The knowledge-based perspective of risk management in healthcare organisations

The aim of this research is to investigate how risk management in a healthcare organisation can be supported by knowledge management. The subject of research is the development and management of existing logs called "risk registers", through specific risk management processes employed in a N.H.S. (Foundation) Trust in England, in the U.K. Existing literature on organisational risk management stresses the importance of knowledge for the effective implementation of risk management programmes, claiming that knowledge used to perceive risk is biased by the beliefs of individuals and groups involved in risk management and therefore is considered incomplete. Further, literature on organisational knowledge management presents several definitions and categorisations of knowledge and approaches for knowledge manipulation in the organisational context as a whole. However, there is no specific approach regarding "how to deal" with knowledge in the course of organisational risk management. The research is based on a single case study, on a N.H.S. (Foundation) Trust, is influenced by principles of interpretivism and the frame of mind of Soft Systems Methodology (S.S.M.) to investigate the management of risk registers, from the viewpoint of people involved in the situation. Data revealed that knowledge about risks and about the existing risk management policy and procedures is situated in several locations in the Trust and is neither consolidated nor present where and when required. This study proposes a framework that identifies required knowledge for each of the risk management processes and outlines methods for conversion of this knowledge, based on the SECI knowledge conversion model, and activities to facilitate knowledge conversion so that knowledge is effectively used for the development of risk registers and the monitoring of risks throughout the whole Trust under study. This study has theoretical impact in the management science literature as it addresses the issue of incomplete knowledge raised in the risk management literature using concepts of the knowledge management literature, such as the knowledge conversion model. In essence, the combination of required risk and risk management related knowledge with the required type of communication for risk management creates the proposed methods for the support of each risk management process for the risk registers. Further, the indication of the importance of knowledge in risk management and the presentation of a framework that consolidates knowledge required for the risk management processes and proposes way(s) for the communication of this knowledge within a healthcare organisation have practical impact in the management of healthcare organisations.

Action research in a collective organisation:Developing an education programme in a pressure group

The aim of this project was to develop the education work of an environmental pressure group. The research devised and implemented a project to produce multi-media teaching packs on the urban environment. Whilst this involved understanding environmental education it was necessary to research beyond this to include the various structural and dynamic constraints on change in the field. This presented a number of methodological difficulties; from the resolution of which a model of the research process involved in this project has been developed. It is argued that research oriented towards practical change requires the insights of an experienced practitioner to be combined with the rigours of controlled systematic enquiry. Together these function as a model-building process encompassing intuition, induction and deduction. Model testing is carried out through repeated intervention in the field; thus an interplay between researcher and client ensues such that the project develops in a mutually acceptable direction. In practice, this development will be both unpredictable and erratic. Although the conclusions reached here are based on a single case study they address general methodological issues likely to be encountered in different field settings concerned with different practical problems.

Market oriented cognitive subcultures in a multiple stakeholder environment

The importance of an organisation wide market oriented culture revolves around the performance implications of a focus on customers. However, in contemporary multiple stakeholder environments different notions of ‘the customer’ can exist adding complexity and introducing the possibility of different market oriented subcultures. An analysis of managers’ cognitive maps within a single case study highlight different beliefs and values associated with two alternative market oriented subcultures externally driven by a focus on two different customer groups. The lack of management consensus was further emphasised by two other alternative internally driven subcultures within the same firm. The implications are briefly discussed.

Body representation alterations in personal but not in extrapersonal neglect patients

There is still a matter of debate around the nature of personal neglect. Is it an attention disorder or a body representation disorder? Here we investigate the presence of body representation deficits (i.e., the visuo-spatial body map) in right and left brain-damaged patients and in particular in those affected by personal neglect. 23 unilateral brain-damaged patients (5 left-brain-damaged and 18 right-brain-damaged patients) and 15 healthy controls took part in the study. The visuo-spatial body map was assessed by means of the “Frontal body-evocation subtest (FBE),” in which participants have to put tiles representing body parts on a small wooden board where only the head is depicted as a reference point. In order to compare performance on the FBE with performance on an inanimate object that had well-defined right and left sides, participants also performed the “Car test.” Group statistical analysis shows that the performance of patients with personal neglect is significantly worse than that of the controls and patients without personal neglect in the FBE but not in the Car test. Single case analyses of the five patients with pure personal neglect confirm the results of group analysis. Our data supports the hypothesis that personal neglect is a pervasive body representation disorder.

