Histoire de la Laponie, : sa description, lʼorigine, les moeurs, la maniere de vivre de ses habitans, leur religion, leur magie, & les choses rares du païs. Avec plusieurs additions [et] augmentations fort curieuses, qui jusques-icy nʼont pas esté imprimées. Traduites du latin de Monsieur Scheffer. Par L[e] P[ère] A[ugustin] L[ubin] geographe ordinaire de Sa Majesté

Added engraved title page: Histoire de la Laponie traduite du latin de Jean Scheffer.

”Immò ego vult habere aliquid res, dic latinè with you”: Koodinvaihtoa varhaismodernissa englantilaisessa koulunäytelmässä

Tutkielmani aiheena on Canterburyn katedraalikoulun oppilaiden 1670-luvun puolivälissä esittämä koulunäytelmä, joka löytyy käsikirjoituksesta Lit.Ms.E41 (Canterburyn katedraalin arkisto). Tämä käsikirjoitus sisältää koulun oppilaiden ja opettajakunnan laatimia puheita, runoja ja näytelmiä, jotka on kirjoitettu latinaksi, kreikaksi, englanniksi tai näiden kielten yhdistelmillä. Selvitän tutkielmassani, millaisia syntaktisia piirteitä ja pragmaattisia merkityksiä tässä yhdessä näytelmässä esiintyvällä koodinvaihdolla latinan ja englannin välillä on. Teoreettinen viitekehykseni sisältää teoriaa ja aiempia tutkimuksia koodinvaihdosta ja monikielisyydestä, yleistä pragmaattista teoriaa sekä Brownin ja Levinsonin (1987) kohteliaisuusteorian. Koska koodinvaihdon tutkimus on vielä melko uusi ja monimuotoinen ala, käsittelen työssäni useita metodologisia ratkaisuja monikielisen tekstin analysoimiseen. Oma metodini yhdistää sekä aineisto- että teorialähtöisiä lähestymistapoja. Tämä tarkoittaa, että tutkin materiaaliani sekä filologisesti ottamalla mukaan historialli-sen ja kulttuurillisen kontekstin että lingvistisesti ottamalla mukaan pragmaattisen teorian. Analyysi koodinvaihdon syntaktisista piirteistä osoitti, että yksi puhunnos voidaan tietyssä kontekstissa tulkita sekä koodinvaihdoksi että lainaamiseksi. Tästä syystä esitin tutkielmassani, että jako koodinvaihtoon ja lainaamiseen ei ole tarpeellinen tai edes suotava, jos tutkimuksen pääkohteena ovat monikielisten ilmaisujen merkitykset. Koodinvaihdon funktioiden ja merkitysten osalta esitin, että funktiot voidaan jakaa tilanteisiin eli esimerkiksi genrestä johtuviin, metaforisiin eli pragmaattisia merkityksiä luoviin sekä fasilitatiivisiin eli diskurssia järjestäviin funktioihin. Erityisesti metaforiset funktiot voitiin edelleen jakaa luokkiin sen mukaan, miten kohteliaisuusteoriaan liittyvät muuttujat ovat niissä esillä. Tulosten perusteella voitiin todeta, että etenkin solidaarisuuden ilmaiseminen oli tyypillinen funktio, mutta näytelmässä toista kieltä voidaan käyttää myös esimerkiksi kuulijan loukkaamiseen, valtaerojen esiintuomiseen sekä viestin salaukseen. Valitsemani metodi osoittautui toimivaksi, ja ehdotankin tutkielmassani, että tätä samaa metodia tulisi soveltaa myös muiden diskurssistrategioiden tutkimiseen.

Dictionnaire francois-latin : auquel les mots françois, avec les manieres d'user d'iceulx, sont tournez en latin... ([Reprod.]) / [Jacques Dupuys]

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 136

Dictionnaire francois latin contenant les motz et manières de parler francois, tournez en latin ([Reprod.])

[Dictionnaire français-latin (français moyen-latin). 1539 fac-sim.]

Interdependence of Macroeconomics Variables, Stock Market Returns and Stock Market Volatility in Latin America

This thesis examines the interdependence of macroeconomic variables, stock market returns and stock market volatility in Latin America between 2000 and 2015. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru were chosen as the sample markets, while inflation, interest rate, exchange rate, money supply, oil and gold were chosen as the sample macroeconomic variables. Bivariate VAR (1) model was applied to examine the mean return spillovers between the variables, whereas GARCH (1, 1) – BEKK model was applied to capture the volatility spillovers. The sample was divided into two smaller sub-periods, where the first sub-period covers from 2000 to 2007, and the second sub-period covers from 2007 to 2015. The empirical results report significant shock transmissions and volatility spillovers between inflation, interest rate, exchange rate, money supply, gold, oil and the selected markets, which suggests interdependence between the variables.

