5-HT(1B) receptor in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Serotonin (5-HT) is involved in the fine adjustments at several brain centers including the core of the mammal circadian timing system (CTS) and the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The SCN receives massive serotonergic projections from the midbrain raphe nuclei, whose inputs are described in rats as ramifying at its ventral portion overlapping the retinohypothalamic and geniculohypothalamic fibers. In the SCN, the 5-HT actions are reported as being primarily mediated by the 5-HT1 type receptor with noted emphasis for 5-HT(1B) subtype, supposedly modulating the retinal input in a presynaptic way. In this study in a New World primate species, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), we showed the 5-HT(1B) receptor distribution at the dorsal SCN concurrent with a distinctive location of 5-HT-immunoreactive fibers. This finding addresses to a new discussion on the regulation and synchronization of the circadian rhythms in recent primates. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Trotter-Kato product formula for a class of non-autonomous evolution equations

In this article dedicated to Professor V. Lakshmikantham on the occasion of the celebration of his 84th birthday, we announce new results concerning the existence and various properties of an evolution system UA+B(t, s)(0 <= s <= t <= T) generated by the sum -(A(t)+B(t)) of two linear, time-dependent and generally unbounded operators defined on time-dependent domains in a complex and separable Banach space B. In particular, writing G(B) for the algebra of all linear bounded operators on B, we can express UA+B(t, s)(0 <= s <= t <= T) as the strong limit in L(B) of a product of the holomorphic contraction semigroups generated by -A(t) and -B(t), thereby getting a product formula of the Trotter-Kato type under very general conditions which allow the domain D(A(t)+B(t)) to evolve with time provided there exists a fixed set D subset of boolean AND D-t epsilon[0,D-T](A(t)+B(t)) everywhere dense in B. We then mention several possible applications of our product formula to various classes of non-autonomous parabolic initial-boundary value problems, as well as to evolution problems of Schrodinger type related to the theory of time-dependent singular perturbations of self-adjoint operators in quantum mechanics. We defer all the proofs and all the details of the applications to a separate publication. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Investigation of the properties of galactic cosmic rays with the KASCADE-Grande experiment

The properties of galactic cosmic rays are investigated with the KASCADE-Grande experiment in the energy range between 10(14) and 10(18) eV. Recent results are discussed. They concern mainly the all-particle energy spectrum and the elemental composition of cosmic rays. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Generalized solutions of a nonlinear parabolic equation with generalized functions as initial data

In [H. Brezis, A. Friedman, Nonlinear parabolic equations involving measures as initial conditions, J. Math. Pure Appl. (9) (1983) 73-97.] Brezis and Friedman prove that certain nonlinear parabolic equations, with the delta-measure as initial data, have no solution. However in [J.F. Colombeau, M. Langlais, Generalized solutions of nonlinear parabolic equations with distributions as initial conditions, J. Math. Anal. Appl (1990) 186-196.] Colombeau and Langlais prove that these equations have a unique solution even if the delta-measure is substituted by any Colombeau generalized function of compact support. Here we generalize Colombeau and Langlais` result proving that we may take any generalized function as the initial data. Our approach relies on recent algebraic and topological developments of the theory of Colombeau generalized functions and results from [J. Aragona, Colombeau generalized functions on quasi-regular sets, Publ. Math. Debrecen (2006) 371-399.]. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Quantification of N-acetylcysteine in pharmaceuticals using cobalt phthalocyanine modified graphite electrodes

Flow injection analysis (FIA) with amperometric detection was employed for the quantification of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in pharmaceutical formulations, utilizing an ordinary pyrolytic graphite (OPG) electrode modified with cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc). Cyclic voltammetry was used in preliminary studies to establish the best conditions for NAC analysis. In FIA-amperometric experiments the OPG-CoPc electrode exhibited sharp and reproducible current peaks over a wide linear working range (5.0 x 10(-5)-1.0 x 10(-3) mol L(-1)) in 0.1 mol L(-1) NaOH solution. High sensitivity (130 mA mol(-1) cm(2)) and a low detection limit (9.0 x 10(-7) mol L(-1)) were achieved using the sensor. The repeatability (R.S.D.%) for 13 successive flow injections of a solution containing 5.0 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) NAC was 1.1%. The new procedure was applied in analyses of commercial pharmaceutical products and the results were in excellent agreement with those obtained using the official titrimetric method. The proposed amperometric method is highly suitable for quality control analyses of NAC in pharmaceuticals since it is rapid, precise and requires much less work than the recommended titrimetric method. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Studies on chemo- and diastereo-selectivity of the Diels-Alder reactions of sulfinyltoluquinones with cyclopentadiene

