Pathways to vicimization. Lessons learned from research in kindergarten

During the last decade interest in bully/victim problems has grown tremendously and still, studies addressing this issue in the years preceding elementary school areextremely rare. Despite obvious methodological challenges, the study of bullying and victimization in settings such as kindergarten opens up unique opportunities to understand early processes in the pathways to victimization, and to investigate different social and individual risk factors and their interactions in the very beginnings of bullying patterns. In this presentation, key findings that shed light on early vulnerability factors for victimization and factors that may maintain bullying patterns will be addressed. First, results from our and others’ studies in kindergarten are generally consistent with results in school. Second, our studies show that patterns of reactions when children witness victimization are already present in kindergarten settings. Third, all findings confirm that bully-victims must be regarded as being distinct from passive victims and other aggressive children (i.e. bullies) already at kindergarten age. Our studies indicate that bully-victims have significantly more problems associated with ADHD or with a lack of behavioral regulation than all their peers and that they clearly differ from bullies in terms of the type of aggression they display. Furthermore, our longitudinal data show different pathways to victimization for victims and bully-victims. This knowledge of early risk factors and pathways mustbe taken into consideration in future research and may contribute to the improvement of prevention programs.

Socioeconomic determinants of health related quality of life in childhood and adolescence: results from a European study

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of two different socioeconomic status (SES) measures on child and adolescent self reported health related quality of life (HRQoL). The European KIDSCREEN project aims at simultaneous developing, testing, and implementing a generic HRQoL instrument. DESIGN AND SETTING: The pilot version of the questionnaire was applied in school surveys to students from 8 to 18 years of age, as well as to their parents, together with such determinants of health status as two SES indicators, the parental educational status and the number of material goods in the family (FAS, family affluence scale). PARTICIPANTS: Students from seven European countries: 754 children (39.8%; mean: 9.8 years), and 1142 adolescents (60.2 %; mean: 14.1 years), as well as their respective parents. MAIN RESULTS: In children, a higher parental educational status was found to have a significant positive impact on the KIDSCREEN dimensions: physical wellbeing, psychological wellbeing, moods and emotions, bullying and perceived financial resources. Increased risk of low HRQoL was detected for adolescents in connection with their physical wellbeing. Family wealth plays a part for children's physical wellbeing, parent relations and home life, and perceived financial resources. For adolescents, family wealth furthermore predicts HRQoL on all KIDSCREEN dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence to suggest that exposure to low parental educational status may result in a decreased HRQoL in childhood, whereas reduced access to material (and thereby social) resources may lead to a lower HRQoL especially in adolescence.

Do victimization experiences accentuate reactions to ostracism? An experiment using cyberball

Based on the notion that the history of victimization has an impact on the sensitivity to current victimization situations this study investigated whether victims of bullying show more pronounced responses to single episodes of social exclusion. We examined whether victimization experiences in school are associated with responses to ostracism in a virtual ball tossing game (Cyberball). We compared two groups of students: 26 victims of bullying and 32 students not involved in bully/victim problems (mean age = 12.12). After playing Cyberball, the victimized students in the ostracism condition scored significantly lower on feelings of meaningful existence compared to the ostracized students not involved in bully/victim problems. These results strongly support the idea that previously victimized students are more affected by experiences of social exclusion than students who are not involved in bully/victim problems.

Always on: Cybermobbing in der modernen Gesellschaft

Cybermobbing ist ein brisantes Thema, das seit über einem Jahrzehnt weltweit für Aufsehen sorgt. Es handelt sich um eine elektronische Mobbingvariante, die vom Versenden einer beleidigenden SMS bis hin zum Veröffentlichen von peinlichen Videos auf YouTube oder Facebook geht. Cybermobbing kann als ungünstiges Nebenprodukt des gesellschaftlichen Wandels hin zur digitalen Kommunikation gesehen werden. Cybermobbing ist deswegen nicht nur ein individuelles, sondern auch ein gesellschaftliches Problem, das in diesem größeren Rahmen betrachtet werden muss. Sowohl das Individuum als auch die Familie, die Gleichaltrigen, die Schule und der gesellschaftliche Kontext sind wichtige Akteure einerseits bei Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von Cybermobbing, andererseits bei dessen Prävention und Intervention.

