CRITÉRIOS PARA A CRIAÇÃO DE UMA ÁREA DE PROTEÇÃO AMBIEN-TAL NA BAIXADA DE JACAREPAGUÁ (RIO DE JANEIRO, BRASIL)

A Baixada de Jacarepaguá é área da cidade do Rio de Janeiro de extensa planície circundada nas laterais por dois maciços (Tijuca e Pedra Branca) e que apresenta expressivo complexo lagunar. Na sua base localiza-se, ainda, uma faixa de praia do litoral atlântico. Ali se têm áreas úmidas, mangues, faixas de restinga e florestas.  Dos bairros que a compõem, Jacarepaguá tem urbanização consolidada, ao passo que a Barra da Tijuca e o Recreio dos Bandeirantes conjugam em sua urbanização dispersa grandes condomínios fechados, shopping centers, baixa provisão de infraestrutura e bolsões de pobreza. Vargem Grande, Vargem Pequena e Camorim, ainda que com baixíssima densidade, têm expressivo déficit infraestrutural, possuem muitas ocupações irregulares e sofrem ação de milicianos.  Diante de tais pressões urbanas, o trabalho visa a propor e discutir os critérios para se criar no sítio uma Área de Proteção Ambiental e Recuperação Urbana (APARU), modalidade presente na legislação urbanística carioca, levando-se em conta aspectos jurídico-políticos, sociais, geobiofísicos e arquitetônico-urbanísticos.

Critérios de elegibilidade de métodos anticoncepcionais

Este objeto começa destacando que há inúmeros fatores determinantes para a adesão a cada um dos métodos anticoncepcionais, ressaltando o papel do Enfermeiro no momento de discussão, lembrando inclusive o aspecto que se refere às questões socioeconômicas, culturais, religiosas e psicológicas, implicadas nas percepções de indivíduos, famílias e grupos e que determinam práticas de saúde sobre a concepção, devendo ser compreendidos e respeitados pelas equipes de saúde na sua atuação junto às comunidades. Enfatiza que é possível considerar que o método contraceptivo ideal é aquele que apresenta segurança, é efetivo, acessível, não relacionado ao ato sexual e não necessita de motivação especial para seu uso. Detalha que para populações de risco deve oferecer proteção contra doenças sexualmente transmissíveis. Lembra que os principais métodos anticoncepcionais utilizados na atualidade são o condom masculino e os contraceptivos orais. Termina abordando características, vantagens e efeitos colaterais do Diafragma Intrauterino (DIU), parte do arsenal de métodos contraceptivos oferecidos pelos programas de Planejamento Familiar no Brasil. Unidade 4 do módulo 6 que compõe o Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Família.

Métodos contraceptivos e seus critérios de elegibilidade

O objeto inicia destacando que há inúmeros fatores determinantes para a adesão a cada um dos métodos anticoncepcionais, devendo-se ressaltar que tanto a indicação do uso quanto a disponibilidade por parte do Estado devem ser sempre levadas em conta pelos profissionais dos serviços de planejamento familiar em geral, inclusive por parte do médico. Ressalta que questões socioeconômicas, culturais, religiosas e psicológicas, implicadas nas percepções de indivíduos, famílias e grupos, que determinam práticas de saúde sobre a concepção, devem ser compreendidas e respeitadas pelas equipes de saúde na sua atuação junto às comunidades. Enfatiza que é importante lembrar que métodos de barreira, especialmente o condom, são sempre recomendados para a prevenção de DST/HIV/DIP. Repassa orientações, recomendações e dicas, abordando inclusive efetividade, eficácia e efeitos secundários. Lembra que o sumário de indicações e contraindicações dos métodos anticoncepcionais é apresentado a partir de quatro categorias, o que está preconizado pela OMS em relação à utilização desses métodos, e explica cada uma delas. Aborda questões sobre anticoncepcionais, incluindo fatores que devem ser considerados na orientação do uso deste método contraceptivo. Finaliza abordando questões sobre o dispositivo intrauterino (DIU), que atualmente é parte do arsenal de métodos contraceptivos oferecidos pelos programas de Planejamento Familiar no Brasil. Unidade 4 do módulo 6 que compõe o Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Família.

