The morals of metaphysics: Kant's 'Groundwork' as intellectual paideia

To approach philosophy as a way of working on the self means to begin not with the experience it clarifies and the subject it discovers, but with the acts of self‐transformation it requires and the subjectivity it seeks to fashion. Commenting on the variety of spiritual exercises to be found in the ancient schools, Pierre Hadot remarks that: Some, like Plutarch’s ethismoi, designed to curb curiosity, anger or gossip, were only practices intended to ensure good moral habits. Others, particularly the meditations of the Platonic tradition, demanded a high degree of mental concentration. Some, like the contemplation of nature as practiced in all philosophical schools, turned the soul toward the cosmos, while still others—rare and exceptional—led to a transfiguration of the personality, as in the experiences of Plotinus. We also saw that the emotional tone and notional content of these exercises varied widely from one philosophical school to another: from the mobilization of energy and consent to destiny of the Stoics, to the relaxation and detachment of the Epicureans, to the mental concentration and renunciation of the sensible world among the Platonists.1 While successfully applied to ancient philosophy,2 this approach has not been widely exploited in the history of philosophy more broadly. There is, however, at least one study of medieval metaphysics in these terms,3 and there are some important discussions of early modern Stoicism and Epicureanism.4 And a recent study of Hume shows the fruitfulness of the approach for Enlightenment philosophy.5 It is all the more surprising then that there seems to have been no serious attempt to approach Kant’s moral philosophy in this way.

Erotic Literature in Nineteenth-Century Bali

Two nineteenth-century Balinese genres in which the erotic predominates are epic kakawin poetry and tutur (religious manuals) on sexual yoga. The article points to the strong intertextual links between these diverse genres. Through their focus on practical sexual matters and on the pursuit of sexual pleasure as integral to spiritual growth, tutur and kakawin also offer insight into notions of gender and sexuality in nineteenth-century Bali.

Auditoria interna como instrumento de controle social na administra????o p??blica

Sob o ponto de vista constitucional os controles interno e externo somam-se a fim de promover responsabiliza????o permanente dos gestores p??blicos em torno dos princ??pios constitucionais da administra????o p??blica: legalidade, impessoalidade, moralidade, publicidade e efici??ncia. Neste artigo a argumenta????o segue no sentido de incrementar as discuss??es acerca da import??ncia de que em todos os n??veis da administra????o p??blica e nos tr??s poderes ??? Legislativo, Executivo e Judici??rio ??? seja implantada a auditoria interna, como unidade respons??vel pela an??lise do sistema de controle interno e a interlocu????o com o controle externo. Embora a administra????o p??blica no Brasil ainda se estruture hibridamente sob o sistema burocr??tico e o sistema gerencial, o fato ?? que os administradores p??blicos possuem na auditoria interna importante mecanismo gerencial que, como regra, contribui para detectar e propor a corre????o dos desperd??cios e procedimentos equivocados, principalmente antecipando-se a essas ocorr??ncias. Neste artigo, ?? apresentado ainda o exemplo da cria????o da auditoria interna no Instituto de Pesos e Medidas do Estado de S??o Paulo (Ipem-SP), sua interlocu????o com o Controle Externo e os resultados no ??mbito da autarquia.