Being Bullied: Associated Factors in Children and Adolescents 8 to 18 Years Old in 11 European Countries

OBJECTIVES. To analyze the prevalence of bullying victims among children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 years in 11 European countries and to investigate the associated sociodemographic, physical, and psychosocial factors. METHODS. Being a bullying victim was measured by using the social acceptance (bullying) scale from the Kidscreen-52, a health-related quality-of-life questionnaire administered to 16 210 children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 and their parents in postal or school-based surveys in 11 European countries. Standardized mean differences (effect size) were computed to measure the percentage of children/adolescents scoring 1 SD below the mean on the Kidscreen bullying scale. Logistic regression models were used to determine which sociodemographic, physical, and psychosocial factors were associated with being bullied. RESULTS. The percentage of children being bullied was 20.6% for the entire sample, ranging from 10.5% in Hungary to 29.6% in the United Kingdom. In almost all countries the factors most strongly associated with being bullied were younger age, having probable mental health problems, having a low score on the Kidscreen-52 moods and emotions dimensions, and poor social support. Using the grand mean for all countries as the reference category, there was an above-average likelihood of children or adolescents reporting that they had been victims of bullying in 5 countries (Austria, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom), and a below-average likelihood in 3 countries (France, Greece, Hungary). CONCLUSIONS. This study indicated considerable variation between countries in the prevalence of those perceiving themselves to be victims of bullying but also revealed a clear profile of those likely to be bullied. The study also suggests that the Kidscreen bullying scale could be useful in identifying potential bullying victims.

RELATIONSHIP OF ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY SYNDROME IN BOYS TO PARENTAL ALCOHOL/DRUG DEPENDENCY

The study focused on the relationship between antisocial personality syndrome in boys ages 8-15 and parental alcohol/drug dependency. The population studied was case records of 101 boys coming to a private psychiatrist from 1966 through 1979. The boys were predominantly white and from middle to upper income families.^ A boy was determined to have antisocial personality syndrome if he exhibited antisocial behaviors in four or five major categories, did not exhibit a brain syndrome, and did not exhibit a thought disorder. The five major behavior categories were: (1) self-control (i.e., temper tantrums or hyperactivity), (2) behavior at home (i.e., disobedience or lying), (3) behavior at school (i.e., truancy or cheating), (4) behavior toward peers (i.e., bullying, fighting, or tattling), and (5) behavior against property (i.e., destructiveness or stealing). A boy was determined to be a control if he exhibited antisocial behaviors in two or less behavior categories.^ A parent was determined to have alcohol/drug dependency if s/he exhibited a score above the established threshold (1) for the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale (28 or above), and (2) for the Holmes Alcoholism Scale (35 or above) which are used with the MMPI. A parent was classified not alcohol/drug dependent if s/he had scores below set thresholds (22 on the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale and 28 on the Holmes Alcoholism Scale).^ For the final sample (N = 10), there was no reason to believe a relationship exists between antisocial personality syndrome in boys ages 8-15 and parental alcohol/drug dependency (Fisher's Exact Test {FET} P = 1.0). The small sample size primarily occurred as a result of 88.12% of the parents being classified in a questionable category in terms of alcohol/drug dependency.^ The sample was suggestive of a relationship between the fathers' Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) Scale scores as a measure of antisocial tendencies and the boy having antisocial personality syndrome (N = 75; P = .12). There was no evidence of such a relationship for mothers (N = 75; P = .97). ^