Critérios e recomendações para cuidados paliativos

O material é componente do Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Pessoa Idosa (unidade 1, módulo 13) da UNA-SUS/UFMA. Trata-se de um diagrama que apresenta os critérios de recomendação para cuidados paliativos, considerando a possibilidade de indicação para aqueles pacientes que esgotaram todas as possibilidades de tratamento de manutenção ou prolongamento da vida, que apresentam sofrimento de moderado a intenso e que optam por manutenção de conforto e dignidade da vida.

Planilha com os critérios

Material utilizado para atividade prática sobre o processo de trabalho da Comissão de Farmácia e Terapêutica (CFT).

Estabelecimento de critérios para estratificação de risco cardiovascular e formação de grupos operativos para os hipertensos do PSF do município de Carvalhos - Minas Gerais

A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica é importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares, principal causa de mortalidade no mundo. As taxas de prevalência mostram que cerca de 20% dos adultos, sem distinção entre os gêneros, apresentam hipertensão, e, essa porcentagem, aumenta proporcionalmente com a idade. Com a elevação da expectativa de vida e a transição epidemiológica de doenças de infecto-parasitárias para crônico-degenerativas, torna-se imperativo estabelecer um plano de cuidados para esse último grupo. Nesse contexto a Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS) configura importante problema de saúde pública. No Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) Central do município de Carvalhos há uma população cadastrada no Sistema de informação da atenção básica de 2.076 sujeitos, destes, 487 estão cadastrados como hipertensos, o que representa 23,4% da população total. Este estudo visa realizar uma revisão bibliográfica e propor a criação de grupos operativos para o acompanhamento de hipertensos no município. Os usuários serão alocados nos grupos de acordo com o risco cardiovascular estabelecido pelo escore de Framimgham e o funcionamento dos grupos será de acordo com os protocolos das linhas-guias de Atenção à Saúde do Adulto. Dessa forma, espera-se implementar melhorias tanto para os usuários, valorizando princípios como a universalidade, a equidade e a integralidade da assistência, quanto para os profissionais de saúde, reorganizando a dinâmica do processo de trabalho.

Aplicação do escore MELD em pacientes submetidos a transplante de fígado: análise retrospectiva da sobrevida e dos fatores preditivos a curto e longo prazo

BACKGROUND: The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) was developed to predict short-term mortality in patients with cirrhosis. There are few reports studying the correlation between MELD and long-term posttransplantation survival. AIM: To assess the value of pretransplant MELD in the prediction of posttransplant survival. METHODS: The adult patients (age >18 years) who underwent liver transplantation were examined in a retrospective longitudinal cohort of patients, through the prospective data base. We excluded acute liver failure, retransplantation and reduced or split-livers. The liver donors were evaluated according to: age, sex, weight, creatinine, bilirubin, sodium, aspartate aminotransferase, personal antecedents, brain death cause, steatosis, expanded criteria donor number and index donor risk. The recipients' data were: sex, age, weight, chronic hepatic disease, Child-Turcotte-Pugh points, pretransplant and initial MELD score, pretransplant creatinine clearance, sodium, cold and warm ischemia times, hospital length of stay, blood requirements, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT >1,000 UI/L = liver dysfunction). The Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test was used for the univariable analyses of posttransplant patient survival. For the multivariable analyses the Cox proportional hazard regression method with the stepwise procedure was used with stratifying sodium and MELD as variables. ROC curve was used to define area under the curve for MELD and Child-Turcotte-Pugh. RESULTS: A total of 232 patients with 10 years follow up were available. The MELD cutoff was 20 and Child-Turcotte-Pugh cutoff was 11.5. For MELD score > 20, the risk factors for death were: red cell requirements, liver dysfunction and donor's sodium. For the patients with hyponatremia the risk factors were: negative delta-MELD score, red cell requirements, liver dysfunction and donor's sodium. The regression univariated analyses came up with the following risk factors for death: score MELD > 25, blood requirements, recipient creatinine clearance pretransplant and age donor >50. After stepwise analyses, only red cell requirement was predictive. Patients with MELD score < 25 had a 68.86%, 50,44% and 41,50% chance for 1, 5 and 10-year survival and > 25 were 39.13%, 29.81% and 22.36% respectively. Patients without hyponatremia were 65.16%, 50.28% and 41,98% and with hyponatremia 44.44%, 34.28% and 28.57% respectively. Patients with IDR > 1.7 showed 53.7%, 27.71% and 13.85% and index donor risk <1.7 was 63.62%, 51.4% and 44.08%, respectively. Age donor > 50 years showed 38.4%, 26.21% and 13.1% and age donor <50 years showed 65.58%, 26.21% and 13.1%. Association with delta-MELD score did not show any significant difference. Expanded criteria donors were associated with primary non-function and severe liver dysfunction. Predictive factors for death were blood requirements, hyponatremia, liver dysfunction and donor's sodium. CONCLUSION: In conclusion MELD over 25, recipient's hyponatremia, blood requirements, donor's sodium were associated with poor survival.

