Performance optimization in switched reluctance motor drives

In this paper, switched reluctance motors (SRM) are proposed as an alternative for electric power assisted steering (EPAS) applications. A prototype machine has been developed as very attractive design for a steering electric motor, both from a cost and size perspective. A fourphase 8/6 SRM drive is designed for a rack type EPAS which should provide a maximum force of 10 kN. Two-dimension finite element analysis is used to validate the design.

Using the Own Flexibility of a Climbing Robot as a Double Force Sensor

Force sensors are used when interaction tasks are carried out by robots in general, and by climbing robots in particular. If the mechanics and electronics systems are contained inside the own robot, the robot becomes portable without external control. Commercial force sensors cannot be used due to limited space and weight. By selecting the links material with appropriate stiffness and placing strain gauges on the structure, the own robot flexibility can be used such as force sensor. Thus, forces applied on the robot tip can be measured without additional external devices. Only gauges and small internal electronic converters are necessary. This paper illustrates the proposed algorithm to achieve these measurements. Additionally, experimental results are presented.

Development of an electrochemical maltose biosensor

In this work, electrochemical maltose biosensors based on mutants of the maltose binding protein (MBP) are developed. A ruthenium II complex (Ru II ), which is covalently attached to MBP, serves as an electrochemical reporter of MBP conformational changes. Biosensors were made through direct attachment of Ru II complex modified MBP to gold electrode surfaces. The responses of some individual mutants were evaluated using square wave voltammetry. A maltose-dependent change in Faradic current and capacitance was observed. It is therefore demonstrated that biosensors using generically this family of bacterial periplasmic binding proteins (bPBP) can be made lending themselves to facile biorecognition element preparation and low cost electrochemical transduction.

Airborne ultrasonic vortex generation using flexible ferroelectrets

Cellular ferroelectrets exhibit interesting electromechanical- acoustical characteristics. Their recent appearance and remarkable properties open up new possibilities for the design and development of ultrasonic transducers. In particular, the feasibility of fabricating ultrasonic vortex generators using ferroelectret films is demonstrated in this work. To this end, a transducer prototype was built by gluing the material onto a tangential-helical surface (outer diameter: 40 mm, pitch: 3.45 mm). Experimental results agree well with the theoretical estimation of the pressure and phase of the acoustic field in the near field and far field, which corroborates the potential of ferroelectrets to customize special acoustic fields. Furthermore, the proposed fabrication procedure is inexpensive and represents a new alternative for exploring and analyzing the special characteristics of acoustical helical wavefronts

Structural health monitoring network system with wireless communications inside closed aerospace structures

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) requires integrated "all in one" electronic devices capable of performing analysis of structural integrity and on-board damage detection in aircraft?s structures. PAMELA III (Phased Array Monitoring for Enhanced Life Assessment, version III) SHM embedded system is an example of this device type. This equipment is capable of generating excitation signals to be applied to an array of integrated piezoelectric Phased Array (PhA) transducers stuck to aircraft structure, acquiring the response signals, and carrying out the advanced signal processing to obtain SHM maps. PAMELA III is connected with a host computer in order to receive the configuration parameters and sending the obtained SHM maps, alarms and so on. This host can communicate with PAMELA III through an Ethernet interface. To avoid the use of wires where necessary, it is possible to add Wi-Fi capabilities to PAMELA III, connecting a Wi-Fi node working as a bridge, and to establish a wireless communication between PAMELA III and the host. However, in a real aircraft scenario, several PAMELA III devices must work together inside closed structures. In this situation, it is not possible for all PAMELA III devices to establish a wireless communication directly with the host, due to the signal attenuation caused by the different obstacles of the aircraft structure. To provide communication among all PAMELA III devices and the host, a wireless mesh network (WMN) system has been implemented inside a closed aluminum wingbox. In a WMN, as long as a node is connected to at least one other node, it will have full connectivity to the entire network because each mesh node forwards packets to other nodes in the network as required. Mesh protocols automatically determine the best route through the network and can dynamically reconfigure the network if a link drops out. The advantages and disadvantages on the use of a wireless mesh network system inside closed aerospace structures are discussed.

