Intraplate Response to the Great 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake: A Study from the Andaman Segment

The 1300-km rupture of the 2004 interplate earthquake terminated at around 15 degrees N, in the northernmost segment of the Andaman-Nicobar subduction zone. This part of the plate boundary is noted for its generally lower level seismicity, compared with the southern segments. Based on the Global Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) and National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) data, most of the earthquakes of M-w >= 4.5 prior to 2004 were associated with the Andaman Spreading Ridge (ASR), and a few events were located within the forearc basin. The 2004 event was followed by an upward migration of hypocenters along the subducting plate, and the Andaman segment experienced a surge of aftershock activity. The continuing extensional faulting events, including the most recent earthquake (10 August 2009; M-w 7.5) in the northern end of the 2004 rupture, suggest the reduction of compressional strain associated with the interplate event. The style of faulting of the intraplate events before and after a great plate boundary earthquake reflects the relative influences of the plate-driving forces. Here we discuss the pattern of earthquakes in the Andaman segment before and after the 2004 event to appraise the spatial and temporal relation between large interplate thrust events and intraplate deformation. This study suggests that faulting mechanisms in the outer-ridge and outer-rise regions could be indicative of the maturity of interplate seismic cycles.

The effect of grain size on the high-strain, high-strain-rate behavior of copper

Copper with four widely differing grain sizes was subjected to high-strain-rate plastic deformation in a special experimental arrangement in which high shear strains of approximately 2 to 7 were generated. The adiabatic plastic deformation produced temperature rises in excess of 300 K, creating conditions favorable for dynamic recrystallization, with an attendant change in the mechanical response. Preshocking of the specimens to an amplitude of 50 GPa generated a high dislocation density; twinning was highly dependent on grain size, being profuse for the 117- and 315-mu m grain-size specimens and virtually absent for the 9.5-mu m grain-size specimens. This has a profound effect on the subsequent mechanical response of the specimens, with the smaller grain-size material undergoing considerably more hardening than the larger grain-size material. A rationale is proposed which leads to a prediction of the shock threshold stress for twinning as a function of grain size. The strain required for localization of plastic deformation was dependent on the combined grain size/shock-induced microstructure, with the large grain-size specimens localizing more readily. The experimental results obtained are rationalized in terms of dynamic recrystallization, and a constitutive equation is applied to the experimental results; it correctly predicts the earlier onset of localization for the large grain-size specimens. It is suggested that the grain-size dependence of shock response can significantly affect the performance of shaped charges.

The June 2010 Nicobar Earthquake: Fault Reactivation on the Subducting Oceanic Plate

The similar to 1300-km-long rupture zone of the 2004 Andaman-Sumatra megathrust earthquake continues to generate a mix of thrust, normal, and strike-slip faulting events. The 12 June 2010 M(w) 7.5 event on the subducting plate is the most recent large earthquake on the Nicobar segment. The left-lateral faulting mechanism of this event is unusual for the outer-rise region, considering the stress transfer processes that follow great underthrusting earthquakes. Another earthquake (M(w) 7.2) with a similar mechanism occurred very close to this event on 24 July 2005. These earthquakes and most of their aftershocks on the subducting plate were generated by left-lateral strike-slip faulting on north-northeast-south-southwest oriented near-vertical faults, in response to north-northwest-south-southeast directed compression. Pre-2004 earthquake faulting mechanisms on the subducting oceanic plate are consistent with this pattern. Post-2004, left-lateral faulting on the subducting oceanic plate clusters between 5 degrees N and 9 degrees N, where the 90 degrees E ridge impinges the trench axis. Our study observes that the subducting plate off the Sumatra and Nicobar segments behaves similarly to a chip of the India-Australia plate, deforming in response to a generally northwest-southeast oriented compression, an aspect that must be factored into the plate deformation models.

Geoarchaeological Evidence of a Chola-Period Tsunami from an Ancient Port at Kaveripattinam on the Southeastern Coast of India

Literature of the ancient Chola Dynasty (A.D. 9th-11th centuries) of South India and recent archaeological excavations allude to a sea flood that crippled the ancient port at Kaveripattinam, a trading hub for Southeast Asia, and probably affected the entire South Indian coast, analogous to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami impact. We present sedimentary evidence from an archaeological site to validate the textual references to this early medieval event. A sandy layer showing bed forms representing high-energy conditions, possibly generated by a seaborne wave, was identified at the Kaveripattinam coast of Tamil Nadu, South India. Its sedimentary characteristics include hummocky cross-stratification, convolute lamination with heavy minerals, rip-up clasts, an erosional contact with the underlying mud bed, and a landward thinning geometry. Admixed with 1000-year-old Chola period artifacts, it provided an optically stimulated luminescence age of 1091 perpendicular to 66 yr and a thermoluminescence age of 993 perpendicular to 73 yr for the embedded pottery sherds. The dates of these proxies converge around 1000 yr B. P., correlative of an ancient tsunami reported from elsewhere along the Indian Ocean coasts. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Andaman Postseismic Deformation Observations: Still Slipping after All These Years?