The Effectiveness of an Intervention Package on Math Computation

Abstract: Four second-grade students participated in a B-A-B withdrawal single-subject design experiment. The intervention package implemented consisted of three components: self-monitoring, performance feedback, and reinforcers. Participants completed math probes across phases. Accuracy and productivity was recorded and calculated. Results demonstrated the intervention package improved accuracy and productivity for all participants.

The Effect of Mobile Technology as an Active Student Response System on the Acquisition of U.S. History Content of Secondary Students with Specific Learning Disabilities

Students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) typically learn less history content than their peers without disabilities and show fewer learning gains. Even when they are provided with the same instructional strategies, many students with SLD struggle to grasp complex historical concepts and content area vocabulary. Many strategies involving technology have been used in the past to enhance learning for students with SLD in history classrooms. However, very few studies have explored the effectiveness of emerging mobile technology in K-12 history classrooms. This study investigated the effects of mobile devices (iPads) as an active student response (ASR) system on the acquisition of U.S. history content of middle school students with SLD. An alternating treatments single subject design was used to compare the effects of two interventions. There were two conditions and a series of pretest probesin this study. The conditions were: (a) direct instruction and studying from handwritten notes using the interactive notebook strategy and (b) direct instruction and studying using the Quizlet App on the iPad. There were three dependent variables in this study: (a) percent correct on tests, (b) rate of correct responses per minute, and (c) rate of errors per minute. A comparative analysis suggested that both interventions (studying from interactive notes and studying using Quizlet on the iPad) had varying degrees of effectiveness in increasing the learning gains of students with SLD. In most cases, both interventions were equally effective. During both interventions, all of the participants increased their percentage correct and increased their rate of correct responses. Most of the participants decreased their rate of errors. The results of this study suggest that teachers of students with SLD should consider a post lesson review in the form of mobile devices as an ASR system or studying from handwritten notes paired with existing evidence-based practices to facilitate students’ knowledge in U.S. history. Future research should focus on the use of other interactive applications on various mobile operating platforms, on other social studies subjects, and should explore various testing formats such as oral question-answer and multiple choice.

Programa Nacional de Incentivo à Leitura - PROLER: avaliação da implementação pelo Comitê Potiguar

The National Reading Incentive Program (PROLER) is a national initiative to promote and encourage reading throughout the country, linked to the National Library Foundation (FBN) of the Ministry of Culture (MinC). This research aims to assess the PROLER’s implementation process in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, from the actions of their local committee. The framework is based on contextualize the policies that seek to encourage the book and reading, as well as the processes of implementation and evaluation of public policies. The research is understood as a qualitative descriptive-exploratory study, comprising a single case study. Makes use of semi-structured interview as a tool for data collection, which was attended by 8 members of Potiguar Committee as respondents. The techniques of bibliographical and documentary analysis were used for the analysis and discussion of data obtained from surveys and documents on PROLER; as to the content of the interviews, the technique used was the analysis of conversations. As for the results, the existence of four barriers to program implementation in the state that are worth mentioning is observed: a) the political-administrative discontinuity; b) the limited resources and few partnerships; c) the management of school libraries and absence from the post of librarian in the state and; d) the absence of a process or assessment tool able to evaluate the results or the impacts of actions taken by the Potiguar Committee. It was noticed that these limiting four come PROLER making the implementation of the Rio Grande do Norte a process that, although complying with the national regulations of teacher training and follow school libraries and their needs, not flawed to develop assessments that can measure program impacts, making the feedback process of ineffective policy. Another observation of this study is seen in the fact that the Committee did not get enough to supply their shares resources, as well as not being able to articulate new partnerships, thus contributing negatively to the scope of the program form and, consequently, for the effectiveness of their actions. Has even mentioning the fact that the Committee do nothing regarding the mismanagement of the libraries that are in their care, ie, do not use the power of coercion as guaranteed by the National Policy on Reading and federal laws that treat the school library, and is therefore ineffective in relation to compliance with the program guidelines