Integrated electronic system for ultrasonic structural health monitoring

A fully integrated on-board electronic system that can perform in-situ structural health monitoring (SHM) of aircraft?s structures using specifically designed equipment for SHM based on guided wave ultrasonic method or Lamb waves? method is introduced. This equipment is called Phased Array Monitoring for Enhanced Life Assessment (PAMELA III) and is an essential part of overall PAMELA SHM? system. PAMELA III can generate any kind of excitation signals, acquire the response signals that propagate throughout the structure being tested, and perform the signal processing for damage detection directly on the structure without need to send the huge amount of raw signals but only the final SHM maps. It monitors the structure by means of an array of integrated Phased Array (PhA) transducers preferably bonded onto the host structure. The PAMELA III hardware for SHM mapping has been designed, built and subjected to laboratory tests, using aluminum and CFRP structures. The 12 channel system has been designed to be low weight (265 grams only), to have a small form factor, to be directly mounted above the integrated PhA transducers without need for cables and to be EMI protected so that the equipment can be taken on board an aircraft to perform required SHM analyses by use of embedded SHM algorithms. Moreover, the autonomous, automatic and on real-time working procedure makes it suitable for the avionic field, sending the corresponding alerts, maps and reports to external equipment.

Efecto del Cross-talk en la respuesta de un Transductor Ultrasónico tipo PZT

El presente trabajo de tesis investiga el efecto del fenómeno conocido como “Cross-talk” generado por el modo lateral de vibración, en la respuesta de un transductor ultrasónico formado por un arreglo de elementos piezoeléctricos tipo PZT (Zircanato Titanato de Plomo), la investigación se lleva a cabo desde el punto de vista de la naturaleza física de este efecto, así como de los parámetros asociados al mismo, así como un análisis del efecto del “Cross-talk” en la respuesta del transductor, formado por arreglos de elementos piezoeléctricos. Diversas investigaciones han abordado el fenómeno del “Cross-talk” y de sus efectos en la respuesta de los transductores, estos se han enfocado principalmente al modo espesor (thickness) de vibración. Sin embargo no ha habido un estudio a fondo para el estudio de este fenómeno en el modo lateral de vibración tema de interés de este trabajo de tesis. Este trabajo incluye simulaciones del fenómeno del “Cross-talk” mediante el método de los elementos finitos (MEF), así como la construcción de un transductor tipo matricial (arrray) de 2x3 elementos, en el que fueron realizadas las mediciones físicas del fenómeno. El trabajo abarca un estudio comparativo entre las simulaciones y las mediciones realizadas en el transductor, considerando que las cerámicas del transductor están montadas sobre diferentes materiales (backing) en donde la propagación de la energía emitida por las cerámicas piezoeléctricas provoca un mayor o menor grado de “Cross-talk” dependiendo de la velocidad en que se propaga dicha energía. Esta investigación también llevó a cabo el estudio del efecto del “Cross-talk” en el patrón de radiación que emite el arreglo de elementos piezoeléctricos, siendo este patrón de radiación un factor importante en la respuesta del transductor, motivo por el cual se realizó un análisis de cómo se ve afectado este patrón bajo la influencia del fenómeno del “Cross-talk”. Como ya se mencionó debido a la falta de un estudio a profundidad del fenómeno del “Cross-talk” en el modo lateral, la contribución del presente trabajo es importante ya que se enfoca al modo lateral de vibración de los elementos piezoeléctricos del arreglo. En particular se desarrollo una ecuación que permite cuantificar el fenómeno del “Cross-talk” y visualizar sus efectos en el arreglo. Derivando de este estudio se concluye que el fenómeno del “Cross-talk” generado por el modo lateral de vibración tiene un efecto significativo en la respuesta de los diferentes transductores matriciales considerados. ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the effect of the phenomenon known as crosstalk from the point of view of its physical nature and the elements that lead to the formation of this phenomenon to an analysis of how it may affect the performance of the ultrasonic transducer. This phenomenon occurs primarily in matrix arrays and this phenomenon is magnified by certain factors causing serious problems in the performance of a transducer. Researchers have addressed the phenomenon of crosstalk and their effects on the response of these transducers. They have mainly focused in the thickness vibration mode, and there has been no comprehensive study of this phenomenon in the lateral vibration mode, issue of interest of this thesis. This work includes simulations of the crosstalk phenomenon using the finite element method (FEM), and the construction of a matrix type transducer (array) of 2x3 elements, in which physical measurements were made. The work includes a comparative study between simulations and measurements in the transducer, whereas the ceramic transducer are mounted on different materials (backing) where the spread of the energy emitted by the piezoelectric ceramic causes a greater or lesser degree of crosstalk depending on the speed at which this energy spreads. This research also carried out the study of the effect of the crosstalk in the radiation pattern emitted by the piezoelectric array. The radiation pattern is an important factor in the response of the transducer that is why we conducted an analysis of how this pattern is affected under the influence of the crosstalk phenomenon. As mentioned before because of the lack of an in-depth study of the crosstalk phenomenon in the lateral vibration mode, the contribution of this work is important because it focuses in this vibration mode of the piezoelectric elements in the array. In particular, an equation was developed to quantify the crosstalk phenomenon and to see its effects in the array. Deriving from this study it is possible to conclude that the crosstalk phenomenon generated by the lateral vibration mode has a significant effect on the response of the different matrix transducers considered in this work.