Did ISI fail and is neoliberalism the answer for Latin America? Re-assessing common wisdom regarding economic policies in the region

The second phase of Import Substituting Industrialization, commonly known as ISI2, involved the move in Latin America to "heavy" industrialization, from around 1950-80. This period of economic history has been reviled on both the Left and the Right as being one of either heightened dependency or one demonstrating the clear failure of state intervention in the economy. In this research note, a basic statistical analysis is used to back up other descriptive claims that the ISI2 period was rather one of mixed success, with macroeconomic volatility accompanying great progress in GDP and manufacturing growth. In a sense, the ISI2 period succeeded in industrializing the large economies of the period, and contrasts favorably with the record of the succeeding paradigm of neoliberalism. This research note seeks to raise questions about the way we look at the historical period of ISI2, and suggests that a more open-minded perspective could lead to a more effective and sustainable political economy paradigm for the region in the future.

The false promises of the (second) Washington consensus: evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean (1990-2003)

The objective of this paper is twofold. Firstly, we show how, and to what extent, Latin American and Caribbean countries applied the precepts of the second Washington consensus, i.e. a consensus which stresses the capital account liberalization. Secondly, we highlight the effects of this set of reforms on their economies. Thus, we show that countries having most scrupulously followed these recommendations did not experience better economic results. On the contrary, their situation as regards inequality and debt is getting worse than others.

Resuming growth in Latin America: short and long term policies

The authors of this paper assert that the paralysis of the state generated by the crises of the 1970s and 1980s deprived the economies of the region of an important lever to resume and sustain growth. They thus maintain that to overcome stagnation it will be necessary to reconstruct the state's capacity to implement pro-growth policies. Following Keynes and Kalecki's ideas, but also classical development economists, the authors argue, first, that short-term macroeconomic policies, to reduce unemployment and to increase the degree of capacity utilization, should be used to promote the generation of profits to firms and to wake up entrepreneurs' animal spirits. Short-term expansionary policies should be coupled with measures to improve competitiveness and avoid balance of payments problems. They also claim that alternatives to the liberal programme will fail unless a pro-growth strategy is adopted which includes both short- and long-term policies. They thus propose that long-term policies must complete the package, signaling: a) sustained increases of effective demand in the future; and b) investment priorities to ensure that capacities will be created in strategic sectors and branches of the economy.

Protectionism and industrialization: a critical assessment of the Latin American industrialization period

Protectionist policies were considered one of the pivotal features of the import industrialization process in Latin America. In this paper the effects of protectionist policies are assessed in terms of the principal macroeconomic variables, productive structure and external trade composition; also, ECLAC's perspective on the import substitution process is discussed. The main conclusions are that regional protectionist policies were spontaneous, and their effects were limited due to the generalized protection that took place and the government's commitment to price stability.

The effects of the global economic crisis in Latin America

The aim of this article is to analyze the current phase of the global crisis and the way it has manifested itself in Latin America. The global crisis is the most important capitalist crisis since World War II. It is a new type of debt-deflation crisis, highlighting the limits of the finance-dominated regime of accumulation and characterized by securitization. Latin American countries have not been immune to the global crisis. Since it sets limits on globalization, the impossibility of maintaining export-driven accumulation sustained by restrictive monetary and fiscal policies becomes clear. This time, there will be no way out in external markets for any country. That fact will force them to restructure productive systems and search for a way out in domestic markets and in regional spaces for integration.

Fiscal policy and private investment: latin america in a comparative perspective

The main objective of the paper is to assess the impact of fiscal variables on private investment comparing some Latin-American economies to other advanced ones. For such purposes, the authors carry out an econometric analysis for the period 1990-2008. They make use of two dynamic panel models in which they group countries with similar characteristics and development levels. In one of them, they include Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Uruguay; whereas in the second one the countries accounted for are the U.S., Canada, Spain, Korea, Ireland and Japan. They specify in both models an investment function using as arguments a wide range of variables, including those related with fiscal policy. From their results the authors infer that governments can, with higher spending, boost up the economy even when they finance spending with higher taxes. In Latin America, where income concentration is enormous, a proposal to boost up the economy through higher government expenditure financed with a progressive income tax, is even more justified.