Identification of Toxoplasma gondii antigens involved in the IgM AND IgG indirect hemagglutination tests for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis

Crude Toxoplasma gondii antigens represent raw material used to prepare reagents to be employed in different serologic tests for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, including the IgM and IgG indirect hemagglutination (IgG-HA and IgM-HA) tests. So far, the actual antigenic molecules of the parasite involved in the interaction with agglutinating anti-T. gondii antibodies in these tests are unknown. The absorption process of serum samples from toxoplasmosis patients with the IgG-HA reagent (G-toxo-HA) demonstrated that red cells from this reagent were coated with T. gondii antigens with Mr of 39, 35, 30, 27, 22 and 14 kDa. The immune-absorption process with the IgM-HA reagent (M-toxo-HA), in turn, provided antibody eluates which recognized antigenic bands of the parasite corresponding to Mr of 54, 35 and 30 kDa, implying that these antigens are coating red cells from this reagent. The identification of most relevant antigens for each type of HA reagent seems to be useful for the inspection of the raw antigenic material, as well as of reagent batches routinely produced. Moreover the present findings can be used to modify these reagents in order to improve the performance of HA tests for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis

Study of Load Curves Concerning the Influence of Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues

The increase of electricity demand in Brazil, the lack of the next major hydroelectric reservoirs implementation, and the growth of environmental concerns lead utilities to seek an improved system planning to meet these energy needs. The great diversity of economic, social, climatic, and cultural conditions in the country have been causing a more difficult planning of the power system. The work presented in this paper concerns the development of an algorithm that aims studying the influence of the issues mentioned in load curves. Focus is given to residential consumers. The consumption device with highest influence in the load curve is also identified. The methodology developed gains increasing importance in the system planning and operation, namely in the smart grids context.

Voltage Analysis and Load Curtailment Minimization in Sub-transmission Networks with Distributed Generation

Most of distributed generation and smart grid research works are dedicated to network operation parameters studies, reliability, etc. However, many of these works normally uses traditional test systems, for instance, IEEE test systems. This paper proposes voltage magnitude and reliability studies in presence of fault conditions, considering realistic conditions found in countries like Brazil. The methodology considers a hybrid method of fuzzy set and Monte Carlo simulation based on the fuzzy-probabilistic models and a remedial action algorithm which is based on optimal power flow. To illustrate the application of the proposed method, the paper includes a case study that considers a real 12-bus sub-transmission network.

Shoulder Kinematics Is Not Influenced by External Load During Elevation in the Scapular Plane

The current study aimed to compare the shoulder kinematics (3D scapular orientation, scapular angular displacement and scapulohumeral rhythm) of asymptomatic participants under unloaded and loaded conditions during unilateral shoulder elevation in the scapular plane. We used a repeated-measures design with a convenience sample. Eleven male participants with an age range of 21–28 years with no recent history of shoulder injury participated in the study. The participants performed isometric shoulder elevation from a neutral position to approximately 150 degrees of elevation in the scapular plane in intervals of approximately 30 degrees during unloaded and loaded conditions. Shoulder kinematic data were obtained with videogrammetry. During shoulder elevation, the scapula rotated upwardly and externally, and tilted posteriorly. The addition of an external load did not affect 3D scapular orientation, scapular angular displacement, or scapulohumeral rhythm throughout shoulder elevation (P > .05). In clinical practice, clinicians should expect to observe upward and external rotation and posterior tilt of the scapula during their assessments of shoulder elevation. Such behavior was not influenced by an external load normalized to 5% of body weight when performed in an asymptomatic population.

STANDARDIZATION OF PROCEDURES OF Plasmodium falciparum ANTIGEN PREPARATION FOR SEROLOGIC TESTS

The objective of the present study is to standardize the technical variables for preparation and storage of Plasmodium falciparum and of antigen components extracted with the amphoteric detergent Zwittergent. P. falciparum obtained from in vitro culture was stored at different temperatures and for different periods of time. For each variable, antigen components of the parasite were extracted in the presence or absence of protease inhibitors and submitted or not to later dialysis. Products were stored for 15, 30 and 60 days at different temperatures and immunological activity of each extract was determined by SDS-PAGE and ELISA using positive or negative standard sera for the presence of IgG directed to blood stage antigens of P. falciparum. Antigen extracts obtained from parasites stored at -20oC up to 10 days or at -70oC for 2 months presented the best results, showing well-defined bands on SDS-PAGE and Western blots and presenting absorbance values in ELISA that permitted safe differentiation between positive and negative sera.

