Comparação de métodos de extração de DNA e deteção de organismos geneticamente modificados em alimentos processados derivados de milho

Diante dos avanços biotecnológicos o cultivo de plantas geneticamente modificadas, como, por exemplo, o milho (Zea mays), aumentou consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Embora esta tecnologia apresente comprovados benefícios em relação ao aumento da produtividade e durabilidade do alimento, a população ainda receia em consumir produtos geneticamente modificados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar dois protocolos baseados na utilização de CTAB e avaliar qual o melhor para extração de DNA em alimentos processados derivados de milho, bem como identificar dois dos resíduos transgênicos mais comuns em gêneros alimentícios derivados de milho: Cry1ab e Cry1F. Para isto, 14 amostras derivadas de milho foram avaliadas utilizando dois diferentes protocolos de extração de DNA e a deteção dos eventos transgênicos conduzida pela técnica de PCR qualitativa. Entre as amostras analisadas, 57% resultaram positivas para deteção de ambos os eventos de milho transgênico avaliados.

Avaliação da actividade antioxidante e antimutagénica em diferentes infusões medicinais: barbas de milho, carqueja, dente de leão, folhas de oliveira e urtiga-branca

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Tecnologia e Segurança Alimentar

Efeito de diferentes arranjos no consórcio milho-feijão e milho-caupi no Acre, Brasil

Visando estudar um sistema de cultivo para o consórcio do milho (Zea mays L.) com feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) e milho com o caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp), foram conduzidos experimentos durante os anos de 1995 e 1996, em Rio Branco, Acre. Quatro diferentes arranjos (uma, três, cinco e sete fileiras de feijão ou caupi para uma fileira de milho) foram testados no delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. A produtividade do feijão e do caupi, no arranjo de linhas 1:1, foi significativamente inferior aos demais, evidenciando que as leguminosas foram afetadas pela competição com milho. A produtividade do milho decresceu linearmente de acordo com o arranjo, devido as menores populações de plantas utilizadas. O sistema consorciado mais promissor, demonstrado pela produção equivalente, foi o arranjo composto por uma fileira de milho para três fileiras das leguminosas.

Relações cálcio, magnésio e potássio sobre a produção de matéria seca de milho

O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o equilíbrio Ca/Mg na correção da acidez do solo e medir o efeito da aplicação do potássio sobre a produção de matéria seca do milho, num experimento conduzido sob casa de vegetação em vasos de plástico com Latossolo Amarelo, álico, distrófico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial (4 χ 3), com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram de quatro equilíbrios em % de Ca e Mg (100/0; 75/25; 50/50; e 25/75) e três doses de potássio (0; 100 e 200 mg.kg-1 de terra) na forma de cloreto de potássio. A aplicação do corretivo sob a forma de reagentes puros (carbonato de cálcio e carbonato de magnésio) foi realizada 21 dias antes do plantio, e os nutrientes foram aplicados na forma de solução. A colheita do experimento foi realizada aos 45 dias após o plantio. Determinaram-se as produções de matéria seca e os teores de K, Ca e Mg. Os resultados demonstraram que, as produções máximas foram obtidas quando o pH foi de 6,3; o teor de cálcio de 27,5 mmolcdnr-3; o teor de magnésio de 18,0 mmolcdnr-3; a relação (Ca + Mg)/K igual a 19,8 e a relação Ca/Mg no corretivo foi de 1,1/1. A relação Ca/Mg no solo foi um dos principais fatores que alterou a produção. As doses de potássio proporcionou aumento quadrático e significativo, independente das doses de calagem empregadas e das relações Ca/Mg utilizadas. Doses crescentes de potássio, reduziu o acúmulo do magnésio na parte aérea das plantas de milho.

Avaliação de acessos de milho para resistência a Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em laboratório

Avaliou-se uma coleção de milho para resistência à lagarta de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith) (Lepidóptera: Noctuidae) em testes de laboratório da UFRA. Utilizou-se 25 acessos de milho proveniente do banco de germoplasma da Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, em um experimento inteiramente ao acaso com três repetições. Observou-se diariamente o desenvolvimento dos insetos durante as fases de larva e pupa, para registrar as alterações biológicas promovidas pelos acessos de milho. Os dados observados foram submetidos à ANOVA, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste SNK e através da análise de regressão linear, determinou-se o grau de dependência entre o consumo foliar de S. frugiperda na fase larval e a respectiva biomassa do inseto na fase pupal. Os resultados mostraram que houve influência dos acessos de milho sobre o desenvolvimento da lagarta-do-cartucho do milho. Os acessos que promoveram a menor percentagem de viabilidade de lagartas foram AM 013, RO 009 e MA 002, enquanto RR 168 e PA 110 foram os menos consumidos pelas lagartas de S. frugiperda.

