Calificación de alternativas de inversión en los mercados centroamericanos

El comercio internacional es un motor de crecimiento económico para los países, ante las numerosas crisis y obstáculos presentados con los aliados comerciales de Colombia, surge esta investigación, la cual busca motivar a inversionistas a invertir en mercados Centroamericanos tales como Honduras, Guatemala y El Salvador, con el fin de aprovechar facilidades al comercio como el Tratado de Libre Comercio con estos países que conforman el Triangulo Norte, e invertir en los sectores más atractivos de la región epsecialmente bajo el análisis hecho tanto en el sector textil como el de confecciones.

Análisis de la dinámica estratégica del Grupo Empresarial Antioqueño en los últimos 30 años (1978-2008)

La perdurabilidad empresarial es un tema complejo y de vital importancia para las empresas, dado que todos los esfuerzos administrativos y operativos tienen como fin la trascendencia en el tiempo. En la historia empresarial Colombiana, pocas empresas han logrado superar los cambios del entorno a través del tiempo. El GEA (Grupo Empresarial Antioqueño), es uno de los grupos económicos colombianos que ha logrado sortear los cambios del tiempo con éxito. Con más de treinta años de trayectoria, el grupo económico ha logrado consolidar cada una de sus compañías, tanto en el mercado nacional como internacional. Sin embargo éste ha sido un proceso largo de 30 años, en el cual ha tenido que enfrentar sucesos importantes como crisis económica, conflictos sociales, apertura económica, deterioro de relaciones internacionales, etc. De tal forma resulta interesante conocer la dinámica estratégica llevada a cabo, y que permitió dar forma a lo que hoy se conoce como Grupo empresarial Antioqueño.

Repercusión de la migración Centroamericana hacia Estados Unidos y de las políticas de deportación en el fortalecimiento regional de organizaciones criminales durante el periodo 1985-2000. Estudio de caso: Las Maras en El Salvador y Guatemala

El aumento de los flujos migratorios en los últimos años, ha generado que hoy en día se presencie dentro del escenario internacional nuevas dinámicas sociales, con efectos positivos y negativos tanto para los países de origen como para los de destino. Dentro de estos procesos se originan nuevos espacios sociales transnacionales debido a la trasmisión de identidades culturales; es así como nacen las Maras en Estados Unidos y se extienden posteriormente por la región Centroamericana, expansión influida en parte por las políticas de deportación implementadas por el gobierno norteamericano.

Análisis del papel de la ONUSAL en el proceso de paz de el Salvador 1989-1995

Este trabajo de investigación, pretende examinar el papel desempeñado por la ONUSAL en el proceso de paz de El Salvador durante el periodo 1989-1995, en lo concerniente a las estrategias que fueron utilizadas por dicha Misión. Lo anterior, como evidencia de la activa participación de la ONU en la etapa de resolución de conflictos armados internos -derivados de la Guerra Fría- en territorio centroamericano.

El tratamiento del fenómeno de las maras en la perspectiva de la iniciativa Mérida. Estudios de caso: México, Guatemala, el Salvador y Honduras

En Centroamérica existen comunidades que enfrentan retos muy difíciles como el limitado acceso a servicios y bienes básicos, carecen de oportunidades laborales y de educación. A esto se le añade la influencia de un fenómeno juvenil conocido como las pandillas juveniles o Maras.

Análisis de la cooperación sur-sur bajo la perspectiva del nuevo enfoque de cooperación al desarrollo: Colombia - Centroamérica y el Caribe (2003-2009)

La Cooperación Sur-Sur se ha inscrito en un contexto de cambio del sistema de cooperación internacional en el que se ha configurado un nuevo enfoque de la cooperación al desarrollo. Con la proclamación de la Declaración del Milenio en el 2000, esta década trajo el desarrollo de conferencias y foros de alto nivel trascendentales para la configuración de una nueva agenda de desarrollo y eficacia de la ayuda. En ese sentido, esta monografía se ha propuesto determinar la manera en qué las iniciativas emprendidas en esta materia por Colombia en Centroamérica y el Caribe (2003-2009) responden al nuevo enfoque de cooperación al desarrollo.

La efectividad de la estrategia de seguridad del estado de Costa Rica en el subcomplejo de Seguridad Regional Centroamericano 2005-2010

El trabajo conceptualista la teoría de Complejos de Seguridad Regional, permitiendo tener una compresión amplia del mismo. Hace un análisis de la estrategia de seguridad costarricense, evocando momentos históricos para su construcción. Contextualiza las dinámicas de securitización generadas en Centro América y de esta forma concluye cómo Costa Rica ha respondido a estas dinámicas y qué tan efectivas fueron sus políticas en cuestiones de seguridad, al igual en cómo el subcomplejo se ve afectado por esta estrategia.

