Reestruturar a prática na sala de aula: Aprendizagem ativa e cooperativa "Entre atores e mediadores"

O presente relatório foi desenvolvido no âmbito do Mestrado em Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico. Apresenta o percurso refletido pela estagiária nas intervenções realizadas durante a Prática de Ensino Supervisionada. Para tal, este trabalho está sustentado em material teórico e científico de vários autores que defendem a aprendizagem ativa e a metodologia de trabalho de projeto como possíveis promotores da aprendizagem. Esta informação foi ajustada à respetiva prática educativa, na qual os/as alunos/as desempenharam um papel fundamental como participantes ativos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. A informação obtida foi registada através de técnicas de observação direta utilizadas ao longo do estágio, com vista a perceber quais as necessidades, interesses do grupo/turma e de cada aluno/a e de que forma as aprendizagens foram significativas para o processo ensino - aprendizagem. Finalmente, pretendeu-se evidenciar que devemos ter em consideração a participação dos/as alunos/as nas estratégias utilizadas em sala de aula, visando o constante desenvolvimento da criança, o que nos torna profissionais reflexivos e críticos da nossa atuação educativa face ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem. É com estes objetivos em mente que o professor deve promover oportunidades de aprendizagens ativas e significativas, num ambiente estimulante e desafiador.

Prática de ensino aprendizagem no domínio da leitura e da escrita no primeiro ciclo do ensino básico

Este trabalho pretende descrever e interpretar a Prática de Ensino Supervisionada no âmbito das práticas de Ensino Aprendizagem no domínio da Expressão e Comunicação no Primeiro Ciclo do Ensino Básico. O objetivo principal deste estudo, é verificar algumas características do método observado e implementado ao longo Prática de Ensino Supervisionada na aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita. Como tal, o trabalho apresenta e discute as práticas que, na PES, tiveram o objetivo de desenvolver as capacidades cognitivas e intelectuais dos alunos neste campo. O presente trabalho é considerado um estudo qualitativo, na área da aprendizagem da Língua Portuguesa onde o grupo de alunos estudado, tinha como base a Cartilha Maternal João de Deus de forma adaptada. Nesta perspetiva, dinamizaram-se atividades cujo objetivo incidia na aprendizagem da leitura e escrita. Algumas das dificuldades, que se manifestam nas escolas, poderiam ser ultrapassadas se as metodologias abrangessem os princípios básicos que orientam a linguagem oral. A compreensão do impacto, que os diferentes métodos de leitura e escrita provocam, colocam a quem aprende, algumas questões relevantes relativamente à forma como se ensina e na relação com a capacidade de aprender a ler e escrever. A competência para ler e escrever não é considerada uma aprendizagem inata, por necessitar de um ensino sistematizado e consistente para que esta competência seja alcançada. Durante o período de iniciação da aprendizagem da leitura e escrita os alunos utilizam estratégias de substituição, isto é, substituem uma palavra que lhes seja desconhecida por uma que se adapte ao contexto. Sendo que, no fim do primeiro ano de escolaridade, muitos alunos já deixaram de utilizar as ditas estratégias de substituição, passando a dominar as estratégias que envolvem o uso de relações entre ortografia e o sistema fonético.

Aprendizagem com sentindo e consentida no 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

O presente Relatório Científico Final revela uma Prática de Ensino Supervisionada em 1º ciclo do Ensino Básico, numa sala de 1º ano, bem como o estudo realizado a partir desse contexto, que teve como objetivo compreender e aprofundar como as vivências do quotidiano utilizadas na sala de aula são contextos potenciadores de aprendizagem curricular com sentido e, portanto, consentida, numa turma do 1º Ciclo do 1º ano. O estudo realizado recorre a uma metodologia qualitativa e interpretativa sobre os dados recolhidos em notas de campo através da observação direta, participante e não participante, e as planificações que dão conta da intencionalidade pedagógica e das estratégias utilizadas. O estudo conclui, reiterando também outros autores considerados, que as vivências do quotidiano utilizadas na sala de aula são potenciadoras da aprendizagem, tornando-a significativa e consentida pelos alunos. Para isso, é imprescindível ter em conta o papel de mediador, facilitador e orientador do professor, o papel ativo do aluno predisposto para que a motivação e aprendizagem ocorram. Para além disso, a relação pedagógica que se estabelece entre aluno e professor é importante na medida em que condiciona a aprendizagem do aluno. Também a contextualização de um conteúdo curricular em experiências vividas motiva o aluno e potencia a aprendizagem, pois trata-se da sua realidade que irá ter significado para a criança, resgatando os conhecimentos prévios e transformando-os/ampliando-os em novos conhecimentos.