Pilocytic astrocytoma following radiotherapy for craniopharyngioma: case report

Administration of fractionated doses of irradiation is part of the adjutant therapy for CNS tumours such as craniopharyngiomas and pituitary adenomas. It can maximise cure rates or expand symptom-free period. Among the adverse effects of radiotherapy, the induction of a new tumour within the irradiated field has been frequently described. The precise clinical features that correlate irradiation and oncogenesis are not completely defined, but some authors have suggested that tumors are radiation induced when they are histologically different from the treated ones, arise in greater frequency in irradiated patients than among normal population and tend to occur in younger people with an unusual aggressiveness. In this article, we report a case of a papillary astrocytoma arising in a rather unusual latency period following radiotherapy for craniopharyngioma.

Transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade: proposta de avaliação neuropsicológica para diagnóstico

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity. The aim of this research was to contribute more precisely to the diagnosis of ADHD, to propose a battery of neuropsychological assessment and to analyze the contribution of each test. We studied 10 matched pairs of children with ADHD and normal controls (7 to 11 years). Inclusion criteria were: presence of ADHD typical behavior, positive diagnosis of ADHD based on DSM-IV, normal IQ, normal neurological examination and parental consent. We used extensive neuropsychological battery. The results showed differential sensitivity for detection of attentional problems in children with ADHD, although most tests did not reach statistical significance. The item, errors, of WCST revealed statistically significant difference between the two groups: ADHD performance was inferior to controls . In conclusion the neuropsychological assessment battery used in this research contributed to the diagnosis of ADHD.

Método para avaliação da conduta visual de lactentes

The purpose of this study is to introduce a method to evaluate visual functions in infants in the first three months of life. An adaptation of the Guide for the Assessment of Visual Ability in Infants (Gagliardo, 1997) was used. The instrument was a ring with string. It was implemented a pilot study with 33 infants, selected according to the following criteria: neonates well enough to go home within two days of birth; 1 to 3 months of chronological age; monthly evaluation with no absence; subjects living in Campinas/SP metropolitan area. In the first month we observed: visual fixation (93,9%); eye contact (90,9%); horizontal tracking (72,7%); inspects surroundings (97,0%). In the third month, we observed: inspects own hands (42,4%) and increased movements of arms (36,4%). This method allowed the evaluation of visual functions in infants, according to the chronological age. Alterations in this function will facilitate immediate referral to medical services for diagnoses.

Whipple's disease with neurological manifestions: case report

Whipple's disease (WD) is an uncommon multisystem condition caused by the bacillus Tropheryma whipplei. Central nervous system involvement is a classical feature of the disease observed in 20 to 40% of the patients. We report the case of a 62 yeards old man with WD that developed neurological manifestations during its course, and discuss the most usual signs and symptoms focusing on recent diagnostic criteria and novel treatment regimens.