La reintegración social y económica de los grupos armados ilegales en Colombia: reflexiones a partir de la trayectoria de nueve excombatientes

Esta investigación toma como marco general la Política de Reintegración Social y económica de personas y grupos alzados en armas en Colombia, en donde tras el estudio de las trayectorias en el conflicto de un grupo de 9 excombatientes, se aborda la relación existente entre los beneficios otorgados por dicha política y aquello que facilitó y motivó el ingreso, la permanencia y desmovilización de los grupos armados. Se presenta una caracterización e interpretación conceptual de las denominadas trayectorias en el conflicto, son establecidas relaciones y diferencias entre las organizaciones ilegales FARC y las AUC, se revisan las percepciones que frente a los beneficios del programa de reintegración tienen excombatientes y profesionales de la entidad que lidera dicho proceso y a partir de ello, es argumentada la incidencia que sobre el éxito de esta política tienen las características individuales y particulares, tanto de los excombatientes como de las organizaciones armadas ilegales.

La experiencia del proceso de desarrollo e internacionalización de las zonas francas industriales y comerciales colombianas

Entrar al análisis de los factores de liderazgo de las zonas francas de Colombia, República Dominicana y Taiwán, resulta básico abordar el tema del liderazgo empresarial, como la estructura principal del éxito en las organizaciones del mundo

Las implicaciones geopolíticas de la construcción del Canal de Nicaragua para el vecindario del Caribe Occidental (2006-2014)

El presente estudio de caso, busca explicar cuáles son las posibles implicaciones e influencia de la construcción del Proyecto del Canal de Nicaragua en la geografía, la economía y la política exterior del Caribe Occidental. Esta investigación defiende que la construcción de este canal influirá en el largo plazo en la geopolítica de esta región, debido a la posibilidad de una competencia hasta hoy inexistente en la región entre dos canales interoceánicos, que puede llegar a afectar la disponibilidad de recursos naturales de la subregión, y asimismo, fortalecer la presencia asiática en América Latina; sin embargo, las consecuencias de este canal no pueden determinarse de manera específica. Para sustentar lo anterior, se realizará una revisión del proceso de construcción del canal de Panamá y del proyecto del de Nicaragua, para establecer un estudio de prospectiva de los escenarios posibles para la región del Caribe Occidental.

Collaboration between infection control and occupational health in three continents: a success story with international impact

Globalization has been accompanied by the rapid spread of infectious diseases, and further strain on working conditions for health workers globally. Post-SARS, Canadian occupational health and infection control researchers got together to study how to better protect health workers, and found that training was indeed perceived as key to a positive safety culture. This led to developing information and communication technology (ICT) tools. The research conducted also showed the need for better workplace inspections, so a workplace audit tool was also developed to supplement worker questionnaires and the ICT. When invited to join Ecuadorean colleagues to promote occupational health and infection control, these tools were collectively adapted and improved, including face-to-face as well as on-line problem-based learning scenarios. The South African government then invited the team to work with local colleagues to improve occupational health and infection control, resulting in an improved web-based health information system to track incidents, exposures, and occupational injury and diseases. As the H1N1 pandemic struck, the online infection control course was adapted and translated into Spanish, as was a novel skill-building learning tool that permits health workers to practice selecting personal protective equipment. This tool was originally developed in collaboration with the countries from the Caribbean region and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Research from these experiences led to strengthened focus on building capacity of health and safety committees, and new modules are thus being created, informed by that work. The products developed have been widely heralded as innovative and interactive, leading to their inclusion into “toolkits” used internationally. The tools used in Canada were substantially improved from the collaborative adaptation process for South and Central America and South Africa. This international collaboration between occupational health and infection control researchers led to the improvement of the research framework and development of tools, guidelines and information systems. Furthermore, the research and knowledge-transfer experience highlighted the value of partnership amongst Northern and Southern researchers in terms of sharing resources, experiences and knowledge.

Factors affecting biomass production and nutritive value of Calliandra calothyrsus leaf as fodder for ruminants

Calliandra calothyrsus is a tree legume native to Mexico and Central America. The species has attracted considerable attention for its capacity to produce both fuelwood and foliage for either green manure or fodder. Its high content of proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) and associated low digestibility has, however, limited its use as a feed for ruminants, and there is also a widespread perception that wilting the leaves further reduces their nutritive value. Nevertheless, there has been increasing uptake of calliandra as fodder in certain regions, notably the Central Highlands of Kenya. The present study, conducted in Embu, Kenya, investigated effects of provenance, wilting, cutting frequency and seasonal variation both in the laboratory (in vitro digestibility, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, extractable and bound proanthocyanidins) and in on-station animal production trials with growing lambs and lactating goats. The local Kenyan landrace of calliandra (Embu) and a closely-related Guatemalan provenance (Patulul) were found to be significantly different, and superior, to a provenance from Nicaragua (San Ramon) in most of the laboratory traits measured, as well as in animal production and feed efficiency. Cutting frequency had no important effect on quality; and although all quality traits displayed seasonal variation there was little discernible pattern to this variation. Wilting had a much less negative effect than expected, and for lambs fed calliandra as a supplement to a low quality basal feed (maize stover), wilting was actually found to give higher live-weight gain and feed efficiency. Conversely, with a high quality basal diet (Napier grass) wilting enhanced intake but not live-weight gain, so feed efficiency was greater for fresh material. The difference between fresh and wilted leaves was not great enough to justify the current widespread recommendation that calliandra should always be fed fresh.