A simulação realística como estratégica de ensino-aprendizagem em enfermagem

The study aims to examine the methodology of realistic simulation as facilitator of the teaching-learning process in nursing, and is justified by the possibility to propose conditions that envisage improvements in the training process with a view to assess the impacts attributed to new teaching strategies and learning in the formative areas of health and nursing. Descriptive study with quantitative and qualitative approach, as action research, and focus on teaching from the realistic simulation of Nursing in Primary Care in an institution of public higher education. . The research was developed in the Comprehensive Care Health discipline II, this is offered in the third year of the course in order to prepare the nursing student to the stage of Primary Health Care The study population comprised 40 subjects: 37 students and 3 teachers of that discipline. Data collection was held from February to May 2014 and was performed by using questionnaires and semi structured interviews. To do so, we followed the following sequence: identification of the use of simulation in the discipline target of intervention; consultation with professors about the possibility of implementing the survey; investigation of the syllabus of discipline, objectives, skills and abilities; preparing the plan for the execution of the intervention; preparing the checklist for skills training; construction and execution of simulation scenarios and evaluation of scenarios. Quantitative data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, percentage, and qualitative data through collective subject discourse. A high fidelity simulation was inserted in the curriculum of the course of the research object, based on the use of standard patient. Three cases were created and executed. In the students’ view, the simulation contributed to the synthesis of the contents worked at Integral Health Care II discipline (100%), scoring between 8 and 10 (100%) to executed scenarios. In addition, the simulation has generated a considerable percentage of high expectations for the activities of the discipline (70.27%) and is also shown as a strategy for generating student satisfaction (97.30%). Of the 97.30% that claimed to be quite satisfied with the activities proposed by the academic discipline of Integral Health Care II, 94.59% of the sample indicated the simulation as a determinant factor for the allocation of such gratification. Regarding the students' perception about the strategy of simulation, the most prominent category was the possibility of prior experience of practice (23.91%). The nervousness was one of the most cited negative aspects from the experience in simulated scenarios (50.0%). The most representative positive point (63.89%) pervades the idea of approximation with the reality of Primary Care. In addition, professors of the discipline, totaling 3, were trained in the methodology of the simulation. The study highlighted the contribution of realistic simulation in the context of teaching and learning in nursing and highlighted this strategy while mechanism to generate expectation and satisfaction among undergraduate nursing students

O processo de ensino e aprendizagem de língua espanhola para alunos cegos: narrativas do ensinar e aprender

En los días actuales, la Educación Inclusiva hay sido eje de amplias discusiones, pues en ella, la educación es direccionada a todas las personas, con discapacidades o no. Por intermedio de ella, todos tienen derechos a una enseñanza de calidad y pueden compartir las mismas oportunidades de aprendizaje. Esta investigación tiene por objetivo hacer un análisis del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la lengua española en un contexto, en lo cual alumnos con y sin ceguera compartían el mismo espacio educacional. Es por lo tanto un investigación de naturaleza exploratória e cualitaviva, en la cual es utilizada como un herramienta para la recogida de los datos la entrevista semiestructurado con preguntas abiertas, realizada con los profesores de lengua española y sus alumnos ciegos. Como aporte metodológico utilizamos el Análisis Proposicional del Discurso – APD (PIRES, 2008) para que los datos pudieran ser analizados. Los resultados señalaron que, aunque los diferentes condicionantes, los alumnos ciegos, cuanto al proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la lengua española, presentan dificultades de orden estructural, personal y pedagógica semejantes. Evidenciado a partir de las declaraciones. También se constató una ausencia de preparación por parte de los profesores referentes a la utilización de recursos didácticos y estrategias de enseñanza que pudieran contemplar a las especificidades de aprendizaje de estos alumnos.