Sulfinyltoluquinones (2a-2c) were submitted to thermal or catalyzed [4+2] cycloaddition reactions with cyclopentadiene. For p-tolylsulfinyltoluquinones (2b) and (2c), almost complete C2-C3-chemo- and unlike-diastereoselectivity was achieved by catalysis with ZnBr(2), yielding adducts 6. Under thermal conditions, Diels-Alder reaction took place at the C5-C6 double bonds of quinones 2a-2c, generating mixtures of diastereoisomeric like- and unlike-adducts 4.

Effect of the catalyst composition in the Pt-x(Ru-Ir)(1-x)/C system on the electro-oxidation of methanol in acid media

The effect of variations in the composition for ternary catalysts of the type Pt-x(Ru-Ir)(1-x)/C on the methanol oxidation reaction in acid media for x values of 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 is reported. The catalysts were prepared by the sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. The nanometric character (2.8-3.2 nm) of the sol-gel deposits was demonstrated by XRD and TEM while EDX and AAS analyses showed that the metallic ratio in the compounds was very near to the expected one. Cyclic voltammograms for methanol oxidation revealed that the reaction onset occur at less positive potentials in all the ternary catalysts tested here when compared to a Pt-0.75-Ru-0.25/C (E-Tek) commercial composite. Steady-state polarization experiments (Tafel plots) showed that the Pt-0.25(Ru-Ir)(0.75)/C catalyst is the more active one for methanol oxidation as revealed by the shift of the reaction onset towards lower potentials. In addition, constant potential electrolyses suggest that the addition of Ru and Ir to Pt decreases the poisoning effect of the strongly adsorbed species generated during methanol oxidation. Consequently, the Pt-0.25 (Ru-Ir)(0.75)/C Composite catalyst is a very promising one for practical applications. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Role of dietary fats in modulating cardiometabolic risk during moderate weight gain : a randomized double-blind overfeeding trial (LIPOGAIN study)

BACKGROUND: Whether the type of dietary fat could alter cardiometabolic responses to a hypercaloric diet is unknown. In addition, subclinical cardiometabolic consequences of moderate weight gain require further study. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a 7-week, double-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial, 39 healthy, lean individuals (mean age of 27±4) consumed muffins (51% of energy [%E] from fat and 44%E refined carbohydrates) providing 750 kcal/day added to their habitual diets. All muffins had identical contents, except for type of fat; sunflower oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA diet) or palm oil rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA diet). Despite comparable weight gain in the 2 groups, total: high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein:HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B:AI ratios decreased during the PUFA versus the SFA diet (-0.37±0.59 versus +0.07±0.29, -0.31±0.49 versus +0.05±0.28, and -0.07±0.11 versus +0.01±0.07, P=0.003, P=0.007, and P=0.01 for between-group differences), whereas no significant differences were observed for other cardiometabolic risk markers. In the whole group (ie, independently of fat type), body weight increased (+2.2%, P<0.001) together with increased plasma proinsulin (+21%, P=0.007), insulin (+17%, P=0.003), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, (+9%, P=0.008) fibroblast growth factor-21 (+31%, P=0.04), endothelial markers vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin (+9, +5, and +10%, respectively, P<0.01 for all), whereas nonesterified fatty acids decreased (-28%, P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Excess energy from PUFA versus SFA reduces atherogenic lipoproteins. Modest weight gain in young individuals induces hyperproinsulinemia and increases biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, effects that may be partly outweighed by the lipid-lowering effects of PUFA. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01427140.

Avaliação do estágio de implementação da recuperação de serviços nas indústrias de eletroeletrônica filiadas à ABINEE no RS

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Risco versus retorno a partir de dados contábeis de empresas brasileiras: uma contribuição empírica

Na pesquisa, que é a parte nuclear desta tese, investiga-se a relação entre risco e retorno contábeis em 10 setores econômicos brasileiros. No período 1978-87, com amostra de 344 empresas, detectou-se associação risco/retorno negativa em oito setores e positiva ou neutra em apenas dois. No todo da amostra, sem divisões setoriais, também se encontrou relação negativa entre risco e retorno. Dividindo as firmas entre mais e menos rentáveis, achou-se uma associação risco/retorno essencialmente negativa na metade das empresas menos lucrativas e ausência de associação entre as duas variáveis na metade das firmas mais lucrativas, tanto dentro dos setores como para toda a amostra.