A educação profissional em debate: uma avaliação política da formação para o trabalho ofertada pelo SENAC/RN através do Programa Nacional de Acesso ao Ensino Técnico e Emprego

In this study, we present a political evaluation of how SENAC/RN perceives PRONATEC, emphasizing all ideological principles, aims and theories that this institution reproduces and reinforces while playing this professional qualification program. We intended to reveal ideological aspects that inspire SENAC’s perception of PRONATEC, pointing the actual interests hidden by those aspects. Our starting question is: What ideologies, objectives and theories that are explicitly or implicitly reinforced by Senac in implementing PRONATEC? In the research, we consider the hypothesis that transferring the responsibility about PRONATEC from public to private institutions is something that impoverishes the professional formation process, once the program ends up subordinated to private institution’s ideological, political and economic interests. The methodological approach chosen was the single case study. As data source, we used broad literature survey, official files of PRONATEC and SENAC, official information about the program and personal interviews. At the end of the research, we present elements that show some “flexibility” on PRONATEC due to SENAC’s interests, offering a superficial professional formation, commonly dissociated from a propaedeutic education, focusing on the need of adaptation e consensus of works around a society project. In this regard, despite PRONATEC is payed by public resources, it’s been used by SENAC as a fortifier of this institution on professional education market, in an hegemonic and neoliberal construction of a model of society.

A educação profissional em debate: uma avaliação política da formação para o trabalho ofertada pelo SENAC/RN através do Programa Nacional de Acesso ao Ensino Técnico e Emprego

In this study, we present a political evaluation of how SENAC/RN perceives PRONATEC, emphasizing all ideological principles, aims and theories that this institution reproduces and reinforces while playing this professional qualification program. We intended to reveal ideological aspects that inspire SENAC’s perception of PRONATEC, pointing the actual interests hidden by those aspects. Our starting question is: What ideologies, objectives and theories that are explicitly or implicitly reinforced by Senac in implementing PRONATEC? In the research, we consider the hypothesis that transferring the responsibility about PRONATEC from public to private institutions is something that impoverishes the professional formation process, once the program ends up subordinated to private institution’s ideological, political and economic interests. The methodological approach chosen was the single case study. As data source, we used broad literature survey, official files of PRONATEC and SENAC, official information about the program and personal interviews. At the end of the research, we present elements that show some “flexibility” on PRONATEC due to SENAC’s interests, offering a superficial professional formation, commonly dissociated from a propaedeutic education, focusing on the need of adaptation e consensus of works around a society project. In this regard, despite PRONATEC is payed by public resources, it’s been used by SENAC as a fortifier of this institution on professional education market, in an hegemonic and neoliberal construction of a model of society.

Differential contributions of the mIPS and PMd in the movement planning of reaches investigated through HD-tDCS