A criança com transtorno do espectro autista (TEA) e o professor: uma proposta de intervenção baseada na experiência de aprendizagem mediada (EAM)

The presence of students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in regular schools has increased and with it, the need to develop interventional strategies that enhance their learning. One of the tools that can facilitate this process is Mediated Learning, defined as an interaction style where the teacher selects, modifies, enhances, and interprets environmental stimuli in order to promote student learning. In recent years several studies have used the Mediated Learning Experience Scale (MLE; Lidz, 1991) as a tool to assess the mediator behavior. These studies have suggested that the EAM Scale can provide important guidelines for planning educational interventions, particularly those involving students with special needs. In order to extend these findings, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of an intervention based on the Mediated Learning Experience on social / academic skills of a child with ASD, enrolled in the 4th grade of a regular elementary school. This collaborative study was held in the city of Parnamirim, state of Rio Grande do Norte, in 2014. A 9-year old boy with ASD and his teacher participated in the study. The research used a quasi-experimental A-B design (baseline and treatment) to evaluate the teacher's behavior. Qualitative procedures were also used to analyze the dyad´s responses. Teacher and student behaviors were observed in three school routines during baseline. Based on the results of this phase, a training program was designed for the teacher. Dyad behavior was analyzed again after training in the same routines. The results of this phase showed qualitative and quantitative changes in levels of teacher mediation. Additionally, data indicated that the child enhanced his social and academic skills during the intervention.

Dificuldades de aprendizagem do conteúdo de soluções: proposta de ensino contextualizada

The study of solutions is considered very important to chemist’s education because most of the chemical reactions occur in aqueous medium, being also required to understand other subject such as chemical changes, electrochemical and chemical balance. Nevertheless, it is noticed that many students indicate learning difficulties related to the content of solutions, how to pass among the macro-submicroscopic knowledge levels, and how to solve quantitative problems that demanding the establishment of a stoichiometric ratios. This thesis defended considers the use of contextualized teaching strategies about some subject associated to the study of solution, can foster student learning through reflection and understanding of their own difficulties, besides to provide motivation and active participation. The target group is formed by students of the undergraduate distance education with major in chemistry education of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), and they were chosen because this education system is expanding and its learning difficulties publications number is reduced as well. Thus, the first methodological stage was to identify the student’s main learning difficulties associated to the study of solutions through literature sources. Next, using an adapted script of the Plano Nacional do Livro Didático para o Ensino Médio (PNLEM, Textbook National Plan for High School), the approach of the content of solutions printed in educational materials used by the target group was analyzed. Afterward, a teaching unit was planned in the last methodological stage and, finally, a new teaching unite was given with a sequence of contextualized activities such as video presentation, dialogued lecture, questionnaires application, exercises, and an experiment, where the target group’s main difficulties related to learning of solution were identified. The participants of the teaching unit activities had some learning difficulties in understand concepts of compound, ion, charge, entropy and solubility, as well as to identify the ion charge, interpret statements, decode tables, use the chemical language, perform mathematical calculations and use concentration units, similar results raised in the literature sources. In order to work on these difficulties, these students were encouraged to expose, question and test their ideas about the phenomenon under study, allowing learn from their mistakes and reflect on the organization strategy of scientific explanatory models they use. Therefore, activities and information about learning difficulties presented in this thesis need to be critical reflection object, because it can help both students in the process of acquiring knowledge about the content of solutions and professors in the planning of their lessons.

