Genotypes, Recombinant Forms, and Variants of Norovirus GII.4 in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain), 2009-2012

Background: Noroviruses (NoVs) are genetically diverse, with genogroup II-and within it-genotype 4 (GII.4) being the most prevalent cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The aim of this study was to characterize genogroup II NoV causing acute gastroenteritis in the Basque Country (northern Spain) from 2009-2012. Methods: The presence of NoV RNA was investigated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in stool specimens from children younger than 15 years old with community-acquired acute gastroenteritis, and from hospitalized adults or elderly residents of nursing homes with acute gastroenteritis. For genotyping, the open reading frames ORF1 (encoding the polymerase) and ORF2 (encoding the major capsid protein) were partially amplified and sequenced. Recombinant strains were confirmed by PCR of the ORF1/ORF2 junction region. Results: NoV was detected in 16.0% (453/2826) of acute gastroenteritis episodes in children younger than 2 years, 9.9% (139/1407) in children from 2 to 14 years, and 35.8% (122/341) in adults. Of 317 NoVs characterized, 313 were genogroup II and four were genogroup I. The GII.4 variants Den Haag-2006b and New Orleans-2009 predominated in 2009 and 2010-2011, respectively. In 2012, the New Orleans-2009 variant was partially replaced by the Sydney-2012 variant (GII.Pe/GII.4) and New Orleans-2009/Sydney-2012 recombinant strains. The predominant capsid genotype in all age groups was GII.4, which was the only genotype detected in outbreaks. The second most frequent genotype was GII.3 (including the recently described recombination GII.P16/GII.3), which was detected almost exclusively in children. Conclusion: Nine different genotypes of NoV genogroup II were detected; among these, intergenotype recombinant strains represented an important part, highlighting the role of recombination in the evolution of NoVs. Detection of new NoV strains, not only GII.4 strains, shortly after their first detection in other parts of the world shows that many NoV strains can spread rapidly.

Programas de educación física basados en valores con el objetivo del desarrollo personal para el alumnado de 3º de la ESO. Realidad o utopía.

El principal motivo para elaborar este trabajo fin de grado ha sido la propia motivación que supone investigar y trabajar sobre un tema tan importante dentro de la educación, ámbito en el cual me gustaría desempeñar una labor profesional. Sin embargo, no es el único. También he notado a lo largo de mis años de estudiante universitario que había una gran cantidad de artículos y trabajos de otros autores respecto a este tema. No obstante, no existía ni de lejos, la misma cantidad de propuestas prácticas. Es decir, encontré mucha teoría y pocos proyectos puestos en práctica. Así pues, he querido incluir en este trabajo un apartado donde se describe una unidad didáctica para la asignatura de educación física y con el claro objetivo del desarrollo íntegro de los estudiantes a través de una educación basada en valores. De este modo y respondiendo a la pregunta referente al aspecto innovador de mi trabajo, lo que aporta mi trabajo con respecto a otras investigaciones es la propuesta práctica que se desarrolla en el último apartado, una unidad didáctica desarrollada en base a la educación en valores y que busca la educación íntegra del alumnado. En este caso, en educación física y para alumnos de 3º de la E.S.O. Por otra parte, creo necesaria la investigación de este trabajo dada la poca evolución que ha seguido la educación en los últimos tiempos. La sociedad ha sufrido enormes cambios a un ritmo frenético y no ha ocurrido lo mismo con la educación, que se ha quedado, a mi parecer, anclada en objetivos, contenidos, metodologías… de hace décadas. De ahí la necesidad de investigar en otras formas de educación dando prioridad a temas como los valores o las actitudes sobre conocimientos y procedimientos.

Análisis de la desigualdad económica en los municipios del País Vasco agrupados por tamaño de la población. Economic Inequality in the municipalities of the Basque Country aggregated by population size.

This paper analyses the economic inequality in the municipalities of the Basque Country during the period 1996 and 2010. We have used dates from the Udalmap database mainly the GDP per capita. We have drawn Lorenz Curves and also we have computed Gini indexes to analyse the evolution of inequality during this period. Therefore, we have concluded that there has been an increase of the economic inequality in the municipalities of the Basque Country during this period of time.

Analysis of the housing market in the autonomous community of the Basque country: the adjustment after the burst of the housing bubble

In this project study the characteristic and dynamics of the residential housing market in the Basque country. When strong expansion and colapsing emerged in 2007,studied the differents adjustment.

