationship between physical complexity of the mussel bed habitat and composition of the associated community.

Herramienta de Autor para la Creación de 3D Trackable Model (3DTM)

El presente proyecto describe una herramienta de autor que facilita el tracking sin marcadores de objetos 3D con textura. La herramienta está orientada a la detección de posición mediante un sistema mono-cámara para entornos en los que se tienen modelos creados, como suele ser usual en los proyectos de arquitectura y de ingeniería. La finalidad de la herramienta es la generación de un 3DTM que contiene los puntos de interés del objeto, sus descriptores y sus correspondientes puntos 3D en el modelo, obtenidos a partir de una imagen y un modelo del objeto. De esta forma el 3DTM generado, puede ser usado para el tracking de objetos 3D con textura en aplicaciones de Realidad Aumentada.

Synthesis, structure, and photophysics of polypyridophenazine transition-metal complexes

The condensation of phenanthroline-5,6-dione (phendione) with polyamines is a versatile synthetic route to a wide variety of chelating ligands. Condensation with 2,3- napthalene diamine gives benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (bdppz) a ligand containing weakly-coupled orbitals of benzophenazine (bpz) and 2,2' -bipyridinde(bpy) character. The bpy character gives Re and Ru complexes excited-state redox properties; intramolecular electron transfer (ET) takes place to the bpz portion of the ligand. The charge-separated state so produced has an extraordinarily-long 50 µs lifetime. The slow rate of charge recombination arises from a combination of extremely weak coupling between the metal center and the bpz acceptor orbital and Marcus "inverted region" behavior. Molecular orbital calculations show that only 3% the electron density in the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital lies on the bpy atoms of bdppz, effectively trapping the transferred electron on the bpz portion. The rate of charge recombination decreases with increasing driving force, showing that these rates lie in the inverted region. Comparison of forward and back ET rates shows that donor-acceptor coupling is four orders of magnitude greater for photoinduced electron transfer than it is for thermal charge recombination.

Condensation of phendione with itself or tetramines gives a series of binucleating tetrapyridophenazine ligands of incrementally-varying coordination-site separation. When a photoredox-active metal center is attached, excited-state energy and electron transfer to an acceptor metal center at the other coordination site can be studied as a function of distance. A variety of monometallic and homo- and heterodimetallic tetrapyridophenazine complexes has been synthesized. Electro- and magnetochemistry show that no ground-state interaction exists between the metals in bimetallic complexes. Excited-state energy and electron transfer, however, takes place at rates which are invariant with increasing donor-acceptor separation, indicating that a very efficient coupling mechanism is at work. Theory and experiment have suggested that such behavior might exist in extended π-systems like those presented by these ligands.

Condensation of three equivalents of 4,5-dimethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine with hexaketocyclohexane gives the trinucleating ligand hexaazahexamethyltrinapthalene (hhtn). Attaching two photredox-active metal centers and a third catalytic center to hhtn provides means by which multielectron photocatalyzed reactions might be carried out. The coordination properties of hhtn have been examined; X-ray crystallographic structure determination shows that the ligand's constricted coordination pocket leads to distorted geometries in its mono- and dimetallic derivatives.

Social Organisation of the Short-finned Pilot Whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus, with Special Reference to the Comparative Social Ecology of Delphinids

As a contribution to the understanding of comparative social trends within the cetacean family Delphinidae, a 22-month study was conducted on the shortfinned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus, which has been suggested to have a unique social system in which males and females in the same group are related and mating occurs outside of the group. The individual identification of 495 pilot whales, analysed in daily group association patterns, allowed identification of 46 pods. They were classified as productive or non-productive based on the presence or absence of immature animals. Productive pods were a significantly larger, although 12% of them lacked adult males. Two classes of whales (residents and visitors) were defined by patterns of occurrence,suggesting differential patterns of habitat use. Resident pods occasionally travelled together (41% of all groups) and associations between age and sex classes showed that in mixed-pod groups, the highest ranked associations of the reproductive females were with males from other pods, while within pods, adult males and females associated less. During summer, the proposed peak conception period, pilot whale groups were significantly larger and contained individuals from a significantly greater number of pods. These findings support the hypothesis that males and females mate when associating with individuals from other pods. A comparative analysis of sexual dimorphism, brain size, and testes size, habitat, prey and group size within the 17 delphinid genera identified a correlation between sexual dimorphism and body size, but relative measures of brain size and testes size did not correlate with broad ecological or social classifications. However, a comparison of three delphinid societies identified two distinct male mating systems: males of the small, mono-morphic Tursiops truncatus live in age/sex segregated groups and mate with a number of discrete female communities. Males in the large sexually dimorphic Glob icephala spp. and Orcinus orca mate with associated female pods and yet remain with their female kin. This corresponds to the avunculate social system described in some human societies. It could evolve from a promiscuous mating system where there is little guarantee of paternity and where males that live with their kin increase their inclusive fitness.