Moralidade e plágio : um estudo com alunos do ensino médio

Nosso objetivo foi compreender o juízo da representação da ação de plágio de estudantes do segundo e terceiro anos do ensino médio, provenientes de escolas públicas e particulares de Vitória, Espírito Santo. Participaram 40 discentes entre 16 a 18 anos, que frequentavam três escolas públicas e duas privadas da cidade de Vitória-ES, divididos igualmente quanto a sexo e tipo de instituição. Nosso instrumento de pesquisa foi a um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado, contendo uma história-fictícia que envolveu o comportamento de plágio. As entrevistas foram realizadas individualmente, em consonância com o método clínico piagetiano e, como procedimento de análise dos protocolos, utilizamos a sistematização de categorias proposta por Delval. Avaliamos os juízos dos adolescentes com relação a representação da ação de plágio do personagem da história-fictícia contada, nos seguintes aspectos: se consideravam a ação certa ou errada, se o plagiário deve ou não ser punido e qual (is) a (s) penalidade (s) sugerida (s). Foram solicitadas as justificativas de todos os aspectos anteriormente mencionados. A partir dos dados encontrados, constatamos que a maior parte dos estudantes: 1) considerou que o plágio é uma atitude errada; 2) justificou ser errado, principalmente pela “negligência do aluno no cumprimento do trabalho”, pela “possibilidade de consequência negativa” e pela “ação ser incorreta”; 3) afirmou que o personagem “deve ser punido”; 4) analisou, como castigo para este ato, “fazer um novo trabalho”, uma “conversa” e “receber nota zero no trabalho” plagiado e, por fim, 5) justificou as sanções sugeridas em virtude da “oportunidade de aprendizado e/ou reflexão do aluno com a punição” da “adequabilidade da punição” e da “possibilidade de consequência negativa para o aluno”. Por outro lado, as razões dos poucos escolares que consideravam que o personagem da história “não deve ser penalizado” foram a favor da “ausência de especificação e/ou proibição pelo docente” e por causa do plágio ser um “fato rotineiro”. De maneira geral, os dados de nossa pesquisa mostram que os participantes sabem que é errado plagiar, reconhecem que não se deve fazer este ato e a maioria dos estudantes penalizou a conduta investigada. Esse trabalho pode contribuir para a ampliação dos estudos na área da moralidade e colaborar com subsídios teóricos para a elaboração de projetos de educação em valores morais que contemplem, de uma forma geral, o enfrentamento da desonestidade acadêmica e, especificamente, o plágio. Consideramos que a inserção desse conteúdo nas propostas de educação em valores morais contemporâneas poderá enriquecer a formação moral dos estudantes. Assim, esperamos, a partir dos resultados encontrados na presente pesquisa, subsidiar e promover a realização de outros estudos e propiciar discussões e ações sobre o referido tema, principalmente na Psicologia e na Educação.

Angola, jeje e ketu : memórias e identidades em casas e nações de candomblé na Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória (ES)

Angola, jeje e ketu: Memórias e identidades em casas e nações de candomblé na Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória (ES), que é o tema desta dissertação, requer adentrar em análises de categorias nativas do povo de santo, e, em seguida, passar a questões teóricas sobre esses temas. Na cidade de Serra encontram-se as quatro casas de santo onde a pesquisa de campo foi realizada com três iyalorixás e um babalorixá, que dividem suas memórias e experiências religiosas compondo um exercício teórico sobre a história e a formação do candomblé no Espírito Santo. Nesse estado, que não é referência dessa religião, a mesma encontra-se em ascensão. A preocupação dos integrantes das comunidades de terreiros é transformar parte das tradições orais em produção escrita. Tendo em vista os processos políticos de reconhecimento legal da diversidade cultural, o debate se deu em torno de hibridização e múltiplas formas de identidade. O universo encantador e mágico do candomblé é composto pelos toques dos atabaques, danças rituais e fé em forças da natureza. Os “filhos da diáspora africana” trazidos para o Brasil eram de várias regiões da África, o que nos permite entender a diversidade cultural que marca esses grupos. Em função do sincretismo entre as próprias religiões de matriz africana e delas com o catolicismo e as doutrinas espiritualistas, essas religiões encontram-se de norte a sul do país. Este encontro de crenças e rituais é tão evidente que já não dizemos religiões “africanas” e sim religiões “afro-brasileiras”. O candomblé, desde o seu surgimento, vem sendo criado e recriado pela transmissão de suas tradições e ritos. A tradição oral nas comunidades de terreiro é um dos elementos demarcadores da construção da sua identidade, a partir de uma organização interna e do aprendizado hierarquicamente transmitido pelos depositários do saber, seguindo uma ordem de senioridade de iniciação, os antigos são detentores dos saberes e segredos. Por ser uma religião iniciática, o aprendizado ocorre permanentemente, em especial o da língua ritual, onde o exercício e o contato levam a transmissão cultural. O povo de santo reconstrói uma ligação com uma comunidade imaginada que remonta a África e desenvolve relações de parentesco ficcional entre os membros das comunidades de terreiro e forma uma família de santo e de axé.