Modelos de transferência de metal pesado na cana-de-açúcar adubada com composto de lixo urbano

The research approaches recycling of urban waste compost (UWC) as an alternative fertilizer for sugarcane crop and as a social and environmental solution to the solids residuals growth in urban centers. A mathematical model was used in order to know the metal dynamics as decision support tool, aiming to establish of criteria and procedures for UWC's safe use, limited by the amount of heavy metal. A compartmental model was developed from experimental data in controlled conditions and partially checked with field data. This model described the heavy metal transference in the system soil-root-aerial portion of sugarcane plants and concluded that nickel was metal to be concern, since it takes approximately three years to be attenuated in the soil, reaching the aerial portions of the plant at high concentrations. Regarding factors such as clay content, oxide level and soil pH, it was observed that for soil with higher buffering capacity, the transfer of the majority of the metals was slower. This model may become an important tool for the attainment of laws regarding the UWC use, aiming to reduce environment contamination the waste accumulation and production costs.

Uso de redes neurais artificiais na identificação de vocalização de suínos

Animal welfare has been an important research topic in animal production mainly in its ways of assessment. Vocalization is found to be an interesting tool for evaluating welfare as it provides data in a non-invasive way as well as it allows easy automation of process. The present research had as objective the implementation of an algorithm based on artificial neural network that had the potential of identifying vocalization related to welfare pattern indicatives. The research was done in two parts, the first was the development of the algorithm, and the second its validation with data from the field. Previous records allowed the development of the algorithm from behaviors observed in sows housed in farrowing cages. Matlab® software was used for implementing the network. It was selected a retropropagation gradient algorithm for training the network with the following stop criteria: maximum of 5,000 interactions or error quadratic addition smaller than 0.1. Validation was done with sows and piglets housed in commercial farm. Among the usual behaviors the ones that deserved enhancement were: the feed dispute at farrowing and the eventual risk of involuntary aggression between the piglets or between those and the sow. The algorithm was able to identify through the noise intensity the inherent risk situation of piglets welfare reduction.

Projeto de caixa de madeira para manga (Mangifera Indica L.)

Losses of horticulture product in Brazil are significant and among the main causes are the use of inappropriate boxes and the absence of a cold chain. A project for boxes is proposed, based on computer simulations, optimization and experimental validation, trying to minimize the amount of wood associated with structural and ergonomic aspects and the effective area of the openings. Three box prototypes were designed and built using straight laths with different configurations and areas of openings (54% and 36%). The cooling efficiency of Tommy Atkins mango (Mangifera Indica L.) was evaluated by determining the cooling time for fruit packed in the wood models and packed in the commercially used cardboard boxes, submitted to cooling in a forced-air system, at a temperature of 6ºC and average relative humidity of 85.4±2.1%. The Finite Element Method was applied, for the dimensioning and structural optimization of the model with the best behavior in relation to cooling. All wooden boxes with fruit underwent vibration testing for two hours (20 Hz). There was no significant difference in average cooling time in the wooden boxes (36.08±1.44 min); however, the difference was significant in comparison to the cardboard boxes (82.63±29.64 min). In the model chosen for structural optimization (36% effective area of openings and two side laths), the reduction in total volume of material was 60% and 83% in the cross section of the columns. There was no indication of mechanical damage in the fruit after undergoing the vibration test. Computer simulations and structural study may be used as a support tool for developing projects for boxes, with geometric, ergonomic and thermal criteria.

Epidemiologia da insônia

A vast literature review on the insomnia epidemiology, the most common sleep disorder, using MEDLINE and LILACS last 30 years of data, was performed from January 2002 to November 2003. The key-words were: sleep initiation disorders, sleep maintenance disorders, early awakening disorder, insomnia, sleep disorders, insomnia prevalence, insomnia consequences. Several insomnia definition criteria and epidemiology researches methods, with data comparison difficulties, were noticed. In the future it will be necessary similar insomnia definition and epidemiology studies criteria.