Bullied status and physical activity in Texas youths

Data from the 2009–2011 School Physical Activity and Nutrition (SPAN) project were analyzed to examine the association between bullied status at school during the past six months and engaging in five or more days of physical activity during the past seven days in a population of 8th and 11th grade Texas youths after stratifying by gender. As a secondary aim, this study also examined the association between weight status and the prevalence of bullied status at school. The final sample size for this study, after excluding missing data, consisted of 6,246 8th and 11th grade youths (girls, n= 3,237; boys, n=3,009) representing a total of 518,838 youths from 8th and 11th grade. Results from the multiple logistic regression adjusting for weight status, grade, and ethnicity, indicate that girls with a bullied status of at least two or three times per month had significantly lower odds of engaging in five or more days of physical activity during the past seven days than girls who were never bullied at school (ORadj=0.62; 95% CI, 0.40, 0.96). Conversely, girls who reported a bullied status of at least once per week were significantly more likely to engage in five or more days of physical activity during the past seven days compared to girls who were never bullied at school (ORadj=3.44; 95% CI, 1.56, 7.63). No significant associations between bullied status and engaging in five or more days of physical activity during the past seven days were found for boys. Bullied status differed significantly across weight status for 8th grade girls (χ2(6)=63.7, p<.05) and 11th grade boys (χ2(6) =94.93, p<.05), with overweight and obese youths reporting a higher prevalence of being bullied once or twice, at least two or three times per month, and at least once per week than their normal weight peers. Our finding that girls with bullied status of at least once per week were more likely to engage in five or more days of physical activity than girls who were never bullied warrants future qualitative research to identify potential explanations for such results. Future research on relational and weight-based bullying is also needed and may help explain the inconsistent findings between bullied status and engaging in physical activity in girls.^

Lo más difícil de los cambios que ha dado la educación fue dejar de pegarle a los niños : Reflexiones sobre la violencia escolar

El presente trabajo hace parte de un proceso de investigación en curso que pretende reflexionar sobre la violencia en la escuela colombiana. Violencia que en este caso se expresa en diferentes formas de maltrato, intimidación y acoso, y que viene siendo denominada como bullying o matoneo; manifestaciones que en la actualidad hacen parte de una preocupación de salud pública a nivel mundial. Los resultados que arrojan algunas investigaciones han evidenciado preocupantes niveles de agresión en las escuelas latinoamericanas, donde tradicionalmente han existido bromas, burlas, acoso, intimidación y distintas formas de maltrato; siendo toleradas o aceptadas culturalmente inclusive en la escuela bajo un modelo de educación tradicional, donde el castigo físico o el maltrato eran validados por padres, acudientes, docentes y directivos, como formas de disciplinar el cuerpo. El presente trabajo es una mirada sobre las prácticas que han generado o generan violencia en la escuela, se pretende reflexionar sobre la incidencia que tienen las formas de castigo o disciplinamiento ejercidas por la escuela desde hace más de 30 años en las formas de violencia ejercidas hoy entre compañeros o pares, denominado bullying o si tales expresiones son propias de la construcción y afirmación de la identidad durante la vida escolar

Lo más difícil de los cambios que ha dado la educación fue dejar de pegarle a los niños : Reflexiones sobre la violencia escolar

El presente trabajo hace parte de un proceso de investigación en curso que pretende reflexionar sobre la violencia en la escuela colombiana. Violencia que en este caso se expresa en diferentes formas de maltrato, intimidación y acoso, y que viene siendo denominada como bullying o matoneo; manifestaciones que en la actualidad hacen parte de una preocupación de salud pública a nivel mundial. Los resultados que arrojan algunas investigaciones han evidenciado preocupantes niveles de agresión en las escuelas latinoamericanas, donde tradicionalmente han existido bromas, burlas, acoso, intimidación y distintas formas de maltrato; siendo toleradas o aceptadas culturalmente inclusive en la escuela bajo un modelo de educación tradicional, donde el castigo físico o el maltrato eran validados por padres, acudientes, docentes y directivos, como formas de disciplinar el cuerpo. El presente trabajo es una mirada sobre las prácticas que han generado o generan violencia en la escuela, se pretende reflexionar sobre la incidencia que tienen las formas de castigo o disciplinamiento ejercidas por la escuela desde hace más de 30 años en las formas de violencia ejercidas hoy entre compañeros o pares, denominado bullying o si tales expresiones son propias de la construcción y afirmación de la identidad durante la vida escolar