A escrita no Ensino Fundamental II: uma análise dos desvios ortográficos e sugestões de estratégias de intervenção

This paper presents a reflection on the written language, a social practice that is increasingly strengthened in everyday life. Unveiling its nature, organization and function must be the first step for teachers to change their posture towards the teaching of this linguistic mode, helping students use it more effectively and securely. Considering these principles, this dissertation seeks to understand on the light of contemporary linguistic theories, the factors that influence the writing deviations were found in the text production of students of the 8th grade of elementary school II, enrolled in a public school in Rio Grande do Norte, whereas those deviations reveal the beginning of learning of this communication tool, representing the first hypotheses raised by students to dominate it. To analyze the data we used the works done by Lemle (1995), Cagliari (2009), Carraher (1985), Zorzi (1998), Guimarães (2005), Miller (2008), Veçossi (2010), among others, starting from of which, the scientific production on reading and writing learning come developing. The results of this analysis showed that the writing deviations present in the texts of the students are motivated not only by lack of knowledge of standard orthographic of the Portuguese language, but, also, stem from phonetic, phonological and grammatical factors. Thus, we seek to present new teaching and learning strategies of writing that might lead students to reflect on the use of the same, developing this ability more critically and creatively. We believe that the activities presented can minimize writing with orthographic deviations or linguistic variation practiced by students. Keywords: Variances writing, spelling, teaching strategies and students

A relação entre memória de trabalho e competência leitora em crianças em risco de transtorno de aprendizagem do Projeto Acerta: um estudo exploratório

Reading and writing are essential rights, which involve individual and social aspects; in addition, these skills are important when it comes to socio economic and political development, critical thinking and an active participation in society (UNESCO 2005). From a neurobiological standpoint, our brain is not prepared for reading, and this practice must be deliberately acquired via instructional guidance (DEHAENE 2009). However, reading disorders and deficits within executive functions, such as low working memory capacity, can make reading arduous. The aim of this study is to investigate the development of reading skills within 45 third grade students from public schools in the city of Natal – RN and its connection to working memory capacity, through information gathered from the Provinha Brasil, data generated from working memory tasks (Portuguese version of AWMA - Automated Working Memory Assessment) and fluid intelligence measures RAVEN. Based on this main objective, we attempted to answer the following research questions: (a) What are the correlations between working memory and reading scores?; (b) What characterizes the relationship between working memory capacity and the risk of reading disabilities amongst the participants in this study?; Following a quantitative research methodology, the Provinhas Brasil from 3rd grade students belonging to the six public schools members of Project ACERTA - Avaliação de Crianças em Risco de Transtornos de Aprendizagem (CAPES/OBEDUC)- were analyzed and compared to the scores from the working memory tests and the fluid intelligence ones. Results indicate that reading skills within children at risk of reading disabilities are directly linked to working memory capacity, especially with regards to the phonological component. It is also evident that the participants with less working memory capacity show more difficulties in the reading abilities that demand interpretation skills. Thus, we intend to contribute to the discussion regarding the diagnosis of reading disabilities and possible intervention strategies.

A relação entre memória de trabalho e competência leitora em crianças em risco de transtorno de aprendizagem do Projeto Acerta: um estudo exploratório

Reading and writing are essential rights, which involve individual and social aspects; in addition, these skills are important when it comes to socio economic and political development, critical thinking and an active participation in society (UNESCO 2005). From a neurobiological standpoint, our brain is not prepared for reading, and this practice must be deliberately acquired via instructional guidance (DEHAENE 2009). However, reading disorders and deficits within executive functions, such as low working memory capacity, can make reading arduous. The aim of this study is to investigate the development of reading skills within 45 third grade students from public schools in the city of Natal – RN and its connection to working memory capacity, through information gathered from the Provinha Brasil, data generated from working memory tasks (Portuguese version of AWMA - Automated Working Memory Assessment) and fluid intelligence measures RAVEN. Based on this main objective, we attempted to answer the following research questions: (a) What are the correlations between working memory and reading scores?; (b) What characterizes the relationship between working memory capacity and the risk of reading disabilities amongst the participants in this study?; Following a quantitative research methodology, the Provinhas Brasil from 3rd grade students belonging to the six public schools members of Project ACERTA - Avaliação de Crianças em Risco de Transtornos de Aprendizagem (CAPES/OBEDUC)- were analyzed and compared to the scores from the working memory tests and the fluid intelligence ones. Results indicate that reading skills within children at risk of reading disabilities are directly linked to working memory capacity, especially with regards to the phonological component. It is also evident that the participants with less working memory capacity show more difficulties in the reading abilities that demand interpretation skills. Thus, we intend to contribute to the discussion regarding the diagnosis of reading disabilities and possible intervention strategies.