Estudo de delaminação em compósitos de matriz polimérica

A aplicação do material compósito é neste momento bastante vasta, graças à combinação das suas características específicas, tais como, maior resistência específica e módulos específicos e melhor resistência à fadiga, quando comparados com os metais convencionais. Tais características, quando requeridas, tornam este material ideal para aplicações estruturais. Esta caminhada de sucesso iniciou desde muito cedo, quando o material compósito já era utilizado para fabrico de armas pelos mongóis e na construção civil pelos hebreus e egípcios, contudo, só a partir dos meados do século XX é que despertou interesses para aplicações mais modernas. Atualmente os materiais compósitos são utilizados em equipamentos domésticos, componentes elétricos e eletrónicos, passando por materiais desportivos, pela indústria automóvel e construção civil, até indústrias de grande exigência e visibilidade tecnológica como a aeronáutica, espacial e de defesa. Apesar das boas características apresentadas pelos materiais compósitos, no entanto, estes materiais têm tendência a perderem as suas propriedades quando submetidas a algumas operações de acabamento como a furação. A furação surge da necessidade de ligação de peças de um mesmo mecanismo. Os furos obtidos por este processo devem ser precisos e sem danos para garantir ligações de alta resistência e também precisas. A furação nos materiais compósitos é bastante complexa devido à sua heterogeneidade, anisotropia, sensibilidade ao calor e pelo facto de os reforços serem extremamente abrasivos. A operação de furação pode causar grandes danos na peça, como a delaminação a entrada, defeitos de circularidade do furo, danos de origem térmica e a delaminação à saída que se apresenta como o mais frequente e indesejável. Com base nesses pressupostos é que este trabalho foi desenvolvido de forma a tentar obter processos simples para determinação e previsão de danos em polímeros reforçados com fibras (de carbono neste caso) de forma a precavê-los. De forma a conseguir estes objetivos, foram realizados ensaios de início de delaminação segundo a proposta de Lachaud et al. e ensaios de pin-bearing segundo a proposta de Khashaba et al. Foram também examinadas extensões de danos de acordo com o modelo de Fator de delaminação ajustado apresentado por Davim et al. A partir dos ensaios, de pin-bearing, realizados foram analisadas influências do material e geometria da broca, do avanço utilizado na furação e de diferentes orientações de empilhamentos de placas na delaminação de laminados compósitos e ainda a influências dessas variáveis na força de rutura por pin-bearing. As principais conclusões tiradas daqui são que a delaminação aumenta com o aumento do avanço, o que já era esperado, as brocas em carboneto de tungsténio são as mais recomendas para a furação do material em causa e que a delaminação é superior para a placa cross-ply quando comparada com placas unidirecionais. Para a situação de ensaios de início de delaminação foram analisadas as influências da variação da espessura não cortada por baixo da broca/punção, de diferentes geometrias de brocas, da alteração de velocidade de ensaio e diferentes orientações de empilhamentos de placas na força de início de delaminação. Deste ensaio as principais conclusões são que a força de início de delaminação aumenta com o aumenta da espessura não cortada e a influência da velocidade de ensaio altera com a variação das orientações de empilhamento.

Hepatitis C viral load does not predict disease outcome: going beyond numbers

The analysis of 58 patients with chronic hepatitis C without cirrhosis and treated with interferon-alpha demonstrated that hepatitis C viral (HCV) load does not correlate with the histological evolution of the disease (p = 0.6559 for architectural alterations and p = 0.6271 for the histological activity index). Therefore, the use of viral RNA quantification as an evolutive predictor or determinant of the severity of hepatitis C is incorrect and of relative value. A review of the literature provided fundamental and interdependent HCV (genotype, heterogeneity and mutants, specific proteins), host (sex, age, weight, etc) and treatment variables (dosage, time of treatment, type of interferon) within the broader context of viral kinetics, interferon-mediated immunological response (in addition to natural immunity against HCV) and the role of interferon as a modulator of fibrogenesis. Therefore, viral load implies much more than numbers and the correct interpretation of these data should consider a broader context depending on multiple factors that are more complex than the simple value obtained upon quantification.

Desenvolvimento de programa em linguagem Matlab® para cálculo pelo método de elementos finitos