Zoneamento da Floresta Nacional de Brasília-DF utilizando técnicas de geoprocessamento e sensoriamento remoto

Utilizando técnicas de geoprocessamento, desenvolveu-se metodologia para avaliar e diagnosticar os impactos ambientais decorrentes do uso e ocupação do solo em áreas de Florestas Nacionais. A área teste da pesquisa foi a Floresta nacional de Brasília. No modelamento para a avaliação da perda e tolerância de solo em função de seu uso, utilizou-se das ferramentas de geoprocessamento e imagem de satélite para a solução da equação USLE. Foi possível determinar as áreas de preservação permanente e as áreas passíveis de reflorestamento, através da criação de cenários de colheita florestal, bem como as diferentes formas de manejo que devem ser adotadas em função das perdas de solo por erosão laminar. As áreas de perda de solo acima de sua tolerãncia representam 1,90% (177,44 ha) da área total da Flona. As áreas consideradas de Preservação Permanente sob o aspecto da legislação vigente e do uso atual representam 6,78% (633,46ha) de sua área total. Destes, 140,18ha (22,13%) apresentam uma cobertura vegetal do tipo campo e devem ser recuperados e convertidos em áreas com cobertura vegetal do tipo floresta, a fim de adequar-se a legislação vigente como também minimizar os processos erosivos que possam comprometer os cursos d'água. A área passível de implantação de floresta corresponde a 8.712,82 ha (93,22%), onde 5.642,48 ha (64,76%) podem ser manejados a corte raso e 3.070,34 hectares (32,24%) devem ser manejados a corte seletivo, para que não haja comprometimento do solo devido às perdas por erosão laminar.

Efeitos do treinamento muscular inspiratório em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca : impacto na capacidade funcional, na oscilação da ventilação, e na qualidade de vida

Introdução: Pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) apresentam redução de força e resistência dos músculos inspiratórios. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento muscular inspiratório sobre a capacidade funcional, oscilação da ventilação, e sobre a qualidade de vida na IC. Pacientes e Métodos: Foram selecionados 33 pacientes com IC, que apresentavam fraqueza da musculatura inspiratória. Os pacientes foram randomizados para participarem de um programa de treinamento muscular inspiratório (TMI) de 12 semanas, 7 sessões por semana de trinta minutos por sessão, com incremento semanal de 30% PImáx, com Threshold Inspiratory Muscle Trainer (grupo TMI, n=17) e um grupo controle (n=16), que realizaram o mesmo programa de treinamento, porém sem carga resistiva. Antes e após o TMI, foram avaliadas a força e a resistência da musculatura inspiratória, a capacidade funcional, a oscilação da ventilação durante o teste cardiopulmonar (TCP), e a qualidade de vida. Resultados: No grupo TMI houve aumento da PImáx (60,9±1,8 vs 129,6±2,8 cmH2O, ANOVA: p<0,001); da resistência, de 56,9±3 % para 65,5±2,9 %, (ANOVA: p<0,001); da distância percorrida no teste de caminhada, de 449,1±17,4 m para 550±17,2 m, (ANOVA: p<0,001) e no consumo de oxigênio no pico de exercício, de 17,2±0,5 para 20,6±0,7 ml/kg.min, (ANOVA: p<0,001). A oscilação da ventilação foi reduzida de 0,07±0,005 para 0,03±0,006 (ANOVA: p<0,001). Houve também melhora na qualidade de vida. Não houve alteração no grupo controle. Conclusão: O treinamento muscular inspiratório tem impacto sobre a musculatura ventilatória, melhorando a capacidade funcional em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca.