More than six years after the great (M-w 9.2) Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, postevent processes responsible for relaxation of the coseismic stress change remain controversial. Modeling of Andaman Islands Global Positioning System (GPS) displacements indicated early near-field motions were dominated by slip down-dip of the rupture, but various researchers ascribe elements of relaxation to dominantly poroelastic, dominantly viscoelastic, and dominantly fault slip processes, depending primarily on their measurement sampling and modeling tools used. After subtracting a pre-2004 interseismic velocity, significant transient motion during the 2008.5-2010.5 epoch confirms that postseismic relaxation processes continue in Andaman. Modeling three-component velocities as viscoelastic flow yields a weighted root-mean-square (wrms) misfit that always exceeds the wrms of the measured signal (26.3 mm/yr). The best-fitting models are those that yield negligible deformation, indicating the model parameters have no real physical meaning. GPS velocities are well fit (wrms 4.0 mm/yr) by combining a viscoelastic flow model that best fits the horizontal velocities with similar to 50 cm/yr thrust slip down-dip of the coseismic rupture. Both deep slip and flow respond to stress changes, and each can significantly change stress in the realm of the other; it therefore is reasonable to expect that both transient deep slip and viscoelastic flow will influence surface deformation long after a great earthquake.

Constraining large earthquakes along the Andaman trench using deepwater turbidites: prospects and challenges

The 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake was unprecedented in terms of its magnitude (M-w 9.2), rupture length along the plate boundary (1300 km) and size of the resultant tsunami. Since 2004, efforts are being made to improve the understanding of the seismic hazard in the Sumatra-Andaman subduction zone in terms of recurrence patterns of major earthquakes and tsunamis. It is reasonable to assume that previous earthquake events in the Myanmar Andaman segment must be preserved in the geological record in the form of seismo-turbidite sequences. Here we present the prospects of conducting deep ocean palaeoseismicity investigations in order to refine the quantification of the recurrence pattern of large subduction-zone earthquakes along the Andaman-Myanmar arc. Our participation in the Sagar Kanya cruise SK-273 (in June 2010) was to test the efficacy of such a survey. The primary mission of the cruise, along a short length (300 km) of the Sumatra Andaman subduction front was to collect bathymetric data of the ocean floor trenchward of the Andaman Islands. The agenda of our piggyback survey was to fix potential coring sites that might preserve seismo-turbidite deposits. In this article we present the possibilities and challenges of such an exercise and our first-hand experience of such a preliminary survey. This account will help future researchers with similar scientific objectives who would want to survey the deep ocean archives of this region for evidence of extreme events like major earthquakes.

Ages and relative sizes of pre-2004 tsunamis in the Bay of Bengal inferred from geologic evidence in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Geologic evidence along the northern part of the 2004 Aceh-Andaman rupture suggests that this region generated as many as five tsunamis in the prior 2000years. We identify this evidence by drawing analogy with geologic records of land-level change and the tsunami in 2004 from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (A&N). These analogs include subsided mangrove swamps, uplifted coral terraces, liquefaction, and organic soils coated by sand and coral rubble. The pre-2004 evidence varies in potency, and materials dated provide limiting ages on inferred tsunamis. The earliest tsunamis occurred between the second and sixth centuries A.D., evidenced by coral debris of the southern Car Nicobar Island. A subsequent tsunami, probably in the range A.D. 770-1040, is inferred from deposits both in A&N and on the Indian subcontinent. It is the strongest candidate for a 2004-caliber earthquake in the past 2000years. A&N also contain tsunami deposits from A.D. 1250 to 1450 that probably match those previously reported from Sumatra and Thailand, and which likely date to the 1390s or 1450s if correlated with well-dated coral uplift offshore Sumatra. Thus, age data from A&N suggest that within the uncertainties in estimating relative sizes of paleo-earthquakes and tsunamis, the 1000year interval can be divided in half by the earthquake or earthquakes of A.D. 1250-1450 of magnitude >8.0 and consequent tsunamis. Unlike the transoceanic tsunamis generated by full or partial rupture of the subduction interface, the A&N geology further provides evidence for the smaller-sized historical tsunamis of 1762 and 1881, which may have been damaging locally.