To reach for a target, we must formulate a movement plan - a difference vector of the target position with respect to the starting hand position. While it is known that the medial part of the intraparietal sulcus (mIPS) and the dorsal premotor (PMd) activity reflects aspects of a kinematic plan for a reaching movement, it is unclear whether or how the two regions may differ. We investigated the functional roles of the mIPS and PMd in the planning of reaching movements using high definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) and examined changes in horizontal endpoint error when participants were subjected to anodal and cathodal stimulation. The left mIPS and PMd were functionally localized with fMRI in each participant using an interleaved center-out pointing and saccade task and mapped onto the scalp using Brainsight. We adopted a randomized, single-blind design and applied anodal and cathodal stimulation (2mA for 20 min; 3cm radius 4x1 electrode placement) during 4 separate visits scheduled at least a week apart. Each participant performed 250 baseline, stimulation, and post-stimulation memory-guided reaches starting from one of two initial hand positions (IHPs) to one of 4 briefly flashed targets (20 cm distant, 5 cm apart horizontally) while fixating on a straight-ahead cross located at the target line. Separate 2-way repeated measures ANOVAs of horizontal endpoint error difference after cathodal tDCS at each stimulation site revealed a significant IHP by target position interaction effect at the left mIPS, and significant IHP and target main effects at the left PMd. Behaviorally, these effects corresponded to IHP-dependent contractions after cathodal mIPS tDCS and IHP-independent contractions after cathodal PMd tDCS. These results suggest that the movement vector is not yet formed at the input level of mIPS, but is encoded at the input of PMd. These results also indicate that tDCS is a viable, useful method in investigating movement planning properties through temporary perturbations of the system.

Terapia de aceptación y compromiso en un caso de tras¬torno mixto de ansiedad y depresión en una paciente con cáncer

This paper introduces the case of a woman with breast cancer who had developed a mixed depressive-anxiety disorder with avoidance behaviors. The patient presented depressive symptoms like listlessness, insomnia, weeping, food disorders and hopelessness though. Also, she exhibited physiological arousal and restlessness feelings. Additionally, the patient had an avoidance patron behavior in relation with all stimulus she believed could hurt her. Based on the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) the intervention planted the following objectives: the patient will learn to accept her illness and the emotional distress that she was experiencing, also, the patient will recover the other areas of her life that she had abandoned. The treatment was developed in 14 sessions. The therapist used these techniques: creative hopelessness, disabling verbal functions, values clarification and loss of control over private events. In the results, it was observed a positive change in the behavior of the patient as well as a decrease in emotional distress that was his reason for initial consultation