HPLC-DAD methodology for the quantification of organic acids, furans and polyphenols by direct injection of wine samples

This article proposes a simple and sensitive HPLC method with photo-diode array detection for the analysis of organic acids, monomeric polyphenols and furanic compounds in wine samples by direct injection. The chromatographic separation of 8 organic acids, 2 furans and 22 phenolic compounds was carried out with a buffered solution (pH 2.70) and acetonitrile as mobile phases and a difunctionally bonded C18 stationary phase, Atlantis dC18 (250 4.6 mm, 5mm) column. The elution was performed in 12 min for the organic acids and in 60 min for the phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids, stilbenes and flavonoids. Target compounds were detected at 210 nm (organic acids, flavan-3-ols and benzoic acids), 254 nm (ellagic acid), 280 nm (furans and cinnamic acid), 315 nm (hydroxycinnamic acids and trans-resveratrol) and 360 nm (flavonoids). The RSD for the repeatability test (n55) of peak area and retention times were below 3.1 and 0.3%, respectively, for phenolics and below 1.0 and 0.2% for organic acids. The RSDs expressing the reproducibility of the method were higher than for the repeatability results but all below 9.0%. Method accuracy was evaluated by the recovery results, with averaged values between 80 and 104% for polyphenols and 97–105% for organic acids. The calibration curves, obtained by triplicate injection of standard solutions, showed good linearity with regression coefficients higher than 0.9982 for polyphenols and 0.9997 for organic acids. The LOD was in the range of 0.07–0.49 mg/L for polyphenols (cinnamic and gallic acids, respectively) and 0.001–0.046 g/L for organic acids (oxalic and lactic acids, respectively). The method was successfully used to measure and assess the polyphenolic fingerprint and organic acids profile of red, white, rose ´ and fortified wines.

Fertilidade do caranguejo de mangue Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus) (Crustacea, Brachyura, Ocypodidae), em Iguape (São Paulo, Brasil)

A total of 58 Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) ovigerous females in final embryonic stage were collected in mangrove forest at Iguape (São Paulo). Each female were kept in laboratory until the larvae hatching and had their carapace width (CW) measured with caliper (0.05 mm) and the larval number (LN) calculated by volumetric method. The hatching rates (HR) were calculated for each animal's size class (5 mm). The values of LN and CW obtained were subjected to regression analyses and the best fitting model was chosen by comparing the obtained determination coefficients (R²). The fertility varied from 71,200 to 220,800 larvae (147,169 ± 32,070 larvae), corresponding to 41.7 to 76.8 mm CW (63.7±7.9 mm), respectively. The relationship LNxCW was expressed by the equation LN = 284.1CW1.5º¹ (N = 58; R² = 0.74; p < 0.01), that showed a positive correlation between the variables. Most part of ovigerous females (89.7%) showed their hatching during the nightly period. A negative correlation between HR and CW was observed in these animals (p < 0.05), probably due to reduction of spermatophores in the seminal receptacle (multiparous females) or due to senility in the females with large size. The biological studies of U. cordatus are very important for practices adoption that preserve and make the rational use of this recourse in Brazilian's mangrove forests.

Períodos de interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura do arroz de terras altas: I - Cultivar IAC 202

O trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de determinar os períodos de interferência e de controle das plantas daninhas na cultura do arroz de terras altas. Os experimentos foram instalados nos anos agrícolas de 2003/04 e 2004/05 em área experimental da Universidade Estadual Paulista, campus de Jaboticabal/SP, situado a 21º 15' 22 de latitude sul e 48º 18' 58 de longitude oeste. O cultivar utilizado foi o IAC 202, semeado, respectivamente, em 18 de novembro de 2003 e 24 de novembro de 2004. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com os tratamentos constituídos por períodos crescentes de controle ou de convivência das plantas daninhas com a cultura. Os períodos iniciais de controle ou de convivência após a emergência da cultura foram: 0-10, 0-20, 0-30, 0-40, 0-50, 0-60, 0-70 dias e 0-colheita. As principais plantas daninhas em 2003/04 foram Cyperus rotundus, Cenchrus echinatus, Digitaria spp. Echinochloa crus-galli e Brachiaria decumbens. No ano agrícola de 2004/05, destacaram-se Digitaria spp., C. echinatus, Raphanus raphanistrum e Alternanthera tenella. Considerando 5% de tolerância na redução da produtividade do arroz nos anos agrícolas de 2003/04 e 2004/05, concluiu-se que os períodos anteriores à interferência (PAI) foram de 12 e 26 DAE, respectivamente; os períodos totais de prevenção à interferência (PTPI), de 40 e 42 DAE; e os períodos críticos de prevenção à interferência (PCPI), de 12 a 40 DAE e de 26 a 42 DAE, respectivamente.