Para uma sócio-história da língua Guarani no Espírito Santo : uma análise sob a perspectiva sociolinguística

Estima-se que restam hoje cerca de 50 mil índios Guarani no Brasil, que se situam, principalmente, na faixa litorânea que vai desde os estados do sul até o território capixaba, o Espírito Santo. Considerando que essa comunidade se mantém bilíngue, o presente trabalho objetiva discutir se, na situação de contato entre o Guarani e o Português, a primeira língua está ou não cedendo lugar à segunda. Para alcançar esse objetivo, foi formado um banco de dados de fala por meio de entrevistas realizadas nas aldeias, que versaram sobre as tradições históricas, a família, a religião, a economia e o meio ambiente – aspectos considerados por eles como as principais armas de resistência desse povo. A análise tomou por base os pressupostos da Sociolinguística/Contato Linguístico, com teóricos como Weinreich (1953), Fishman (1968; 1972), Appel e Muysken (1996), Coulmas (2005) e outros, que discutem temas pertinentes à pesquisa em questão: o contato linguístico e a manutenção/substituição de línguas minoritárias. Acredita-se que, apesar do contato com o português pela venda de artesanatos, pela mídia e pela atuação da escola e sua ação integralizadora, prevista pelo Estatuto do Índio, o Guarani mantém a sua língua materna - ainda que estigmatizada - devido à forte religiosidade que norteia todo o seu modo de vida. Ele entende a palavra como um dom e confere a ela um poder mítico de conexão com o mundo espiritual, o que, ao mesmo tempo, confere extrema importância à língua minoritária e favorece a sua preservação, enquanto marca importante da cultura e identidade desse povo.

PODEM AS DÍVIDAS DO BES SER DO NOVO BANCO?

No ponto de vista jurídico existe um velho instituto jurídico que se chama “Levantamento ou desconsideração da personalidade colectiva” que pode permitir – por palavras breves – imputar as dívidas do BES ao Novo Banco. Também é possível nos socorrermos do instituto do Abuso do Direito (art. 334º do Código Civil): “É ilegítimo o exercício de um direito, quando o titular exceda manifestamente os limites impostos pela boa fé, pelos bons costumes ou pelo fim social ou económico desse direito”. Aplica-se o art. 11º/8 do Código Penal: «8 - A cisão e a fusão não determinam a extinção da responsabilidade criminal da pessoa colectiva ou entidade equiparada, respondendo pela prática do crime: § a) A pessoa colectiva ou entidade equiparada em que a fusão se tiver efectivado; § e § b) As pessoas colectivas ou entidades equiparadas que resultaram da cisão». § In the legal point of view there is an old legal principle called "Lifting or disregard of legal personality" which can allow - for brief words - charge the debts of the BES to the New Bank. It is also possible in socorrermos Law Abuse Institute (Article 334 of the Civil Code.): "It is illegitimate exercise of a right, where the proprietor clearly exceed the bounds of good faith, morality or the social or economic purpose this right ". Applies the art. 11/8 of the Penal Code: "8 - The split and the merger does not determine the extinction of criminal liability of the legal or related entity person, accounting for the crime: § a) The legal person or related entity in the merger if paid up; § and § b) A legal entity or similar entities resulting from the split. "

Praying Doves and Preying Vultures

The most saddening feature in this entire debate is that the Church in Goa, instead of transmitting the image of kingdom of God, of Jesus who emptied himself (kenosis) and was crucified with nothing that he could call his own (“rights”) is increasingly revealing a spiritual bankruptcy. Obviously, the mystical body does not feed on mystical rice and curry. A mere suggestion of State legislation to check the transparency and accountability of the temporal goods of the Church was sufficient to raise the hackles of the rich and the powerful who need the Church, but present themselves as its faithful servants, who can ensure that the more humble sons and daughters of the Church benefit from crumbs of their charity. *Spiritus ubi vult spirat* – the Spirit blows where it wills, and the history of the Church has umpteen illustrations of this. As the saying goes, “The road to Hell is paved with good intentions”. Only the kicks of history have brought about most significant reforms.