Aplicación de la Programación lineal a la asignación de personal en un centro de llamadas

[ES] La necesidad de gestionar y repartir eficazmente los recursos escasos entre las diferentes operaciones de las empresas, hacen que éstas recurran a aplicar técnicas de la Investigación de Operaciones. Éste es el caso de los centros de llamadas, un sector emergente y dinámico que se encuentra en constante desarrollo. En este sector, la administración del trabajo requiere de técnicas predictivas para determinar el número de trabajadores adecuado y así evitar en la medida de lo posible tanto el exceso como la escasez del mismo. Este trabajo se centrará en el estudio del centro de llamadas de emergencias 112 de Andalucía. Partiendo de los datos estadísticos del número medio de llamadas que se realiza en cada franja horaria, facilitados por la Junta de esta Comunidad Autónoma, formularemos y modelizaremos el problema aplicando la Programación Lineal. Posteriormente, lo resolveremos con dos programas de software, con la finalidad de obtener una distribución óptima de agentes que minimice el coste salarial, ya que supone un 65% del gasto de explotación total. Finalmente, mediante la teoría de colas, observaremos los tiempos de espera en cola y calcularemos el número objetivo de agentes que permita no sólo minimizar el coste salarial sino mejorar la calidad de servicio teniendo unos tiempos de espera razonables.

Dirección Estratégica de RRHH en empresas con personal discapacitado: análisis crítico de la DERH de un Centro Especial de Empleo

En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis crítico de la Dirección Estratégica de los Recursos Humanos del Centro Especial de Empleo donde realicé las prácticas y que cuenta con personal discapacitado. Dicho análisis se centra en la obtención de ventaja competitiva a través de las personas, en concreto las discapacitadas, comprobando cómo una empresa con personal discapacitado puede ser competitiva si lleva a cabo una buena gestión de los recursos humanos. Tras realizar el análisis crítico he llegado a la conclusión de que la gestión de recursos humanos llevada a cabo en el Centro Especial de Empleo es la adecuada, no obstante, aun contando con personal con alto potencial, Recinfor S.L. no ha sabido sacar partido suficiente a sus trabajadores y no consigue el nivel de ventaja competitiva esperada a través de los mismos.

Entrepreneurship in the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)

Currently entrepreneurship is a basic pillar in the socioeconomic area of any country since it contributes to attain the government objectives of job creation and boost of dynamism and competitiveness of the business network. These aspects are even more crucial nowadays due to the global economic crisis. This paper attempts to provide some new insights about the scientific field entrepreneurship in the Basque Country analyzing some aspects related to the entrepreneurial activity, the profile of the entrepreneur and the characteristics of the entrepreneurial businesses. It also aims to provide empirical evidence that proves the good features of the spin-offs and TBF groups as job creators, technology transferors to the society and important actors in the growth and development of the economies for both the business network and its surrounding society. To this aim, a descriptive study has been performed of the firms belonging to the Zitek Program of Bizkaia Campus of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU).

Factors behind the wage in the Basque Country

[EN]This project aims to determine the factors which influence workers’ wages in the Basque Country, taking data from the INE (Spanish Statistical Office). In first place, I will decide which variables to choose and describe them. Then they will be used to build a wage model. At this point I will observe their behaviour according to their values and the possible differences between them. Once these variables are described, they will be used to develop an econometric model that will allow to see the different effects of the variables on the endogenous variable, in this case the gross annual wage. Finally, all the analysed data will be taken and examined to draw the final conclusions and see how workers’ age, training or gender affect their salary. [EN]

The labour market in the Basque Country: University Employment Centers

This project is a study of the Labour Market in the Basque Country. First of all, we have analysed the position of the Basque Country in the European Union employment situation by gender and age. Secondly, we have studied the educational level of the Basque Country from the European Union perspective. Thirdly, we have showed the importance of labour orientation in educational level, especially in higher education. Finally, the design of new employment policies to promote the creation of jobs and stability of the labour market depends on: new industries and university employment policies.

Wage factors in the Basque Economy

[EN] This project aims to determine the factors which influence workers’ wages in the Basque Country, taking data from the INE (Spanish Statistical Office). In first place, I will decide which variables to choose and describe them. Then they will be used to build a wage model. At this point I will observe their behaviour according to their values and the possible differences between them. Once these variables are described, they will be used to develop an econometric model that will allow to see the different effects of the variables on the endogenous variable, in this case the gross annual wage. Finally, all the analysed data will be taken and examined to draw the final conclusions and see how workers’ age, training or gender affect their salary. [EN]

Integrated assessment of environmental pollution using diverse sentinel organisms within Basque marine environments

294 p.