Minimilho em conserva: avaliação de híbridos

O minimilho, uma espiga imatura ainda não fertilizada, vem ganhando importância no Brasil para o consumo como conserva, principalmente por ser agradável e apresentar baixo valor calórico. A pesquisa se propôs avaliar a qualidade das conservas de quatro híbridos; determinar a composição nutricional destes híbridos; e determinar o rendimento de minimilho para a produção de conserva. Os procedimentos de acidificação aplicados durante o processamento, essencial para a qualidade dessas conservas, resultaram em produtos seguros para o consumo. Os provadores preferiram a conserva de minimilho mais ácida, apresentando um valor de pH projetado para o equilíbrio de 3,9 ao invés de 4,2, bem como, a conserva contendo a salmoura de 4,0 %, p/v, de sal. As conservas dos híbridos DKB 214, P 3021, AG 6018 e DKB 215 não diferiram estatisticamente quanto ao paladar. As composições nutricionais desses híbridos foram similares e confirmaram se tratar de um produto de pouco valor calórico, apresentando concentrações porcentuais baixas de carboidratos digeríveis mais proteínas (6,87-7,21 %) e insignificante de lipídeo (< 0,30 %). Considerando o rendimento em massa média de minimilho sem palha em relação à matéria-prima com palha, o híbrido P 3021 foi o recomendado, pois, apresentou 25,90 % a mais em relação ao híbrido de menor rendimento AG 6018.

Mycotoxin contamination of Maize and Guinea corn from markets in Plateau State, Nigeria

Maize (Zea mays) and guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor) are major food items in Plateau state, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select the markets and store/warehouses used for this study; sample collection employed a simple random sampling method from different sampling points within designated areas. A total of 18 representative samples were collected and analyzed for the following mycotoxins: aflatoxins (Aflatoxin B1 - AFB1, Aflatoxin B2 - AFB2, Aflatoxin G1 - AFG1 and Aflatoxin G2 - AFG2), fumonisins (Fumonisin B1 - FB1 and Fumonisin B2 - FB2 ) and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). Out of 12 samples analyzed for Aflatoxins, AFB1 was detected in 5, AFB2 in 1, AFG1 in 1 and AFG2 in 6 samples respectively. The highest concentration of AFB1 and AFG2 were found in maize samples from Pankshin market. Only maize samples from Mangu market were contaminated with AFB2 and also harboured the lowest concentration of AFG2. AFG1 contamination occurred in only guinea corn from Shendam market. and FB1 was detected in all 18 samples analyzed. The mycotoxin CPA was not detected in any of the samples. Aflatoxins levels in analyzed samples were regarded as safe based on Nigerian and European Union maximum permissible levels of 4g/kg. With the exception of two samples, FB1 levels in analyzed maize samples were within European Union maximum permissible levels of 1,000 to 3000g/kg. The health and food safety implications of these results for the human and animal population are further discussed.

Electrochromic devices incorporating biohybrid electrolytes doped with a lithium salt, an ionic liquid or a mixture of both

The sol-gel method was employed in the synthesis of di-urethane cross-linked poly( caprolactone) (PCL(530)/siloxane biohybrid ormolytes incorporating either a mixture of lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3) and the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Emim]BF4), or solely with [Emim]BF4 or LiCF3SO3. The ormolyte doped with [Emim]BF4 is thermally more stable and exhibits higher ionic conductivity (4 x 10-4 and 2 x 10-3 S cm-1 at 36 and 98 ºC, respectively) than those containing the LiCF3SO3/[Emim]BF4 mixture or just LiCF3SO3. The three ormolytes were employed in the production of glass/ITO/ormolyte/WO3/ITO/glass electrochromic devices (ECDs) designated as ECD@Y with Y = Li-[Emim]BF4, [Emim]BF4 and Li. The three ECDs displayed fast switching speed (ca. 30 s). ECD@Li-[Emim]BF4 exhibited an electrochromic contrast of 18.4 % and an optical density change of 0.11 in the visible region, the coloration efficiency attained at 555 nm was 159 and 80.2 cm-2 C-1 in the “on” and “off” states, respectively, and the open circuit memory was 48 hours. In the “on” state the CIE 1931 color space coordinates were x = 0.29 and y = 0.30, corresponding to blue color.