Aprendendo a viver com regras : a validação das teses piagetianas da gênese da moral nos contextos atuais

RESUMO: Esta dissertação teve como objetivo central replicar o estudo realizado por Piaget sobre aquisição do conceito de regras em crianças, a fim de procurarmos saber se passados 78 anos da obra “O Juízo Moral na Criança”, os dados que o mesmo encontrou sobre a aquisição do princípio da moral se mantêm em nossa atualidade. Para atingir esse objetivo realizamos uma breve revisão bibliográfica, abrangendo alguns autores, teóricos e pesquisadores que enfatizaram estudos sobre o princípio da ética e a fundamentação da moral, entre os quais constam: Platão, Aristóteles, Nietzsche, Kant, Durkheim. Baseamo-nos igualmente em alguns autores mais recentes como Vázquez, Lourenço, Cortina e Martinez, Biaggio, dentre outros. Ao analisarmos a origem psicológica do desenvolvimento moral da criança, buscamos suporte na teoria de Kolhberg e principalmente de Jean Piaget, autor principal para esta pesquisa. A pesquisa guiou-se por uma dimensão descritiva e qualitativa, centrada na observação direta e indireta, baseada no modelo clínico introduzido por Piaget. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram que os dados obtidos por Piaget há 78 anos, são compatíveis com os dias de hoje, pois as crianças apresentaram dados equivalentes em média com as idades estipuladas para a aquisição da moral heterônoma e da moral autônoma. Constatámos que a aquisição do princípio da reversibilidade leva as crianças a adquirirem capacidades cognitivas para uma moral autônoma. A concepção de regras transmitidas pelas crianças, emergiram em uma concepção de respeito a uma norma pré estabelecida, e que, gradualmente se transforma em consciência da importância das mesmas para o princípio da boa convivência. ABSTRACT: This dissertation aimed to replicate the study worked out by Piaget on acquisition of concept rules in children, in order to know if, 78 years passed from "The Moral Judgment in Child", data about acquisition of morality principle remain current. To achieve this goal we conducted a brief bibliographic review, covering some authors, theorists and researchers who emphasized studies on ethics principle and moral fundamentation, such as: Plato, Aristotle, Nietzsche, Kant, Durkheim. We were also based on some latest authors as Vázquez, Lourenço, Cortina and Martinez, Biaggio, and others. Considering the psychological origin of moral development of children, we sought support in Kolhberg´s theory and, especially, Jean Piaget, the main author for this search. The research was led by a descriptive and qualitative dimension, focused on direct and indirect observation, based on clinical model introduced by Piaget. The survey results showed that data obtained by Piaget 78 years ago are still compatible with the present day, because children have, on average, equivalent data through all ages stipulated for the acquisition of heteronomic and autonomous moral. We found that the acquisition of the reversibility principle leads children to acquire cognitive skills for an autonomous moral. The conception of rules provided by children, emerged to a conception of respect to a pre-established standard, that gradually becomes aware of its importance to the principle of coexistence.

"A eficácia simbólica" revisitada: cantos de cura ayoreo

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar uma área específica do conhecimento indígena, os sarode ou cantos de cura dos Ayoreo do Gran Chaco, para poder esclarecer algumas das bases metafísicas da epistemologia ayoreo. O estudo se fundamenta no enfoque que Joanna Overing propõe na introdução de sua obra Reason and Morality (1985) e sugere que, apesar de serem simples e repetitivos, os cantos de cura pertencem a um corpus mais amplo de conhecimentos "míticos" e derivam sua eficácia e poder não tanto da sugestão ou da metáfora, mas sim de sua capacidade de captar o poder do mundo mítico dos jnani bajade, os "seres originários", que são ao mesmo tempo Ayoreo e os antepassados ou donos dos que hoje em dia são animais, plantas e minerais.

Eastwards / westwards: which direction for gender studies in the 21st century?

Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the XXIst Century? is a collection of essays which focus on themes and methods that characterize current research into gender in Asian countries in general. In this collection, ideas derived from Gender Studies elsewhere in the world have been subjected to scrutiny for their utility in helping to describe and understand regional phenomena. But the concepts of Local and Global – with their discoursive productions – have not functioned as a binary opposition: localism and globalism are mutually constitutive and researchers have interrogated those spaces of interaction between the ‘self’ and the ‘other’, bearing in mind their own embeddedness in social and cultural structures and their own historical memory. Contributors to this collection provided a critical transnational perspective on some of the complex effects of the dynamics of cultural globalization, by exploring the relation between gender and development, language, historiography, education and culture. We have also given attention to the ideological and rhetorical processes through which gender identity is constructed, by comparing textual grids and patterns of expectation. Likewise, we have discussed the role of ethnography, anthropology, historiography, sociology, fiction, popular culture and colonial and post-colonial sources in (re)inventing old/new male/female identities, their conversion into concepts and circulation through time and space. This multicultural and trans-disciplinary selection of essays is totally written in English, fully edited and revised, therefore, it has a good potential for an immediate international circulation. This project may trace new paths and issues for discussion on what concerns the life, practices and narratives by and about women in Asia, as well as elsewhere in the present day global experience. Academic readership: Researchers, scholars, educators, graduate and post-graduate students, doctoral students and general non-fiction readers, with a special interest in Gender Studies, Asia, Colonial and Post-Colonial Literature, Anthropology, Cultural Studies, History, Historiography, Politics, Race, Feminism, Language, Linguistics, Power, Political and Feminist Agendas, Popular Culture, Education, Women’s Writing, Religion, Multiculturalism, Globalisation, Migration. Chapter summary: 1. “Social Gender Stereotypes and their Implication in Hindi”, Anjali Pande, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. This essay looks at the subtle ways in which gender identities are constructed and reinforced in India through social norms of language use. Language itself becomes a medium for perpetuating gender stereotypes, forcing its speakers to confirm to socially defined gender roles. Using examples from a classroom discussion about a film, this essay will highlight the underlying rigid male-female stereotypes in Indian society with their more obvious expressions in language. For the urban woman in India globalisation meant increased economic equality and exposure to changed lifestyles. On an individual level it also meant redefining gender relations and changing the hierarchy in man-­woman relationships. With the economic independence there is a heightened sense of liberation in all spheres of social life, a confidence to fuzz the rigid boundaries of gender roles. With the new films and media celebrating this liberated woman, who is ready to assert her sexual needs, who is ready to explode those long held notions of morality, one would expect that the changes are not just superficial. But as it soon became obvious in the course of a classroom discussion about relationships and stereotypes related to age, the surface changes can not become part of the common vocabulary, for the obvious reason that there is still a vast gap between the screen image of this new woman and the ground reality. Social considerations define the limits of this assertiveness of women, whereas men are happy to be liberal within the larger frame of social sanctions. The educated urban woman in India speaks in favour of change and the educated urban male supports her, but one just needs to scratch the surface to see the time tested formulae of gender roles firmly in place. The way the urban woman happily balances this emerging promise of independence with her gendered social identity, makes it necessary to rethink some aspects of looking at gender in a gradually changing, traditional society like India. 2. “The Linguistic Dimension of Gender Equality”, Alissa Tolstokorova, Kiev Centre for Gender Information and Education, Ukraine. The subject-matter of this essay is gender justice in language which, as I argue, may be achieved through the development of a gender-related approach to linguistic human rights. The last decades of the 20th century, globally marked by a “gender shift” in attitudes to language policy, gave impetus to the social movement for promoting linguistic gender equality. It was initiated in Western Europe and nowadays is moving eastwards, as ideas of gender democracy progress into developing countries. But, while in western societies gender discrimination through language, or linguistic sexism, was an issue of concern for over three decades, in developing countries efforts to promote gender justice in language are only in their infancy. My argument is that to promote gender justice in language internationally it is necessary to acknowledge the rights of women and men to equal representation of their gender in language and speech and, therefore, raise a question of linguistic rights of the sexes. My understanding is that the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights in 1996 provided this opportunity to address the problem of gender justice in language as a human rights issue, specifically as a gender dimension of linguistic human rights. 