Práticas pedagógicas e inclusão escolar: o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de alunas com deficiência intelectual

This research aimed to know and analyze the pedagogical practices that have been developed in the teaching and learning of students with Intellectual Disability (DI), enrolled at common class of elementary school I. The study was conducted in a public school at Natal/RN, involving two students with DI, a multipurpose teacher, a teaching assistant, a teacher of arts and educational coordinator. As for methodological choice, we chose to develop a qualitative study, undertaking a case study. As tools for the construction of the data we use: semi-structured interviews, participant observation, field diary and document analysis. Data analysis reveals that the institution in which the research was undertaken gradually implementing changes in order to develop an inclusive practice, consistent with its assumptions. Regarding the practices developed in the teaching and learning of students with intellectual disabilities, it was possible to realize the fulfillment of certain adjustments in relation to the objectives, activities and some content, involving the use of resources and varied strategies. With regard to educational activities, we found that these had different levels of complexity, covering both basic goals as more complex objectives. From the observations, we realize that the Assistant Professor of mediations during varied activities as challenging tool in intellectual processes. We note, too, a dynamic classroom in which disabled students were under the guidance of Assistant Professor, and other students with all-round teacher who had a fairly traditional teaching methodology. It created thus an isolation situation, since there was no proposition practices to be developed with all students, and interaction among classmates, generally quite restricted. Although were highlighted developments in the social and academic learning of the surveyed students, the teachers said they did not feel prepared to work freight inclusion. The study reveals the need for teachers reviewing some actions undertaken, in order to develop more democratic pedagogical practices of education, stimulating the interactions between students, by proposing challenging activities that promote the formation and concepts. In addition, it points to the need of the education system invest and encourage the qualification of teachers with regard to education in an inclusive perspective, through actions that promote lifelong learning. It needs to be developed on the teacher a reflective attitude, resulting in a view that due diligence must be entered in practice inherent in teaching in order to use to enhance their educational experience.

Práticas pedagógicas e inclusão escolar: o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de alunas com deficiência intelectual

This research aimed to know and analyze the pedagogical practices that have been developed in the teaching and learning of students with Intellectual Disability (DI), enrolled at common class of elementary school I. The study was conducted in a public school at Natal/RN, involving two students with DI, a multipurpose teacher, a teaching assistant, a teacher of arts and educational coordinator. As for methodological choice, we chose to develop a qualitative study, undertaking a case study. As tools for the construction of the data we use: semi-structured interviews, participant observation, field diary and document analysis. Data analysis reveals that the institution in which the research was undertaken gradually implementing changes in order to develop an inclusive practice, consistent with its assumptions. Regarding the practices developed in the teaching and learning of students with intellectual disabilities, it was possible to realize the fulfillment of certain adjustments in relation to the objectives, activities and some content, involving the use of resources and varied strategies. With regard to educational activities, we found that these had different levels of complexity, covering both basic goals as more complex objectives. From the observations, we realize that the Assistant Professor of mediations during varied activities as challenging tool in intellectual processes. We note, too, a dynamic classroom in which disabled students were under the guidance of Assistant Professor, and other students with all-round teacher who had a fairly traditional teaching methodology. It created thus an isolation situation, since there was no proposition practices to be developed with all students, and interaction among classmates, generally quite restricted. Although were highlighted developments in the social and academic learning of the surveyed students, the teachers said they did not feel prepared to work freight inclusion. The study reveals the need for teachers reviewing some actions undertaken, in order to develop more democratic pedagogical practices of education, stimulating the interactions between students, by proposing challenging activities that promote the formation and concepts. In addition, it points to the need of the education system invest and encourage the qualification of teachers with regard to education in an inclusive perspective, through actions that promote lifelong learning. It needs to be developed on the teacher a reflective attitude, resulting in a view that due diligence must be entered in practice inherent in teaching in order to use to enhance their educational experience.