The April 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes: Seismotectonic context and implications for their mechanisms

The 11 April 2012 earthquakes (M-w 8.6 and M-w 8.2) were sourced within the Northern Wharton Basin in the northeastern part of the Indo-Australian diffuse plate boundary. This unusually active oceanic intraplate region has generated many large earthquakes in the past, most of which are believed to have occurred by strike-slip motion, triggered by the NW-SE oriented compressional stresses acting across the Indian and Australian plates. In the aftermath of the 2004 megathrust earthquake along the nearby Sunda Trench, increased seismicity in the Northern Wharton Basin is attributed to the stress transfer from the Sumatra-Andaman plate boundary. Models proposed for the April 2012 earthquakes differ somewhat in details but partly attribute their complex rupture to the reactivation of pre-existing structures. These structures include previously mapped N-S trending fracture zones within the Northern Wharton Basin and E-W lineations across the Ninetyeast Ridge. In this paper, we review the regional tectonics and past seismicity on the Indo-Australian Plate in order to understand the seismotectonic setting of the April 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes. (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sheltered coastal environments as archives of paleo-tsunami deposits: Observations from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

The 2004 earthquake left several traces of coseismic land deformation and tsunami deposits, both on the islands along the plate boundary and distant shores of the Indian Ocean rim countries. Researchers are now exploring these sites to develop a chronology of past events. Where the coastal regions are also inundated by storm surges, there is an additional challenge to discriminate between the deposits formed by these two processes. Paleo-tsunami research relies largely on finding deposits where preservation potential is high and storm surge origin can be excluded. During the past decade of our work along the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the east coast of India, we have observed that the 2004 tsunami deposits are best preserved in lagoons, inland streams and also on elevated terraces. Chronological evidence for older events obtained from such sites is better correlated with those from Thailand, Sri Lanka and Indonesia, reiterating their usefulness in tsunami geology studies. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Estimación de la prevalencia e intensidad de parásitos internos y externos en la Tilapia (Oreochromis nitoticus) en la granja piscícola UNA-ADPESCA, Managua, Nicaragua

El presente trabajo investigativo tiene como objetivo identificar los parásitos internos y externos de la tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Esta investigación se llevó a cabo en la Granja Piscícola UNA-ADPESCA, ubicada en las instalaciones de la Universidad Nacional Agraria en el kilómetro 12 ½ Carretera Norte en el Departamento de Managua. Se realizaron varios muestreos en donde se seleccionaron cuatro estanques destinados a cultivo de peces de estadio juvenil donde se escogieron peces al azar para su correspondiente estudio a nivel de laboratorio. Se utilizó un modelo estadístico descriptivo, con el cual se evaluaron las variables de prevalencia, e intensidad del parásito monogéneo y la talla de la tilapia en los meses de Marzo, Abril, Mayo y Jimio del 2.000. El parásito identificado fue el monogéneo (Cichlidogyrus sclerosus) alojado en las branquias de las tilapias. La prevalencia del parásito encontrado en la tilapia, resultó ser mayor en el mes de Mayo debido a que en este mes en la granja existió una sobrepoblación en los estanques de cultivo y esto permitió que mayor cantidad de peces fueran parasitados. La intensidad fue más alta en los meses de Mayo y Junio donde se prestaron las condiciones más favorables para que una cantidad determinada de una misma especie de parásito afectara a los peces, la presencia de estos parásitos en el cultivo de peces fue por el grado de contaminación de la fuente abastecedora de agua y la acción de los depredadores que se encargaron de propagar a los patógenos. En el mes de Junio se trabajó con peces de tallas superiores a los meses de Marzo, Abril y Mayo, esto demostró que peces de gran talla son menos resistentes a la presencia de los parásitos y son susceptibles a una infestación. Las medidas preventivas sanitario profilácticas empleadas en la granja piscícola UNA-ADPESCA demostraron ser eficientes en el control de éstos parásitos, permitiendo así producir peces de buen peso, vigorosos y saludables.

Efecto de arreglos de siembra maiz (Zea mays L.) y frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), en asocio y monocultivo sobre la dinámica de las malezas, el crecimiento y rendimiento de los cultivos y uso equivalente de la tierra. Primera 1995