Sense making by middlemanagement

Aanleiding voor het onderzoek Deze scriptie sluit aan bij de afstudeerkring “effectieve verandermanagers”. Aanleiding voor dit onderzoek was de brede vraag “Wat onderscheidt een effectieve veranderingsmanager op het middenniveau in organisaties van een minder effectieve bij het implementeren van veranderingen?” Binnen deze brede vraag past de centrale vraagstelling in dit onderzoek: “Welke neerwaartse activiteiten oefenen middenmanagers uit in een sensemakingproces tijdens een verandering?“ Middenmanager Allereerst definiëren we het begrip ‘middenmanager’. De middenmanager bevindt zich op een kruispunt: In de verticale lijn tussen het topmanagement en de werkvloer, op de horizontale lijn tussen de diverse afdelingen (Nonaka,1994). Ten behoeve van mijn onderzoek sluit ik mij aan bij de positionering van Huy (2001). Hij plaatst de middenmanager 2 lagen onder de CEO en 1 laag boven lijnmedewerkers en professionals. In een veranderingsproces heeft de middenmanager verschillende rollen te vervullen. Deze verschillende rollen zijn, onder anderen, beschreven door Huy (2001) en Quinn (1998). Zij noemen: entrepreneur, communicator en therapeut, stimulator, mentor, innovator, bemiddelaar, producent, bestuurder, coördinator, controleur. De onderzoekers zijn het er over eens dat de middenmanager moet balanceren en doseren in de verschillende rollen om effectief te kunnen zijn in een veranderingsproces. Sensemakingproces Dit onderzoek probeert meer kennis te genereren over welke neerwaartse activiteiten middenmanagers uitoefenen gedurende een sensemakingproces tijdens een verandering. We definiëren het begrip ‘sensemakingproces’. Het sensemakingproces vindt plaats als mensen geconfronteerd worden met boodschappen of gebeurtenissen die nieuw zijn. Door met deze nieuwe informatie te kijken naar de bestaande werkelijkheid, is een bewustwording op gang geholpen die kan leiden tot verandering. Er is nog weinig onderzoek gedaan naar de activiteiten (wat doen middenmanagers op dagelijkse basis) van middenmanagers in sensemakingprocessen. Rouleau & Balogun (2007) hebben dat wel onderzocht en onderscheiden de volgende vier sensegivingactiviteiten: het uitrollen van netwerken; het distribueren van gedachten door het voeren van gesprekken; het identificeren van sociale en culturele systemen. Relevantie onderzoek De externe validiteit van het hierboven genoemde onderzoek van Rouleau & Balogun (2007) is echter beperkt, doordat deze is uitgevoerd onder een kleine populatie in Canada en het Verenigd Koninkrijk. Mijn onderzoek wil een bijdrage leveren aan de toename van de externe validiteit door te verifiëren of de neerwaartse activiteiten van de middenmanager die gevonden zijn in het onderzoek van Rouleau & Balogun (2007) middels een andere onderzoeksmethode en met een andere onderzoekspopulatie (de Nederlandse zorginstelling Tactus). Wat betreft de praktische relevantie kan gezegd worden dat mijn onderzoek meer inzicht geeft aan de middenmanagers in welke activiteiten zij uitvoeren of zouden kunnen uitvoeren. Zij kunnen zich bewust worden van hun mogelijkheden om invloed uit te oefenen op het sensemakingproces van hun medewerkers. Ik verwacht daarmee hun effectiviteit te vergroten. Centrale vraag en deelvragen Bij de centrale vraag kunnen de volgende deelvragen geformuleerd worden: 1. Wat is de rol van middenmanagers in een sensemakingproces tijdens een verandering? 2. Zijn de neerwaartse sensemakingactiviteiten van middenmanagers (uit de studie van Rouleau & Balogun, 2007) ook te identificeren zijn binnen één Nederlandse GGZ-stichting? 3. Zijn er andere neerwaartse sensemakingactiviteiten van middenmanagers te identificeren? Conceptuele model Het model dat de basis is voor de beantwoording van de tweede en derde deelvraag, is gebaseerd op de literatuur. In dit model worden de sensemakingactiviteiten van de middenmanager als een onafhankelijke variabele gezien die direct invloed heeft op het sensemakingproces binnen het team. Daarbij kunnen we enkele mediërende en modererende factoren onderscheiden. Als modererende factor noemen we, ten eerste, de mate waarin voor het teamlid het persoonlijke triggerpoint bereikt is. Hoe dichter genaderd, hoe meer kans op verandering bij dit teamlid (Kloosterboer, 2008). Ten tweede noemen we het sneeuwbaleffect van de positieve feedback (Kelman, 2005): hoe verder in het proces, hoe meer kans op verandering. Tenslotte noemen we als modererende factor het emotiemanagement van de middenmanager. Hoe meer de middenmanager in staat is de balans te vinden, hoe meer kans op verandering (Huy, 2002). Als mediërende factor kunnen we de horizontale sensegiving noemen, ofwel de sensegiving door peers (Balogun & Johnson, 2005). Deze sensegiving kan, los van de sensemakingactiviteiten van de manager een geheel eigen verandering op gang brengen. Het kan dus gezien worden als (een deel van) de verklaring voor het sensemakingproces binnen het team. Dit onderzoek beperkt zich tot het bestuderen van de sensemakingactiviteiten van de middenmanager en hun effect op het sensemakingproces binnen het team. In het onderzoek worden de modererende factoren en de mediërende factor dus niet meegenomen. Onderzoeksopzet Het onderzoek is opgesteld als multiple-case design, toetsend onderzoek. Toetsend, omdat de externe validering van de neerwaartse sensemakingactiviteiten van de middenmanager nog laag is. Het multiple-case design biedt de mogelijkheid om cases met elkaar te vergelijken en bredere steun te vinden voor de geformuleerde proposities. De voorgenomen bronnen waren een (één op één) interview met acht middenmanagers, een groepsinterview met meerdere medewerkers per middenmanager en documenten. De focus in alle interviews was de middenmanager en diens sensemakingactiviteiten. De opgevraagde en aangeleverde documenten zijn echter geen adequate bron van informatie gebleken. Resultaten De eerste deelvraag is beantwoord middels literatuurstudie. De onderzoekers zijn het er over eens dat de middenmanager moet balanceren en doseren in de verschillende rollen om effectief te kunnen zijn in een veranderingsproces. De tweede en derde deelvraag werden beantwoord middels een multiple-case design onderzoek. De resultaten uit dit onderzoek laten zien dat de neerwaartse sensemakingactiviteiten uit de studie van Rouleau & Balogun (2007), inderdaad gevonden werden binnen de genoemde GGZ-stichting. De hypothese is daarmee geverifieerd. De derde conclusie is dat er geen andere neerwaartse sensemakingactiviteiten van middenmanagers zijn geïdentificeerd. Door de verkregen informatie over de vier sensemakingactiviteiten van middenmanager terug te brengen naar handelingsniveau, is zichtbaar geworden dat er verschillen zijn tussen de middenmanagers. De handelingen in gezamenlijkheid leidden wel tot de vier sensemakingactiviteiten. Discussie De casestudie heeft geen nieuwe activiteiten aangetoond. Dat maakt de definiëring van het begrip steviger. Door de vier sensemakingactiviteiten (Rouleau & Balogun, 2007) op een derde niveau op te delen in kleinere eenheden, draagt deze casestudie tevens bij aan een nadere definiëring van het begrip ‘neerwaartse sensemakingactiviteiten van de middenmanager’. Door de verduidelijking van het begrip is kwantitatief onderzoek beter mogelijk, waardoor nu ook causale verbanden tussen de neerwaartse sensemakingactiviteiten van de middenmanager en de sensemaking bij de medewerkers gemaakt kunnen worden. Aanbevelingen In een vervolgonderzoek zou het conceptuele model deels of geheel onderzocht kunnen worden. Met een dergelijk onderzoek, of meerdere onderzoeken zou meer duidelijkheid kunnen komen over de mate van invloed van de mediërende factoren en modererende factor op de sensemaking. Aanbeveling voor verder onderzoek is om de onderzoeksmethode te variëren of uit te breiden met bijvoorbeeld participerende observatie. Dan zou waarneming kunnen plaatsvinden vanuit het perspectief van een betrokkene (Yin, 2003). Een andere methode om de activiteiten beter te inventariseren is het laten bijhouden door managers van hun sensemakingactiviteiten. Een bijkomende propositie die dit onderzoek oplevert, is dat de relatie tussen al dan niet hebben van onbewuste kennis en het beschikken over ervaring als leidinggevende niet gelegd kan worden. Deze propositie zou verder onderzocht kunnen worden.