Polymer electrolyte based on DNA and N,N,N-trimethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide

Combining ionic liquids (ILs) with polymers offers the prospect of new applications, where they surpass the performance of conventional media, such as organic solvents, giving advantages in terms of improved safety and a higher operating temperature range. In this work we have investigated the morphology, thermal and electrochemical properties of polymer electrolytes prepared through the addition of con- trolled quantities of the cholinium based IL N,N,N-trimethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluo- romethylsulfonyl)imide ([N1 1 1 2(OH)] [NTf2]) to a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) host network. These novel IL-based electrolytes have been analyzed aiming at applications in electrochemical devices. An optimized sample showed good thermal stability up to 155 °C and a wide electrochemical window of ~3.5 V. The highest conductivity was registered for the DNA[N1 1 1 2(OH)][NTf2] (1:1) (2.82 × 10-5 and 1.09 × 10-3 S cm-1 at 30 and 100 °C, respectively).

Effect of the alkyl chain length of the ionic liquid anion on polymer electrolytes properties

New polymer electrolytes (PEs) based on chitosan and three ionic liquid (IL) families ([C2mim][CnSO3], [C2mim][CnSO4] and [C2mim][diCnPO4]) were synthesized by the solvent casting method. The effect of the length of the alkyl chain of the IL anion on the thermal, morphological and electrochemical properties of the PEs was studied. The solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) membranes were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), polarized optical microscopy (POM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), complex impedance spectroscopy (ionic conductivity) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The obtained results evidenced an influence of the alkyl chain length of the IL anion on the temperature of degradation, birefringence, surface roughness and ionic conductivity of the membranes. The DSC, XRD and CV results showed independency from the length of the IL-anion-alkyl chain. The PEs displayed an predominantly amorphous morphology, a minimum temperature of degradation of 135 °C, a room temperature (T = 25 °C) ionic conductivity of 7.78 × 10−4 S cm−1 and a wide electrochemical window of ∼ 4.0 V.

Bombyx mori Silk Fibers: An outstanding family of materials

Designing novel multifunctional materials from natural resources is a challenging goal that has increasingly attracted researchers. Recently, the great potential of silk fibers has been recognized. The target readers for this review are researchers from different backgrounds (i.e., non-specialists in silk research) with special interests on the physical–chemical characterization of silk fibers, since their knowledge is crucial for the improvement of existent silk-based biomaterials and the basis for the development of new products. Examples of usual applications of Bombyx mori silk fibers are given and some of the most recent and exciting progress in new technological fields, is presented.

Diversity and capacity to promote maize growth of bacteria isolated from the Amazon region

ABSTRACT Maize plants can establish beneficial associations with plant growth-promoting bacteria. However, few studies have been conducted on the characterization and inoculation of these bacteria in the Amazon region. This study aimed to characterize endophytic bacteria isolated from maize in the Amazon region and to assess their capacity to promote plant growth. Fifty-five bacterial isolates were obtained from maize grown in two types of ecosystems, i.e., a cerrado (savanna) and a forest area. The isolates were characterized by the presence of the nifH gene, their ability to synthesize indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and solubilize calcium phosphate (CaHPO4), and 16S rRNA partial gene sequencing. Twenty-four bacteria contained the nifH gene, of which seven were isolated from maize plants cultivated in a cerrado area and seventeen from a forest area. Fourteen samples showed the capacity to synthesize IAA and only four solubilized calcium phosphate. The following genera were found among these isolates: Pseudomonas; Acinetobacter; Enterobacter; Pantoea; Burkholderia and Bacillus. In addition, eight isolates with plant growth-promoting capacity were selected for a glasshouse experiment involving the inoculation of two maize genotypes (a hybrid and a variety) grown in pots containing soil. Inoculation promoted the development of the maize plants but no significant interaction between maize cultivar and bacterial inoculation was found. A high diversity of endophytic bacteria is present in the Amazon region and these bacteria have potential to promote the development of maize plants.