Para o projeto de qualquer estrutura existente (edifícios, pontes, veículos, máquinas, etc.) é necessário conhecer as condições de carga, geometria e comportamento de todas as suas partes, assim como respeitar as normativas em vigor nos países nos quais a estrutura será aplicada. A primeira parte de qualquer projeto nesta área passa pela fase da análise estrutural, onde são calculadas todas as interações e efeitos de cargas sobre as estruturas físicas e os seus componentes de maneira a verificar a aptidão da estrutura para o seu uso. Inicialmente parte-se de uma estrutura de geometria simplificada, pondo de parte os elementos físicos irrelevantes (elementos de fixação, revestimentos, etc.) de maneira a simplificar o cálculo de estruturas complexas e, em função dos resultados obtidos da análise estrutural, melhorar a estrutura se necessário. A análise por elementos finitos é a ferramenta principal durante esta primeira fase do projeto. E atualmente, devido às exigências do mercado, é imprescindível o suporte computorizado de maneira a agilizar esta fase do projeto. Existe para esta finalidade uma vasta gama de programas que permitem realizar tarefas que passam pelo desenho de estruturas, análise estática de cargas, análise dinâmica e vibrações, visualização do comportamento físico (deformações) em tempo real, que permitem a otimização da estrutura em análise. Porém, estes programas demostram uma certa complexidade durante a introdução dos parâmetros, levando muitas vezes a resultados errados. Assim sendo, é essencial para o projetista ter uma ferramenta fiável e simples de usar que possa ser usada para fins de projeto de estruturas e otimização. Sobre esta base nasce este projeto tese onde se elaborou um programa com interface gráfica no ambiente Matlab® para a análise de estruturas por elementos finitos, com elementos do tipo Barra e Viga, quer em 2D ou 3D. Este programa permite definir a estrutura por meio de coordenadas, introdução de forma rápida e clara, propriedades mecânicas dos elementos, condições fronteira e cargas a aplicar. Como resultados devolve ao utilizador as reações, deformações e distribuição de tensões nos elementos quer em forma tabular quer em representação gráfica sobre a estrutura em análise. Existe ainda a possibilidade de importação de dados e exportação dos resultados em ficheiros XLS e XLSX, de maneira a facilitar a gestão de informação. Foram realizados diferentes testes e análises de estruturas de forma a validar os resultados do programa e a sua integridade. Os resultados foram todos satisfatórios e convergem para os resultados de outros programas, publicados em livros, e para cálculo a mão feitos pelo autor.

The influence of task design on upper limb muscles fatigue during low-load repetitive work: A systematic review

Ergonomic interventions such as increased scheduled breaks or job rotation have been proposed to reduce upper limb muscle fatigue in repetitive low-load work. This review was performed to summarize and analyze the studies investigating the effect of job rotation and work-rest schemes, as well as, work pace, cycle time and duty cycle, on upper limb muscle fatigue. The effects of these work organization factors on subjective fatigue or discomfort were also analyzed. This review was based on relevant articles published in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. The studies included in this review were performed in humans and assessed muscle fatigue in upper limbs. 14 articles were included in the systematic review. Few studies were performed in a real work environment and the most common methods used to assess muscle fatigue were surface electromyography (EMG). No consistent results were found related to the effects of job rotation on muscle activity and subjective measurements of fatigue. Rest breaks had some positive effects, particularly in perceived discomfort. The increase in work pace reveals a higher muscular load in specific muscles. The duration of experiments and characteristics of participants appear to be the factors that most have influenced the results. Future research should be focused on the improvement of the experimental protocols and instrumentation, in order to the outcomes represent adequately the actual working conditions. Relevance to industry: Introducing more physical workload variation in low-load repetitive work is considered an effective ergonomic intervention against muscle fatigue and musculoskeletal disorders in industry. Results will be useful to identify the need of future research, which will eventually lead to the adoption of best industrial work practices according to the workers capabilities.

Protein–polyphenol interaction on silica beads for astringency tests based on eye, photography or reflectance detection modes

Astringency is an organoleptic property of beverages and food products resulting mainly from the interaction of salivary proteins with dietary polyphenols. It is of great importance to consumers, but the only effective way of measuring it involves trained sensorial panellists, providing subjective and expensive responses. Concurrent chemical evaluations try to screen food astringency, by means of polyphenol and protein precipitation procedures, but these are far from the real human astringency sensation where not all polyphenol–protein interactions lead to the occurrence of precipitate. Here, a novel chemical approach that tries to mimic protein–polyphenol interactions in the mouth is presented to evaluate astringency. A protein, acting as a salivary protein, is attached to a solid support to which the polyphenol binds (just as happens when drinking wine), with subsequent colour alteration that is fully independent from the occurrence of precipitate. Employing this simple concept, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was selected as the model salivary protein and used to cover the surface of silica beads. Tannic Acid (TA), employed as the model polyphenol, was allowed to interact with the BSA on the silica support and its adsorption to the protein was detected by reaction with Fe(III) and subsequent colour development. Quantitative data of TA in the samples were extracted by colorimetric or reflectance studies over the solid materials. The analysis was done by taking a regular picture with a digital camera, opening the image file in common software and extracting the colour coordinates from HSL (Hue, Saturation, Lightness) and RGB (Red, Green, Blue) colour model systems; linear ranges were observed from 10.6 to 106.0 μmol L−1. The latter was based on the Kubelka–Munk response, showing a linear gain with concentrations from 0.3 to 10.5 μmol L−1. In either of these two approaches, semi-quantitative estimation of TA was enabled by direct eye comparison. The correlation between the levels of adsorbed TA and the astringency of beverages was tested by using the assay to check the astringency of wines and comparing these to the response of sensorial panellists. Results of the two methods correlated well. The proposed sensor has significant potential as a robust tool for the quantitative/semi-quantitative evaluation of astringency in wine.