Het effect van formele en informele feedback op het innovatievermogen van organisaties

Little attention in literature so far has been given to the impact of feedback on organizational development and change. As well as the impact of feedback on the innovation power of organizations. The capacity of innovation of organizations however may be seen as a crucial capacity of organizations to survive in competitive markets. Prior studies towards the impacts of feedback have more often analyzed formal and informal feedback separately, other than analyzing them together in one study. This master thesis develops and explores a model to assess the possible impact of both formal and informal feedback on the capacity of innovation within organizations. The master thesis is the closing assignment of a Master Study Management at the Open Universiteit Nederland. The general question of the single-case study is: What is the impact of formal and informal feedback on the capacity of innovation of companies? The explored model in the study is a combination of the model of Lawson and Samson (2001) about the capacity of innovation and the framework model of Pitkänen and Lukka (2011) about formal and informal feedback. The single-case study is performed at Yellowbrick, a Dutch company which offers consumers an online parking service, suitable for the use on smartphones. The single-case study is performed twofold by semi-structured interviews and a survey. Although conclusions may not be generalized, because of the limitations of the study and the particularly small investigated group, some findings may be suitable for further investigation. In the study was found that feedback has an impact on the capacity of innovation. Formal feedback scored higher than informal feedback when asked about the impact on the capacity of innovation. The study also found multiple ‘new’ kinds of feedback used by organizations, other than the more ‘traditional’ forms of feedback, such as team meetings and bilateral meetings. Further on was analyzed that when employees find themselves more involved in the process of an innovation, they also seem to score the organization higher on the capacity of this innovation.