Simulating Metabolic Processes Using an Architecture Based on Networks of Bio-inspired Processors.

In this work, we propose the Networks of Evolutionary Processors (NEP) [2] as a computational model to solve problems related with biological phenomena. In our first approximation, we simulate biological processes related with cellular signaling and their implications in the metabolism, by using an architecture based on NEP (NEP architecture) and their specializations: Networks of Polarized Evolutionary Processors (NPEP) [1] and NEP Transducers (NEPT) [3]. In particular, we use this architecture to simulate the interplay between cellular processes related with the metabolism as the Krebs cycle and the malate-aspartate shuttle pathway (MAS) both being altered by signaling by calcium.

An Architecture forRepresenting Biological Processes based on Networks of Bio-inspired Processors

n this paper we propose the use of Networks of Bio-inspired Processors (NBP) to model some biological phenomena within a computational framework. In particular, we propose the use of an extension of NBP named Network Evolutionary Processors Transducers to simulate chemical transformations of substances. Within a biological process, chemical transformations of substances are basic operations in the change of the state of the cell. Previously, it has been proved that NBP are computationally complete, that is, they are able to solve NP complete problems in linear time, using massively parallel computations. In addition, we propose a multilayer architecture that will allow us to design models of biological processes related to cellular communication as well as their implications in the metabolic pathways. Subsequently, these models can be applied not only to biological-cellular instances but, possibly, also to configure instances of interactive processes in many other fields like population interactions, ecological trophic networks, in dustrial ecosystems, etc.

Anisotropic magnetoresistive study in bilayer NiFe-NiO for sensor applications

Related with the detection of weak magnetic fields, the anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) effect is widely utilized in sensor applications. Exchange coupling between an antiferromagnet (AF) and the ferromagnet (FM) has been known as a significant parameter in the field sensitivity of magnetoresistance because of pinning effects on magnetic domain in FM layer by the bias field in AF. In this work we have studied the thermal evolution of the magnetization reversal processes in nanocrystalline exchange biased Ni80Fe20/Ni-O bilayers with large training effects and we report the anisotropic magnetoresistance ratio arising from field orientation in the bilayer.

Marco computacional para la definición de un modelo bio-inspirado en la señalización celular