3. “The Rebirth of an Old Language: Issues of Gender Equality in Kazakhstan”, Maria Helena Guimarães, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. The existing language situation in Kazakhstan, while peaceful, is not without some tension. We propose to analyze here some questions we consider relevant in the frame of cultural globalization and gender equality, such as: free from Russian imperialism, could Kazakhstan become an easy prey of Turkey’s “imperialist dream”? Could these traditionally Muslim people be soon facing the end of religious tolerance and gender equality, becoming this new old language an easy instrument for the infiltration in the country of fundamentalism (it has already crossed the boarders of Uzbekistan), leading to a gradual deterioration of its rich multicultural relations? The present structure of the language is still very fragile: there are three main dialects and many academics defend the re-introduction of the Latin alphabet, thus enlarging the possibility of cultural “contamination” by making the transmission of fundamentalist ideas still easier through neighbour countries like Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan (their languages belong to the same sub-group of Common Turkic), where the Latin alphabet is already in use, and where the ground for such ideas shown itself very fruitful. 4. “Construction of Womanhood in the Bengali Language of Bangladesh”, Raasheed Mahmood; University of New South Wales, Sydney. The present essay attempts to explore the role of gender-based language differences and of certain markers that reveal the status accorded to women in Bangladesh. Discrimination against women, in its various forms, is endemic in communities and countries around the world, cutting across class, race, age, and religious and national boundaries. One cannot understand the problems of gender discrimination solely by referring to the relationship of power or authority between men and women. Rather one needs to consider the problem by relating it to the specific social formation in which the image of masculinity and femininity is constructed and reconstructed. Following such line of reasoning this essay will examine the nature of gender bias in the Bengali language of Bangladesh, holding the conviction that as a product of social reality language reflects the socio-cultural behaviour of the community who speaks it. This essay will also attempt to shed some light on the processes through which gender based language differences produce actual consequences for women, who become exposed to low self-esteem, depression and systematic exclusion from public discourse. 5. “Marriage in China as an expression of a changing society”, Elisabetta Rosado David, University of Porto, Portugal, and Università Ca’Foscari, Venezia, Italy. In 29 April 2001, the new Marriage Law was promulgated in China. The first law on marriage was proclaimed in 1950 with the objective of freeing women from the feudal matrimonial system. With the second law, in 1981, values and conditions that had been distorted by the Cultural Revolution were recovered. Twenty years later, a new reform was started, intending to update marriage in the view of the social and cultural changes that occurred with Deng Xiaoping’s “open policy”. But the legal reform is only the starting point for this case-study. The rituals that are followed in the wedding ceremony are often hard to understand and very difficult to standardize, especially because China is a vast country, densely populated and characterized by several ethnic minorities. Two key words emerge from this issue: syncretism and continuity. On this basis, we can understand tradition in a better way, and analyse whether or not marriage, as every social manifestation, has evolved in harmony with Chinese culture. 6. “The Other Woman in the Portuguese Colonial Empire: The Case of Portuguese India”, Maria de Deus Manso, University of Évora, Portugal. This essay researches the social, cultural and symbolic history of local women in the Portuguese Indian colonial enclaves. The normative Portuguese overseas history has not paid any attention to the “indigenous” female populations in colonial Portuguese territories, albeit the large social importance of these social segments largely used in matrimonial and even catholic missionary strategies. The first attempt to open fresh windows in the history of this new field was the publication of Charles Boxer’s referential study about Women in lberian Overseas Expansion, edited in Portugal only after the Revolution of 1975. After this research we can only quote some other fragmentary efforts. In fact, research about the social, cultural, religious, political and symbolic situation of women in the Portuguese colonial territories, from the XVI to the XX century, is still a minor historiographic field. In this essay we discuss this problem and we study colonial representations of women in the Portuguese Indian enclaves, mainly in the territory of Goa, using case studies methodologies. 7. “Heading East this Time: Critical Readings on Gender in Southeast Asia”, Clara Sarmento, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. This essay intends to discuss some critical readings of fictional and theoretical texts on gender condition in Southeast Asian countries. Nowadays, many texts about women in Southeast Asia apply concepts of power in unusual areas. Traditional forms of gender hegemony have been replaced by other powerful, if somewhat more covert, forms. We will discuss some universal values concerning conventional female roles as well as the strategies used to recognize women in political fields traditionally characterized by male dominance. Female empowerment will mean different things at different times in history, as a result of culture, local geography and individual circumstances. Empowerment needs to be perceived as an individual attitude, but it also has to be facilitated at the macro­level by society and the State. Gender is very much at the heart of all these dynamics, strongly related to specificities of historical, cultural, ethnic and class situatedness, requiring an interdisciplinary transnational approach.