Pliocene seasonality across the North Atlantic inferred from cheilostome bryozoans

Previous studies have shown an inverse correlation between zooid size in cheilostome bryozoans and ambient water temperature. This relationship underlies the MART technique which uses intracolonial variation in zooid size to predict mean annual range in temperature experienced by bryozoan colonies during their life. Here we apply the MART technique to study Early and Mid Pliocene bryozoans from Central America (Panama, Costa Rica), the USA (Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia) and the UK (Suffolk) to reconstruct palaeoseasonality across a range of latitudes for the North Atlantic during the Pliocene Epoch. Compared to the present-day, our analyses suggest greater seasonality (ca 4.5 degrees C) in the southern Caribbean at the time of Cayo Agua Formation deposition (ca 4.25 Ma), in keeping with inferred upwelling prior to the closure of the isthmian barrier at 2.7 Ma. Bryozoans also indicate seasonal upwelling on the Gulf Coast of Florida in a similar manner to the present-day. Because upwelling can be highly localised and prone to spatial and temporal variation in the Gulf of Mexico today, it contributes little to a broad understanding of Pliocene North Atlantic waters. However, MART estimates for the coastal plain region indicate a general reduction in the annual range in temperature relative to the present, suggesting that the colder surface waters that today reach south to Cape Hatteras had less influence in Early to Mid Pliocene times. These results, along with evidence from other proxies, strongly support reduced seasonality and warmer conditions along the eastern seaboard of the USA in the Early to Mid Pliocene. Finally, the MART estimates amongst Coralline Crag localities provide evidence for an increased annual range in temperature in the southern North Sea than at present. Our study shows that bryozoan MART estimates provide a powerful, independent proxy for palaeoseasonality and is the first to demonstrate that the MART technique can be applied to infer palaeoclimates across a wide range of latitudes focusing on a variety of geological formations and geographical regions. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A climate change risk analysis for world ecosystems

We quantify the risks of climate-induced changes in key ecosystem processes during the 21st century by forcing a dynamic global vegetation model with multiple scenarios from 16 climate models and mapping the proportions of model runs showing forest/nonforest shifts or exceedance of natural variability in wildfire frequency and freshwater supply. Our analysis does not assign probabilities to scenarios or weights to models. Instead, we consider distribution of outcomes within three sets of model runs grouped by the amount of global warming they simulate: <2°C (including simulations in which atmospheric composition is held constant, i.e., in which the only climate change is due to greenhouse gases already emitted), 2–3°C, and >3°C. High risk of forest loss is shown for Eurasia, eastern China, Canada, Central America, and Amazonia, with forest extensions into the Arctic and semiarid savannas; more frequent wildfire in Amazonia, the far north, and many semiarid regions; more runoff north of 50°N and in tropical Africa and northwestern South America; and less runoff in West Africa, Central America, southern Europe, and the eastern U.S. Substantially larger areas are affected for global warming >3°C than for <2°C; some features appear only at higher warming levels. A land carbon sink of ≈1 Pg of C per yr is simulated for the late 20th century, but for >3°C this sink converts to a carbon source during the 21st century (implying a positive climate feedback) in 44% of cases. The risks continue increasing over the following 200 years, even with atmospheric composition held constant.

The impacts of climate change on river flow regimes at the global scale

This paper presents an assessment of the impacts of climate change on a series of indicators of hydrological regimes across the global domain, using a global hydrological model run with climate scenarios constructed using pattern-scaling from 21 CMIP3 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3) climate models. Changes are compared with natural variability, with a significant change being defined as greater than the standard deviation of the hydrological indicator in the absence of climate change. Under an SRES (Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) A1b emissions scenario, substantial proportions of the land surface (excluding Greenland and Antarctica) would experience significant changes in hydrological behaviour by 2050; under one climate model scenario (Hadley Centre HadCM3), average annual runoff increases significantly over 47% of the land surface and decreases over 36%; only 17% therefore sees no significant change. There is considerable variability between regions, depending largely on projected changes in precipitation. Uncertainty in projected river flow regimes is dominated by variation in the spatial patterns of climate change between climate models (hydrological model uncertainty is not included). There is, however, a strong degree of consistency in the overall magnitude and direction of change. More than two-thirds of climate models project a significant increase in average annual runoff across almost a quarter of the land surface, and a significant decrease over 14%, with considerably higher degrees of consistency in some regions. Most climate models project increases in runoff in Canada and high-latitude eastern Europe and Siberia, and decreases in runoff in central Europe, around the Mediterranean, the Mashriq, central America and Brasil. There is some evidence that projecte change in runoff at the regional scale is not linear with change in global average temperature change. The effects of uncertainty in the rate of future emissions is relatively small