Um estudo sobre o erro ortográfico no 1º e 2º CEB – da identificação às estratégias de intervenção

Relatório de estágio apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação de Santarém do Instituto Politécnico de Santarém para obtenção do grau de Mestre em ensino do 1.º e do 2.º ciclo do ensino básico

Estratégias de trabalho com blogs no ensino de geometria em turmas de 5° ano do ensino fundamental

This paper presents a survey conducted through collaborative work, which took place in a suburb school in the city of Uberlandia-MG. The research is characterized as case study and has a qualitative approach. Had the objective to look for different strategies of teaching and learning through the use of technology in pedagogical practice. Regarding the methodology in this research, we analyzed the work with the support of blogs, whose pages were used for student records and discussions directed to the geometry content. The students who were attending the fifth (5th) year of elementary school were invited to participate in this project. However, the research subjects were only those students who accepted the invitation to participate in the study through statement signed by parents. The project was developed with 30 students in the second half of 2014 and another 30 in the first half of 2015. The physical space at school, where most of the project activities were done was at the computer lab. In the process of compiling the data, at school, the following instruments were used: field notes produced by the entire project team, photographs and footage of the activities produced in the computer lab and in classroom (recorded by the research team) questionnaires, interviews, virtual space records: the blogs. The results of this research mainly focused on the analysis of the fifth year student‟s productions records in blogs. Regarding the conclusion, the research has shown that blogs, software and differentiated dynamic studies attracted the student‟s attention, leaving them mostly instigated by the unknown. Gradually, students built their own knowledge from their mistakes and successes. The entire work process enabled the computer lab to be an environment that is used not just to solving computerized and tedious drills. The blogs production work in groups, developed in students the reading and writing of both the mother language as symbols and mathematical nomenclature. The interaction between students became noticeable throughout the project, since it provided the student‟s personal growth, respect, tolerance and mutual cooperation. In this sense, we concluded that the project greatly contributed to the students' literacy process in the mother language, mathematics and computer literacy.

O ensino e a aprendizagem da multiplicação no 2.º ano de escolaridade

No âmbito da didática da Matemática, e seguindo as tendências do paradigma de professor investigador, decidi debruçar-me sobre a introdução da aprendizagem da multiplicação em alunos de 2.º ano de escolaridade, aplicando um conjunto de tarefas que visam o desenvolvimento do conceito de multiplicação nos sentidos aditivo e combinatório e a aplicação das propriedades da multiplicação. Foram analisadas as interações e principalmente as estratégias utilizadas pelos alunos perante tarefas propostas, que na sua maioria abordavam contextos que lhes eram familiares. Pretendeu-se que os alunos desenvolvessem o conceito de multiplicação de forma gradual e natural. Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo, que se configura como uma investigação sobre a minha prática, foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa de cariz exploratório, descritivo e interpretativo. Foi possível verificar que os alunos encararam as tarefas e a operação, nelas, desenvolvida com agrado e motivação. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que os alunos compreenderam os conceitos da multiplicação explorados ao longo da cadeia de tarefas aplicada e foram evoluindo favoravelmente as suas estratégias multiplicativas. A partilha de estratégias nas discussões coletivas permitiu-nos uma melhor perceção das ideias dos alunos bem como das suas dúvidas/dificuldades o que fez surgir novas estratégias e com certeza enriqueceu o conhecimento dos alunos e o meu como professora. Este estudo reafirma a importância da reflexão contínua por parte dos docentes perante o desenvolvimento dos conhecimentos dos alunos e das suas próprias práticas.