Quality of life, life satisfaction and happiness in shift- and non-shiftworkers

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the quality of life, life satisfaction, happiness and demands of work in workers with different work schedules. METHODS: The survey was carried out on professional workers in social care. Some were shiftworkers whose schedule included night shifts (N=311), some were shiftworkers without night shifts (N=207) and some were non-shiftworkers (N=1,210). Surveys were mailed and the response rate was 86%. For the purpose of this study several variables were selected from the Survey: The Quality of Life Profile, which measures importance, satisfaction, control and opportunities in nine domains of life plus measures of happiness, life satisfaction and demands of work. RESULTS: While both groups of shiftworkers, compared to non-shiftworkers, reported needing more physical effort to complete their work, and reported 'being' more physically tired, no differences were found in reports of overall happiness, life satisfaction or total quality of life. However, night-shiftworkers reported greater percentage of time unhappy than the other two groups of workers. In analyses of the quality of life, night-shiftworkers were less satisfied with domains of spiritual 'being' and physical and community 'belonging' than day-shiftworkers and non-shiftworkers. They also reported having fewer opportunities to improve their physical 'being', leisure, and personal growth than the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Quality of life in specific domains in night-shiftworkers was rated worse than in other groups of workers. Domain-based quality of life assessment gives more information regarding the particular needs of workers than overall or global measures of well-being.

Qualidade de vida e espiritualidade em idosos institucionalizados e em comunidade

Mestrado em Fisioterapia.

Antero de Quental: a última palavra da natureza é 'ética'

Antero de Quental (1842-1891) is best known for his poetic work. Nevertheless, alongside this literary work, and in close correlation with it, he produced a corpus of philosophical texts of great depth and relevance. Nature composes a unifying thematic core for his work, and is implicit throughout the author’s entire work. In this paper, we seek to establish the main tendencies of his Evolutionism, both from the positive and metaphysical points of view. On his last work (Tendências gerais da filosofia na segunda metade do século XIX), the author talks about "good" as the fundamental principle of all human actions and of nature itself: the last word of nature is written by the human consciousness whenever a good action is performed. This opens the door to a spiritual Evolutionism and explains the moral world view that we can find in Antero de Quental's thought.

Building the «true evolutionism»: Darwin's impact on Henri Bergson's thought

The paper focuses on the importance of Darwin’s work for the shaping of Henri Bergson’s philosophy, bearing on mind that the two authors first intercepted symbolically in 1859, when On the Origin of Species was published and Bergson was born. Bergson studied the biological sciences of his time, whose results were integrated in a metaphysical thought. He belonged to spiritualistic positivism, a philosophy that goes from the positive data of sciences and finds the ultimate explanation of reality in a spiritual principle. He was interested in the positive evolution of the natural world and in the works of naturalists such as Lamarck, De Vries or Eimer. Darwin was among these authors, being responsible for a vision of evolution that went from the scientific level to other domains. Bergson defends the “insufficiency of pure Darwinism” by pointing out the necessity to compensate scientific evolution with an internal metaphysical reading of the real, which he considered to be “true evolutionism”. This criticism is the most visible aspect of the relations between both works. However, an attentive look verifies that Darwin’s influence overcomes the divergence of positions concerning the extent of “evolution”. The French philosopher knew not only the 1859’s bestseller, but also studies by Darwin about ethology, entomology and botany, which contributed to the fact that the naturalist’s impact gained fundamental importance in Bergson’s philosophical perspective.