Silk fibroin based multifunctional materials

Silk fibroin is a commonly available natural biopolymer produced in specialized glands of arthropods, such as silkworms or spiders, scorpions, mites, bees and flies. This biopolymer has a long history of use in textile production and also as sutures or treatment of skin wounds. Silk fibroin has been increasingly explored in other areas of biomedical science where we can find a higher morphological diversification of silk biomaterials like films, electrospun fibers, 3D porous scaffolds or nanoparticles. In recent years it has been demonstrated that fibroin is an excellent material for active components in optical devices. This new application opens the way towards the development of multifunctional optoelectronic devices, which in perspective can be made fully biocompatible and eventually bioresorbable. Moreover, fibroin can be added to other biocomponents in order to modify the biomaterial properties leading to optimized and total different functions. These improvements can go from higher cell adhesion in tissue engineering or enhanced optical transparency, smoothness or flexibility in optoelectronic devices. The tuning and completely understanding of silk fibers physicochemical properties and interaction with other elements are of crucial importance for the improvement of already existent silk-based materials and the basis for the development of new products.

Polymer electrolytes for electrochromic devices

Polymer electrolytes are currently the focus of much attention as potential electrolytes in electrochemical devices such as batteries, display devices and sensors. Generically, solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are mixtures of salts with soft polar polymers. SPEs have many advantages including high energy density, no risk of leakage, no issues related to the presence of solvent, wide electrochemical stability windows, simplified processability and light weight. With the goal of developing a new family of environmentally friendly multifunctional biohybrid materials displaying high ionic conductivity we have produced in the present work, flexible films based on different polymers or hybrids incorporating different salts. The polymer electrolytes studied here have been characterized by means of Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Thermogravimetric Analysis, X-ray diffraction, Polarized Optical Microscopy, complex impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. An evaluation of the performance of the sample with the highest conductivity as electrolyte in all solid-state ECDs was performed.

Lithium-doped silk fibroin films for application in electrochromic devices

Silk fibroin (SF) is a commonly available natural biopolymer produced in specialized glands of arthropods, with a long history of use in textile production and also in health cares. The exceptional intrinsic properties of these fibers, such as self-assembly, machinability, biocompatibility, biodegradation or non-toxicity, offer a wide range of exciting opportunities [1]. It has long been recognized that silk can be a rich source of inspiration for designing new materials with tailored properties, enhanced performance and high added value for targeted applications, opening exciting new prospects in the domain of materials science and related technological fields, including bio-friendly integration, miniaturization and multifunctionalization. In recent years it has been demonstrated that fibroin is an excellent material for active components in optics and photonics devices. Progress in new technological fields such as optics, photonics and electronics are emerging [2,3]. The incorporation of polymer electrolytes as components of various devices (advanced batteries, smart windows, displays and supercapacitors) offers significant advantages with respect to traditional electrolytes, including enhanced reliability and improved safety. SF films are particularly attractive in this context. They have near-perfect transparency across the VIS range, surface flatness (together with outstanding mechanical robustness), ability to replicate patterned substrates and their thickness may be easily tailored from a few nanometers to hundreds of micrometers through spin-casting of a silk solution into subtract. Moreover, fibroin can be added to other biocomponents or salts in order to modify the biomaterial properties leading to optimized and total different functions. Preliminary tests performed with a prototype electrochromic device (ECD) incorporating SF films doped with lithium triflate and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiTFSI and LiBF4, respectively) as electrolyte and WO3 as cathodic electrochromic layer, are extremely encouraging. Aiming to evaluate the performance of the ion conducting SF membranes doped with LiTFSI and LiBF4 (SF-Li), small ECDs with glass/ITO/WO3/SF-Li/CeO2-TiO2/ITO/glass configuration were assembled and characterized. The device exhibited, after 4500 cycles, the insertion of charge at -3.0 V reached –1.1 mC.cm-2 in 15 s. After 4500 cycles the window glass-staining, glass/ITO/WO3/Fibrin-Li salts electrolyte/CeO2-TiO2/ITO/glass configuration was reversible and featured a T  8 % at λ = 686 nm