Las Redes de Procesadores Evolutivos-NEP propuestas en [Mitrana et al., 2001], son un modelo computacional bio-inspirado a partir de la evolución de poblaciones de células, definiendo a nivel sintáctico algunas propiedades biológicas. En este modelo, las células están representadas por medio de palabras que describen secuencias de ADN. Informalmente, en algún instante de tiempo, el sistema evolutivo está representado por una colección de palabras cada una de las cuales representa una célula. El espacio genotipo de las especies, es un conjunto que recoge aquellas palabras que son aceptadas como sobrevivientes (es decir, como \correctas"). Desde el punto de vista de la evolución, las células pertenecen a especies y su comunidad evoluciona de acuerdo a procesos biológicos como la mutación y la división celular. éstos procesos representan el proceso natural de evolución y ponen de manifiesto una característica intrínseca de la naturaleza: el paralelismo. En este modelo, estos procesos son vistos como operaciones sobre palabras. Formalmente, el modelo de las NEP constituyen una arquitectura paralela y distribuida de procesamiento simbólico inspirada en la Máquina de conexión [Hillis, 1981], en el Paradigma de Flujo Lógico [Errico and Jesshope, 1994] y en las Redes de Procesadores Paralelos de Lenguajes (RPPL) [Csuhaj-Varju and Salomaa, 1997]. Al modelo NEP se han ido agregando nuevas y novedosas extensiones hasta el punto que actualmente podemos hablar de una familia de Redes de Procesadores Bio-inspirados (NBP) [Mitrana et al., 2012b]. Un considerable número de trabajos a lo largo de los últimos años han demostrado la potencia computacional de la familia NBP. En general, éstos modelos son computacionalmente completos, universales y eficientes [Manea et al., 2007], [Manea et al., 2010b], [Mitrana and Martín-Vide, 2005]. De acuerdo a lo anterior, se puede afirmar que el modelo NEP ha adquirido hasta el momento un nivel de madurez considerable. Sin embargo, aunque el modelo es de inspiración biológica, sus metas siguen estando motivadas en la Teoría de Lenguajes Formales y las Ciencias de la Computación. En este sentido, los aspectos biológicos han sido abordados desde una perspectiva cualitativa y el acercamiento a la realidad biológica es de forma meramente sintáctica. Para considerar estos aspectos y lograr dicho acercamiento es necesario que el modelo NEP tenga una perspectiva más amplia que incorpore la interacción de aspectos tanto cualitativos como cuantitativos. La contribución de esta Tesis puede considerarse como un paso hacia adelante en una nueva etapa de los NEPs, donde el carácter cuantitativo del modelo es de primordial interés y donde existen posibilidades de un cambio visible en el enfoque de interés del dominio de los problemas a considerar: de las ciencias de la computación hacia la simulación/modelado biológico y viceversa, entre otros. El marco computacional que proponemos en esta Tesis extiende el modelo de las Redes de Procesadores Evolutivos (NEP) y define arquitectura inspirada en la definición de bloques funcionales del proceso de señalización celular para la solución de problemas computacionales complejos y el modelado de fenómenos celulares desde una perspectiva discreta. En particular, se proponen dos extensiones: (1) los Transductores basados en Redes de Procesadores Evolutivos (NEPT), y (2) las Redes Parametrizadas de Procesadores Evolutivos Polarizados (PNPEP). La conservación de las propiedades y el poder computacional tanto de NEPT como de PNPEP se demuestra formalmente. Varias simulaciones de procesos relacionados con la señalización celular son abordadas sintáctica y computacionalmente, con el _n de mostrar la aplicabilidad e idoneidad de estas dos extensiones. ABSTRACT Network of Evolutionary Processors -NEP was proposed in [Mitrana et al., 2001], as a computational model inspired by the evolution of cell populations, which might model some properties of evolving cell communities at the syntactical level. In this model, cells are represented by words which encode their DNA sequences. Informally, at any moment of time, the evolutionary system is described by a collection of words, where each word represents one cell. Cells belong to species and their community evolves according to mutations and division which are defined by operations on words. Only those cells accepted as survivors (correct) are represented by a word in a given set of words, called the genotype space of the species. This feature is analogous with the natural process of evolution. Formally, NEP is based on an architecture for parallel and distributed processing inspired from the Connection Machine [Hillis, 1981], the Flow Logic Paradigm [Errico and Jesshope, 1994] and the Networks of Parallel Language Processors (RPPL) [Csuhaj-Varju and Salomaa, 1997]. Since the date when NEP was proposed, several extensions and variants have appeared engendering a new set of models named Networks of Bio-inspired Processors (NBP) [Mitrana et al., 2012b]. During this time, several works have proved the computational power of NBP. Specifically, their efficiency, universality, and computational completeness have been thoroughly investigated [Manea et al., 2007, Manea et al., 2010b, Mitrana and Martín-Vide, 2005]. Therefore, we can say that the NEP model has reached its maturity. Nevertheless, although the NEP model is biologically inspired, this model is mainly motivated by mathematical and computer science goals. In this context, the biological aspects are only considered from a qualitative and syntactical perspective. In view of this lack, it is important to try to keep the NEP theory as close as possible to the biological reality, extending their perspective incorporating the interplay of qualitative and quantitative aspects. The contribution of this Thesis, can be considered as a starting point in a new era of the NEP model. Then, the quantitative character of the NEP model is mandatory and it can address completely new different types of problems with respect to the classical computational domain (e.g. from the computer science to system biology). Therefore, the computational framework that we propose extends the NEP model and defines an architecture inspired by the functional blocks from cellular signaling in order to solve complex computational problems and cellular phenomena modeled from a discrete perspective. Particularly, we propose two extensions, namely: (1) Transducers based on Network of Evolutionary Processors (NEPT), and (2) Parametrized Network of Polarized Evolutionary Processors (PNPEP). Additionally, we have formally proved that the properties and computational power of NEP is kept in both extensions. Several simulations about processes related with cellular signaling both syntactical and computationally have been considered to show the model suitability.