Skin Prick Tests and Allergy Diagnosis

Skin testing remains an essential diagnostic tool in modern allergy practice. A signifi cant variability has been reported regarding technical procedures, interpretation of results and documentation. This review has the aim of consolidating methodological recommendations through a critical analysis on past and recent data. This will allow a better understanding on skin prick test (SPT) history; technique; (contra-) indications; interpretation of results; diagnostic pitfalls; adverse reactions; and variability factors.

E-assessment in mathematics courses with multiple-choice questions tests

With the implementation of the Bologna Process several challenges have been posed to higher education institution, particularly in Portugal. One of the main implications is related to the change of the paradigm of a teacher centered education, to a paradigm that is student centered. This change implies the change of the way to assess courses in higher education institutions. Continuous and formative assessments emerged as the focus, catalyzed by electronic assessment, or e-assessment. This paper presents a case of the implementation of an e-assessment strategy, implemented in order to allow continuous, formative assessment in numerous mathematics classes using multiple-choice questions tests implement in Moodle open-source learning management system. The implementation can be considered a success.

E-assessment in mathematics courses with multiple-choice questions tests

With the implementation of the Bologna Process several challenges have been posed to higher education institution, particularly in Portugal. One of the main implications is related to the change of the paradigm of a teacher centered education, to a paradigm that is student centered. This change implies the change of the way to assess courses in higher education institutions. Continuous and formative assessments emerged as the focus, catalyzed by electronic assessment, or e-assessment. This paper presents a case of the implementation of an e-assessment strategy, implemented in order to allow continuous, formative assessment in numerous mathematics classes using multiple-choice questions tests implement in Moodle open-source learning management system. The implementation can be considered a success.

Energy Harvesting for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

In this study, energy production for autonomous underwater vehicles is investigated. This project is part of a bigger project called TURTLE. The autonomous vehicles perform oceanic researches at seabed for which they are intended to be kept operational underwater for several months. In order to ful l a long-term underwater condition, powerful batteries are combined with \micro- scale" energy production on the spot. This work tends to develop a system that generates power up to a maximum of 30 W. Latter energy harvesting structure consists basically of a turbine combined with a generator and low-power electronics to adjust the achieved voltage to a required battery charger voltage. Every component is examined separately hence an optimum can be de ned for all, and subsequently also an overall optimum. Di erent design parameters as e.g. number of blades, solidity ratio and cross-section area are compared for di erent turbines, in order to see what is the most feasible type. Further, a generator is chosen by studying how ux distributions might be adjusted to low velocities, and how cogging torque can be excluded by adapted designs. Low-power electronics are con gured in order to convert and stabilize heavily varying three-phase voltages to a constant, recti ed voltage which is usable for battery storage. Clearly, di erent component parameters as maximum power and torque are matched here to increase the overall power generation. Furthermore an overall maximum power is set up for achieving a maximum power ow at load side. Due to among others typical low velocities of about 0.1 to 0.5 m/s, and constructing limits of the prototype, the vast range of components is restricted to only a few that could be used. Hence, a helical turbine is combined in a direct drive mode to a coreless-stator axial- ux permanent-magnet generator, from which the output voltage is adjusted subsequently by a recti er, impedance matching unit, upconverter circuit and an overall control unit to regulate di erent component parameters. All these electronics are combined in a closed-loop design to involve positive feedback signals. Furthermore a theoretical con guration for the TURTLE vehicle is described in this work and a solution is proposed that might be implemented, for which several design tests are performable in a future study.

Sensitivity of an immunoenzymatic test for detection of ant-L. brasiliensis antibodies compared to other tests used for the diagnosis of American cutaneous leishmaniasis

The diagnosis of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is frequently based on clinical and epidemiological data associated with the results of laboratory tests. Some laboratory methods are currently being applied for the diagnosis of ACL, among them the indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIFR), the Montenegro skin test (MST), histopathological examination, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The performance of these methods varies in a considerable proportion of patients. After the standardization of an immunoenzymatic test (ELISA) for the detection of IgG in the serum of patients with ACL using a crude Leishmania braziliensis antigen, the results obtained were compared to those of other tests routinely used for the diagnosis. The tests revealed the following sensitivity, when analyzed separately: 85% for ELISA IgG, 81% for PCR, 64.4% for MST, 58.1% for IIFR, and 34% for the presence of parasites in the biopsy. ELISA was positive in 75% of patients with ACL presenting a negative MST, in 84.8% of ACL patients with negative skin or mucous biopsies for the presence of the parasite, and in 100% of cases with a negative PCR. Thus, ELISA presented a higher sensitivity than the other tests and was useful as a complementary method for the diagnosis of ACL.