Lo más difícil de los cambios que ha dado la educación fue dejar de pegarle a los niños : Reflexiones sobre la violencia escolar

El presente trabajo hace parte de un proceso de investigación en curso que pretende reflexionar sobre la violencia en la escuela colombiana. Violencia que en este caso se expresa en diferentes formas de maltrato, intimidación y acoso, y que viene siendo denominada como bullying o matoneo; manifestaciones que en la actualidad hacen parte de una preocupación de salud pública a nivel mundial. Los resultados que arrojan algunas investigaciones han evidenciado preocupantes niveles de agresión en las escuelas latinoamericanas, donde tradicionalmente han existido bromas, burlas, acoso, intimidación y distintas formas de maltrato; siendo toleradas o aceptadas culturalmente inclusive en la escuela bajo un modelo de educación tradicional, donde el castigo físico o el maltrato eran validados por padres, acudientes, docentes y directivos, como formas de disciplinar el cuerpo. El presente trabajo es una mirada sobre las prácticas que han generado o generan violencia en la escuela, se pretende reflexionar sobre la incidencia que tienen las formas de castigo o disciplinamiento ejercidas por la escuela desde hace más de 30 años en las formas de violencia ejercidas hoy entre compañeros o pares, denominado bullying o si tales expresiones son propias de la construcción y afirmación de la identidad durante la vida escolar

Violencia escolar: incidencia del contexto familiar y desajuste psicológico asociado

El creciente interés por las relaciones entre iguales en el contexto educacional ha contribuido a la redefinición de los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, como dinámicas esencialmente sociales y, por tanto, objeto de diversas disciplinas de las ciencias sociales, entre ellas la psicología social. En paralelo, está recibiendo especial atención el sub-tipo de violencia entre pares denominado bullying, considerado como un problema crítico a escala internacional (Nansel, Craig, Overpeck, Saluja, & Ruan, 2004), que amenaza con afectar la capacidad de desarrollo de los estudiantes en su dimensión psicológica, social y académica (Stevens, De Bourdeaudhuij, & Van Oost, 2002), amenazando los espacios de convivencia y generando un clima de miedo e inseguridad, tanto para las víctimas como para los agresores, así como para toda la comunidad educativa. Es así como la violencia entre iguales en sus diversas formas, incluyendo el bullying, comienzan a situarse como una temática central en la investigación de las ciencias sociales (Hong & Espelage, 2012; Jose, Kljakovic, Scheib, & Notter, 2012). El objetivo general de la Tesis es profundizar en el conocimiento sobre las diferentes dinámicas de violencia entre iguales y en diferentes contextos educacionales, mediante la elaboración de tres investigaciones basadas en el modelo social-ecológico, originalmente propuesto por Brofenbrenner (1977) y poner a prueba empíricamente las relaciones previamente planteadas entre diferentes variables individuales y contextuales, de diferentes contextos y niveles, con especial énfasis en el ámbito familiar, así como determinar las consecuencias de la victimización por acoso escolar sobre el ajuste emocional.

Weight-Based Emotional Abuse: Self Psychological Implications for Treatment

The aim of this paper is to provide evidence that overweight individuals are at increased risk for emotional abuse compared to their normal weight counterparts. Studies examining weight-based discrimination and bullying demonstrate examples of emotional abuse aimed at overweight individuals. The psychological difficulties associated with emotional abuse, such as symptoms of anxiety, depression and social difficulties, are reviewed. It is hypothesized that similar psychological difficulties are experienced when obese persons experience weight based emotional abuse. A self psychological conceptualization is applied to understand the effect emotional abuse has on one's sense of self. A treatment proposal, which aims to utilize self-object transferences to strengthen the self, is offered. Future research for the application of self psychology in a group therapy format is discussed.