Actualización de un compresor volumétrico alternativo

Este proyecto supone la actualización y modernización de un compresor volumétrico alternativo que se encuentra en el Laboratorio de Máquinas y Motores Térmicos. Para ello, el primer paso ha sido realizar una serie de adaptaciones físicas y electrónicas de las señales que producen los distintos transductores del compresor. Estas adaptaciones han sido necesarias para que las señales pudiesen ser reconocidas por el microcontrolador Arduino. Éste es el encargado de comunicar las señales a LabVIEW 2012 con el que se ha creado un programa de lectura e interpretación de datos. Después de que las señales pasen por dicho programa se obtiene la fuerza que está realizando el motor que mueve el compresor, la presión en cámara del compresor y las revoluciones por minuto a las que gira el eje del motor y por tanto, el compresor. ABSTRACT This project has carried out the updating and modernization of an alternative volumetric compressor located at the Laboratory of Heat Engines. To do so, the first step was to perform a series of physical and electronic adaptations of the signals produced by the different transducers of the compressor. These adjustments were necessary so that the signals could be recognized by the Arduino microcontroller. This is responsible for communicating signals to LabVIEW 2012, used to set up the reading and interpreting data program. Once the signals have passed through the aforementioned program, we obtain the data of the force generated by the motor driving the compressor, the pressure in the compressor chamber and the revolutions per minute of the motor’s rotating shaft, and therefore, the compressor.

Detección de grietas en placas con técnicas multifrecuencia

Safety is one of the most important feature in the aviation industry, and this involves too many factors. One of these is the aircraft maintenance. Over time, the procedures have been changing, and improving themselves. Non Destructive Testing (NDT) appeared in the late 19th century as a great option, because it enabled to inspect any structure without damaging it. Nowadays, there are several kinds of NDT, but ultrasound is one of the most widely used. This Master Thesis is devoted to an innovative ultrasound technique for crack detection. A technique, whose main aim lies in getting a good location of defects from a few measures, breaking with the currently widespread methods, as phased array. It is not necessary to use trains of waves, only discrete excitations, which means a great saving of time and energy. This work is divided into two steps: the first is to develop a multiphysics simulator, which is able to solve linear elasticity 3D problems (via Finite Element Method, FEM). This simulator allows to obtain in a computationally efficient way the displacement field for different frequencies and excitations. The solution of this elastic problem is needed to be used in the second step, which consists of generating a code that implements a mathematical tool named topological derivative, allowing to locate defects in the studied domain. In this work, the domain is a plate, and the defect is a hidden spherical void. The simulator has been developed using open source software (Elmer, Gmsh, ...), achieving a highly versatile simulator, which allows to change the configuration easily: domain size and shape, number and position of transducers, etc. Just one comercial software is used, Matlab. It is used to implement the topological derivative. In this work, the performance of the method is tested in several examples comparing the results when one or more frequencies are considered for different configurations of emisors/receptors.

A novel method for measuring the dynamic fracture-initiation toughness under impulsive loadings

The design and development of a new method for performing fracture toughness tests under impulsive loadings using explosives is presented. The experimental set-up was complemented with pressure transducers and strain gauges in order to measure, respectively, the blast wave that reached the specimen and the loading history. Fracture toughness tests on a 7017-T73 aluminium alloy were carried out by using this device under impulsive loadings. Previous studies reported that such aluminium alloy had very little strain rate sensitivity, which made it an ideal candidate for comparison at different loading rates. The fracture-initiation toughness values of the 7017-T73 aluminium alloy obtained at impulsive loadings did not exhibit a significant variation from the cases studied at lower loading rates. Therefore, the method and device developed for measuring the dynamic fracture-initiation toughness under impulsive loadings was considered suitable for such a purpose

Debonding detection of FRP strengthened concrete beams by using impedance measurements and an ensemble PSO adaptive spectral model

An impedance-based midspan debonding identification method for RC beams strengthened with FRP strips is presented in this paper using piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) sensor?actuators. To reach this purpose, firstly, a two-dimensional electromechanical impedance model is proposed to predict the electrical admittance of the PZT transducer bonded to the FRP strips of an RC beam. Considering the impedance is measured in high frequencies, a spectral element model of the bonded-PZT?FRP strengthened beam is developed. This model, in conjunction with experimental measurements of PZT transducers, is used to present an updating methodology to quantitatively detect interfacial debonding of these kinds of structures. To improve the performance and accuracy of the detection algorithm in a challenging problem such as ours, the structural health monitoring approach is solved with an ensemble process based on particle of swarm. An adaptive mesh scheme has also been developed to increase the reliability in locating the area in which debonding initiates. Predictions carried out with experimental results have showed the effectiveness and potential of the proposed method to detect prematurely at its earliest stages a critical failure mode such as that due to midspan debonding of the FRP strip.