En el presente estudio se presentan los resultados de un experimento realizado en época de primera 1995, en la finca San Diego, ubicada en el municipio de Nandaime, departamento de Granada, en un suelo de origen volcánico, franco arcilloso. El propósito fue determinar el efecto de arreglos de siembra de frijol común asociado con matiz y monocultivos sobre la cenosis de las maleas, crecimiento, rendimientos absolutos y relativos y aprovechabilidad de la tierra. Se utilizó un diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar, con cuatro repeticiones en el cual se evaluaron monocultivos de maíz y frijol y los asocios de plantas de frijol con maíz bajo 7 arreglos de siembra: dos surcos de frijol y tres de maíz (F2M3), un surco de frijol y uno de maíz (F1M1), cuatro surcos de frijol y tres de maíz (F4M3), dos surcos de frijol y uno de maíz (F2M1), tres surcos de frijol y uno de maíz (F3M1), cuatro surcos de frijol y uno de maíz (F4M1) y 14 surcos de frijol y uno de maíz (F6M1). Las resultados obtenidos indican que los arreglos en asocios resultaron ser más efectivos en el control de maíz, en lo que respecta a abundancia, dominancia y cobertura de malezas, al aprovechar éstos el efecto de cobertura que ejerce el frijol en las calles de maíz y el sombreo superior del follaje del maíz. Los mayores rendimientos de granos se obtuvieron en los monocultivos, resultado de una mayor cantidad de plantas ~echadas por unidad de área. En lo que se refiere al uso equivalente de la tierra resultaron ser los asocias F4M1, F4M3, F2M1 y P6M1 más eficientes que los monocultivos, los cuales presentaron valores de 50, 45, 43, 27 y 7 por ciento más de producción por unidad de área que los monocultivos Los asocios además resultaron ser la alternativa más económica para el pequeño y mediano productor siendo más viable los arreglos de siembra F2M1, F4M3, F4M1 en relación a los monocultivos con tasas de rentabilidad de 127.7, 127.6 y 109.4 por ciento respectivamente.

Efecto de la aplicación de fungicidas sobre el control de enfermedades de fin de ciclo y el rendimiento en maíz tardío en la región semiárida pampeana

Introducción: En la campaña 2012 – 2013, según el Foreign Agricultural Service del United State Departament of Agriculture, Argentina fue el quinto país productor de maíz en el mundo y segundo en Latinoamérica sólo después de Brasil (USDA, 2014) A su vez la región oeste de Buenos Aires y norte de La Pampa, en la cual se sitúa el presente trabajo, es la segunda región del país en área sembrada de Argentina con 424.000 ha para la campaña 2013-2014, situándose detrás de la región centro norte de Córdoba con 580.000 ha (Bolsa de Cereales, 2014). El maíz es un cultivo clave para la rotación agrícola, siendo el cultivo de verano que mayor aporte de carbono hace al suelo (Álvarez, 2006) En la región semiárida pampeana el componente más importante de las condiciones ambientales que limita la productividad de los cultivos es la disponibilidad de agua (Corró Molas, 2012). En las últimas campañas se difundió en la región la práctica de implantar los maíces en fecha tardía. Este cambio modifica las condiciones ambientales que se producen durante el periodo crítico del cultivo. Para la región semiárida pampeana, las siembras tardías determinan condiciones de menor temperatura y radiación durante el periodo crítico del cultivo. Al mismo tiempo, para la mayoría de los años, menor déficit hídrico (Corró Molas, 2012). Para las condiciones de estrés hídrico, el atraso de la fecha de siembra es una estrategia que permite evitar la coincidencia del periodo crítico con los momentos de mayor demanda atmosférica (Andrade y Sadras, 2000). Por otro lado, las siembras tardías pueden incrementar la severidad de algunas enfermedades foliares durante el llenado de granos como Tizón Foliar (Exserohilum turcicum) (Formento, 2010; Couretot, 2010)...

La sabiduría desde el “Quaerens intellectum” en Anselmo de Canterbury

Resumen: La prueba de la existencia de Dios, sacada de su sola idea, fue, y es aún, una de esas experiencias metafísicas de las que se puede decir que nacen eternas, porque alcanzan el último término de uno de los caminos por donde el espíritu humano puede encauzarse. La presencia de Dios en el alma vivifica la fórmula que da san Anselmo y el análisis que hace de ella no tiene otro fin que llevar a la clara luz de la inteligencia una presencia realmente, pero oscuramente, sentida. Situados, dice, entre la fe y la visión, considera que “la inteligencia que alcanzamos en esta vida es intermedia”; los modos de aproximación difieren, pero sus términos no.

Sapientia, 1992, Vol. XLVII, nº 186 (número completo)

Contenido: La persona y su mundo: la cultura, la moral, el derecho y la sociedad familiar y política (IV) / Octavio N. Derisi – El “De Anima” de Aristóteles / Ciro E. Schmidt Andrade ; Jorge Martínez Barrera – Notas sobre la noción de justicia política en Tomás de Aquino / Carlos I. Massini Correas – Filosofía de Iberoamérica en Alberto Caturelli / Eudaldo Forment – Algunas reflexiones sobre el concepto de persona en Juan Pablo II / Javier Fernández Aguado – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía