The EU Referendum and the UK Environment: An Expert Review:How has EU membership affected the UK and what might change in the event of a vote to Remain or Leave

This expert review provides a detailed review of the academic evidence on how EU membership has influenced UK policies, systems of decision making and environmental quality. Containing 14 chapters and over 60,000 words, it documents how the EU has affected UK environmental policy and how, in turn, the UK has worked through the EU to shape wider, international thinking. It has been authored by 14 international experts, who have drawn on the findings of over 700 publications to offer an impartial and authoritative assessment of the evidence.

Neural networks would 'vote' according to Borda's Rule

Can neural networks learn to select an alternative based on a systematic aggregation of convicting individual preferences (i.e. a 'voting rule')? And if so, which voting rule best describes their behavior? We show that a prominent neural network can be trained to respect two fundamental principles of voting theory, the unanimity principle and the Pareto property. Building on this positive result, we train the neural network on profiles of ballots possessing a Condorcet winner, a unique Borda winner, and a unique plurality winner, respectively. We investigate which social outcome the trained neural network chooses, and find that among a number of popular voting rules its behavior mimics most closely the Borda rule. Indeed, the neural network chooses the Borda winner most often, no matter on which voting rule it was trained. Neural networks thus seem to give a surprisingly clear-cut answer to one of the most fundamental and controversial problems in voting theory: the determination of the most salient election method.

The Brexit vote: A financial thunderclap with long-term consequences

The Brexit vote was a financial thunderclap for the entire Western chain of globalised finance. The EU and the Eurozone now face an unknown period of disintegration, instability and rebranding.

Étude d'un fonds régional de capital de risque : le cas Amisk au Saguenay - Lac-Saint-Jean (1979-1998)

La fin des années 1970 se caractérise principalement par la fin des années d'abondance de l'État-Providence et le début d'un contexte économique plus difficile amplifié par la crise économique du début des années 1980. La société change, l'État se retire graduellement pour laisser la place au libre marché, les industries se modernisent en s'adaptant au virage technologique, laissant sans emploi des milliers de travailleurs. Les régions ressources telles que le Saguenay - Lac-Saint-Jean souffrent particulièrement de leur dépendance envers la grande entreprise. En effet, les axes industriels de développements touchent des secteurs très spécifiques : le bois et la forêt, l'agriculture et l'aluminium. Il est alors difficile de penser à autre chose car le contexte géographique ne s'y prête pas : le Saguenay - Lac-Saint-Jean est une région enclavée et sa structure de transport limite considérablement son développement. C'est en réaction à ce contexte économique qu'un groupe de gens d'affaires et d'élus de la région font alors fait le constat que le développement de la région passe nécessairement par la transformation des matières premières. Pour ce faire, il devient primordial d'encourager la mise en place de petites et moyennes entreprises RENTABLES et COMPÉTITIVES qui s'appuieront sur les forces économiques (compétences et ressources) de la région…

Les coopératives et le développement régional au Québec : évolution de l'analyse et du discours

Comment expliquer que les coopératives et le développement régional soient si naturellement associés comme les éléments d'une même stratégie de développement? Idéologie, réflexe naturel, artifice du discours? Bien malin qui peut répondre de manière catégorique. Certes, il s'en trouve encore quelques-uns pour soutenir que les régions constituent, grâce à leur tissu social homogène, un terreau propice à l'émergence des coopératives. Mais l'explication la plus répandue insiste plutôt sur la capacité qu'auraient les coopératives de répondre directement et efficacement aux besoins de la communauté et de devenir, par effet d'entraînement, des forces économiques toutes désignées pour le développement par la base de la communauté, et progressivement, des régions. Malheureusement, force est de constater que cette supposée affinité entre les coopératives et le développement régional n'a pas su garantir à elle seule l'essor d'une dynamique de développement des régions par les coopératives. De fait, la répartition des coopératives sur l'ensemble du territoire des régions du Québec n'a pas empêché l’émergence des problèmes de développement que connaissent plusieurs régions périphériques. L'objectif de cet essai consiste à cerner l'état de l'analyse et du discours sur les coopératives et le développement régional. Notre réflexion est le résultat d'une recherche bibliographique exhaustive sur ce sujet et de quatre entrevues semi-directives conduites auprès de hauts fonctionnaires de la Direction des coopératives du ministère de l'Industrie, du Commerce et de la Technologie (MICT), au mois de mai 1990. Dans un premier temps, nous ferons un rappel historique des principaux courants théoriques qui ont guidé l'évolution du concept de développement régional. Dans un deuxième temps, à l'aide des éléments dégagés dans notre premier chapitre, nous tenterons de cerner l'état de l'analyse sur le rôle des coopératives dans le développement des régions. Puis enfin, dans notre dernier chapitre, nous analyserons la philosophie d'intervention de l'État concernant le rôle des coopératives en région. Pourquoi l'État? Parce que l'État, via ses dirigeants politiques et son appareil public, a fortement contribué à l'évolution de l'analyse et du discours à ce sujet. Les praticiens sont absents de cette démarche. Pourquoi? Mener l'enquête-terrain qu'aurait nécessitée l'analyse de la conception que les coopérateurs nourrissent à l'égard de leur rôle dans les régions aurait dépassé de loin l'objectif et les conditions de travail requis par cet essai. De plus, notre objectif de recherche s'en tient uniquement au rôle attribué aux coopératives en région par les chercheurs et les dirigeants politiques, et non pas à leur rôle effectif dans ces régions.

Don’t expect me to vote for you just because I like you, even if you do make me feel warm inside: a comparison of the validity of non-ipsative measures of party support

The inclusion of non-ipsative measures of party preference (in essence ratings for each of the parties of a political system) has become established practice in mass surveys conducted for election studies. They exist in different forms, known as thermometer ratings or feeling scores, likes and dislikes scores, or support propensities. Usually only one of these is included in a single survey, which makes it difficult to assess the relative merits of each. The questionnaire of the Irish National Election Study 2002 (INES2002) contained three different batteries of non-ipsative party preferences. This paper investigates some of the properties of these different indicators. We focus in particular on two phenomena. First, the relationship between non-ipsative preferences and the choices actually made on the ballot. In Ireland this relationship is more revealing than in most other countries owing to the electoral system (STV) which allows voters to cast multiple ordered votes for candidates from different parties. Second, we investigate the latent structure of each of the batteries of party preferences and the relationships between them. We conclude that the three instruments are not interchangeable, that they measure different orientations, and that one –the propensity to vote for a party– is by far preferable if the purpose of the study is the explanation of voters’ actual choice behaviour. This finding has important ramifications for the design of election study questionnaires.

1-2-3 VOTE : How To Use South Carolina’s Voting System

This paper describes, with pictures, how to use voting machines and how to cast your vote.

Migração e referenciais identificatórios: linguagem e preconceito

A ausência de diálogos no mundo massificado impõe um discurso padronizado. Tenta-se eliminar as diferenças e os limites que estruturam as identidades são ameaçados. A violência desse mundo joga para a periferia grandes segmentos da população, condenados a viver em condições desumanas. Migrantes e imigrantes, desenraizados dos fundamentos de suas identidades, constituem parte expressiva dessa população. Grandes metrópoles, como São Paulo, são verdadeiros lócus do embate intercultural que os ameaça. Nossa discussão se apóia em trabalho de pesquisa anterior com crianças nordestinas em escolas paulistas - pudemos constatar o preconceito, a humilhação que atingem essa população. O ponto de partida para a humilhação é, quase sempre, sua linguagem regional, vista como errada e inadequada. A lingüística e a sociolingüística nos mostram o contrário. Entretanto, tudo que enraíza e fortalece a identidade é negado. A “barbárie civilizada” destrói desejo, sonhos, esperança, alteridade.

Measurement of the depth of maximum of extensive air showers above 10(18) eV

We describe the measurement of the depth of maximum, X(max), of the longitudinal development of air showers induced by cosmic rays. Almost 4000 events above 10(18) eV observed by the fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory in coincidence with at least one surface detector station are selected for the analysis. The average shower maximum was found to evolve with energy at a rate of (106 +/- 35-21) g/cm(2)/decade below 10(18.24) +/- (0.05) eV, and d24 +/- 3 g/cm(2)/ecade above this energy. The measured shower-to-shower fluctuations decrease from about 55 to 26 g/cm(2). The interpretation of these results in terms of the cosmic ray mass composition is briefly discussed.

Australian political discourse: Pronominal choice in campaign speeches

The intention behind language used by candidates during an election campaign is to persuade voters to vote for a particular political party. Fundamental to the political arena is construction of identity, group membership and ways of talking about self, others, and the polarizing categories of 'us' and 'them'. This paper will investigate the pragmatics of pronominal choice and the way in which politicians construct and convey their own identities and those of their political opponents within political speeches. Taking six speeches by John Howard and Mark Latham across the course of the 2004 federal election campaign, I look at the ways in which pronominal choice indicates a shifting scope of reference to creat pragmatic effects and serve political functions.

Neurodynamics of an election

Variables influencing decision-making in real settings, as in the case of voting decisions, are uncontrollable and in many times even unknown to the experimenter. In this case, the experimenter has to study the intention to decide (vote) as close as possible in time to the moment of the real decision (election day). Here, we investigated the brain activity associated with the voting intention declared 1 week before the election day of the Brazilian Firearms Control Referendum about prohibiting the commerce of firearms. Two alliances arose in the Congress to run the campaigns for YES (for the prohibition of firearm commerce) and NO (against the prohibition of firearm commerce) voting. Time constraints imposed by the necessity of studying a reasonable number (here, 32) of voters during a very short time (5 days) made the EEG the tool of choice for recording the brain activity associated with voting decision. Recent fMRI and EEG studies have shown decision-making as a process due to the enrollment of defined neuronal networks. In this work, a special EEG technique is applied to study the topology of the voting decision-making networks and is compared to the results of standard ERP procedures. The results show that voting decision-making enrolled networks in charge of calculating the benefits and risks of the decision of prohibiting or allowing firearm commerce and that the topology of such networks was vote-(i.e., YES/NO-) sensitive. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

How logrolling can explain the failure of the government coalition in Brazil

This article presents an analysis of the behavior of federal representatives in the Brazilian House of Representatives between 1995 and 1998, when a series of constitutional amendments were presented by the president to be voted on by Congress. The objective is to show that the lack of a stable government coalition resulted in costs to society that were not anticipated by the government. The study argues that a logroll - a trade of votes - was the strategy used by the government in order to guarantee the number of votes necessary to approve the amendments. This strategy created a vicious system in which representatives would only vote with the government if they had benefits in return.

Improving Remote Voting Security with Code Voting

One of the major problems that prevents the spread of elections with the possibility of remote voting over electronic networks, also called Internet Voting, is the use of unreliable client platforms, such as the voter's computer and the Internet infrastructure connecting it to the election server. A computer connected to the Internet is exposed to viruses, worms, Trojans, spyware, malware and other threats that can compromise the election's integrity. For instance, it is possible to write a virus that changes the voter's vote to a predetermined vote on election's day. Another possible attack is the creation of a fake election web site where the voter uses a malicious vote program on the web site that manipulates the voter's vote (phishing/pharming attack). Such attacks may not disturb the election protocol, therefore can remain undetected in the eyes of the election auditors. We propose the use of Code Voting to overcome insecurity of the client platform. Code Voting consists in creating a secure communication channel to communicate the voter's vote between the voter and a trusted component attached to the voter's computer. Consequently, no one controlling the voter's computer can change the his/her's vote. The trusted component can then process the vote according to a cryptographic voting protocol to enable cryptographic verification at the server's side.

EVIV: An end-to-end verifiable Internet voting system

Traditionally, a country's electoral system requires the voter to vote at a specific day and place, which conflicts with the mobility usually seen in modern live styles. Thus, the widespread of Internet (mobile) broadband access can be seen as an opportunity to deal with this mobility problem, i.e. the adoption of an Internet voting system can make the live of voter's much more convenient; however, a widespread Internet voting systems adoption relies on the ability to develop trustworthy systems, i.e. systems that are verifiable and preserve the voter's privacy. Building such a system is still an open research problem. Our contribution is a new Internet voting system: EVIV, a highly sound End-to-end Verifiable Internet Voting system, which offers full voter's mobility and preserves the voter's privacy from the vote casting PC even if the voter votes from a public PC, such as a PC at a cybercafe or at a public library. Additionally, EVIV has private vote verification mechanisms, in which the voter just has to perform a simple match of two small strings (4-5 alphanumeric characters), that detect and protect against vote manipulations both at the insecure vote client platform and at the election server side. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An Ethos Theory of Party Positions on European Integration: Poland and Beyond

Since 1989, five parliamentary elections have been the stage for the foundation and demise of political parties aspiring to govern the new democratic Polish state. The demise of the AWS before the 2001 elections after ten years of attempts to create a centre-right core party resulted in a new splintering of the right-wing, and the centre-right became again devoid of a pivotal formation. While Eurosceptic parties in average gain 8 percent of the vote, in the 2001 Polish parliamentary elections Eurosceptic parties gained around 20 percent of the vote. In Poland right-wing parties show an unusual propensity for Euroscepticism. The persistence and increased importance of nationalism in Poland, which has prevented the development of a strong Christian democratic party, effectively explains the levels of Euroscepticism on the right. After the autumn 2005 parliamentary elections the national conservative party, Law and Justice, formed a governing coalition with the national Catholic League of Polish Families, creating one of the first Eurosceptic governments. Although this work does not intend to provide a theorisation of party systems development, it shows that the context of European integration fostered nationalists’ divisiveness of, and provoked the splitting of the right the unusual propensity of parties for Euroscepticism makes Poland a paradigmatic case of the kind of conflicts over European integration emerging in Central and Eastern European party systems.