The art of building trust via e-communication channels: Post-acquisition integration as a special context

This study discusses the importance of establishing trust in post-acquisition integration context and how the use of e-channels facilitates or inhibits this process. The objective of this study is to analyze how the use of electronic communication channels influences the post-acquisition integration process in terms of trust establishment and overall integration efficiency, developing a framework as a result. Three sub-objectives are introduced: to find out the building blocks of trust in M&A’s, to analyse how the use of e-channels influence the process of trust establishment in post-acquisition integration context, and to define the consequences trust and use of e-channels have for the process. The theoretical background of the study includes literature and theories relating to trust establishment in post-acquisition integration context and how the use of e-channels influences the process of trust development on a general level. The empirical research is conducted as a single case study, based on key informant interviews. The interview data was collected between October 2015 and January 2016. Altogether nine interviews were realised; six with representatives from the acquiring firm and three with target firm members. Thematic analysis was selected as the main method for analysing and processing the qualitative data. This study finds that trust has an essential role in post-acquisition integration context, facilitating the integration process in various different ways. Hence, identifying the different building blocks of trust is important in order for members of the organisations to be better able establish and maintain trust. In today’s international business, the role of electronic communication channels has also increased in importance significantly and it was confirmed that these pose both challenges and possibilities for the development of interpersonal trust. One of the most important underlying factors influencing the trust levels via e-communication channels is the level of user’s comfort in using the different e-channels. Without sufficient and meaningful training, the communication conducted via these channels in inhibited in a number of ways. Hence, understanding the defining characteristics of e-communication together with the risks and opportunities related to the use of these can have far-reaching consequences for the post-acquisition integration process as a whole. The framework based on the findings and existing theory introduces the most central factors influencing the trust establishment together with the positive and negative consequences these have for the integration process. Moreover, organizational level consistency and the existence of shared guidelines on appropriate selection of communication channels according to the nature of the task at hand are seen as important

A internacionalização de PME: o caso da Carvalheira, Bastos Lda.

Atualmente, a internacionalização é uma estratégia adotada por muitas empresas, independentemente da sua dimensão com o intuito de enfrentar o abrandamento económico no seu mercado doméstico e impulsionar o seu crescimento. No caso das PME, as principais razões que as levam a sair do seu mercado doméstico e a arriscar em mercados externos prendem-se com motivações reativas e muitas vezes exógenas, como sejam a saturação do mercado doméstico, as pressões da concorrência e as relações com os clientes. Assim, a crise financeira no país, aliada à crise no setor da construção civil, leva esta PME portuguesa, do ramo da carpintaria de limpo, a procurar novas oportunidades no exterior. No entanto, como tem consciência da falta de experiência e conhecimento nos mercados internacionais, começa por abordar os mercados numa lógica de procura de novas oportunidades, aproveitando as oportunidades que lhe são dirigidas e vendo nestas uma forma de aprofundar relacionamentos e ganhar experiência neste âmbito. Posteriormente, este conhecimento e experiência permitir-lhe-á enveredar por uma estratégia de internacionalização mais ativa, abandonando/diminuindo a lógica de oportunidade e apostando numa lógica mais estruturada e planeada. Este trabalho, ao tirar proveito de um único estudo de caso, pretende analisar a perspetiva evolutiva da empresa, e como uma estratégia empreendedora, a confiança e a incorporação em redes de relacionamentos facilitam o processo de abertura aos mercados externos.