Migração FD e FFD com aproximações de grande abertura angular

Métodos de migração baseados na equação da onda unidirecional apresentam limitações no imageamento de refletores com forte mergulho e no tratamento de ondas evanescentes. Utilizando a expansão de Padé complexa na solução da equação da onda unidirecional para imageamento em geofísica é possível tratar ondas evanescentes, estabilizando a migração e dispensando um tratamento especial para absorção nas fronteiras do domínio. Utilizando várias parcelas na expansão de Padé, refletores com forte mergulho podem ser corretamente migrados. Nesta dissertação aplicamos a equação da onda unidirecional com expansão de Padé complexa para implementar dois algoritmos de migração em profundidade pré e pós empilhamento: a migração por diferenças finitas (FD) e a migração por diferenças finitas e Fourier (FFD). O estudo das curvas de dispersão e da resposta impulsiva dos operadores de migração nos permitiu escolher o número adequado de parcelas na expansão de Padé e os coeficientes da expansão que garantem estabilidade à continuação do campo de onda para um ângulo de mergulho máximo prescrito. As implementações foram validadas nos dados Marmousi e no modelo de domo de sal da SEG/EAGE mostrando que refletores com forte mergulho foram corretamente migrados, mesmo na presença de forte variação lateral de velocidade. Esses resultados são comparados com outros métodos de migração baseados na equação da onda unidirecional ressaltando a qualidade da aproximação estudada neste trabalho.

Produção de L (+)-ácido lático por Lactobacillus casei Ke11 utilizando insumos agroindustriais

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Produção e purificação de L (+) ácido lático por Lactobacillus rhammosus utilizando processo de batelada alimentada

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Alpha and beta diversity of lepidoptera in eucalyptus plantations in the amazonian region of Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

PECULIAR EUPHROSYNE

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Dinâmica da vegetação de uma floresta paludosa no município de Rio Claro - SP

Swamp forests, are laid down in the lowlands, with almost permanent presence of water on the soil surface and generally occupy portions fairly flat. In 2003 a phytosociological survey was conducted of the tree and shrub component of a swamp forest established on a steep slope in Rio Claro - SP, through the use of 45 permanent plots of 10 mx 10 m (0.45 ha) divided into three blocks: 1, 2 and 3. The present study aimed to review these plots and discuss the dynamics of vegetation in the swamp forest in question period of eight years. Altogether 1529 individuals were found alive, belonging to 29 families and 47 species. It can be observed that there was a decrease of one family (Flacourtiaceae) and two species (Xylosma tweediana, Inga marginata) in relation to 2003. In general there was a loss not only in number of individuals, but basal area and species diversity. The Block 1 was the only one to show a positive balance in terms of numbers of individuals (2.75%); in Block 2, there was little variation (1.72%) which is negative; whereas Block 3 had the largest decrease, 19.18%. The mortality rate (2.74% / year) for the community remained higher than the recruitment (1.81% / year). There was a decrease (3.19%) of total basal area of the sample relative to 2003, with the highest relative dominance by Calophyllum brasiliense. The decline in diversity of species could be evidenced by the Shannon index, which was 2.0 nats.individual-1 and evenness of 0.52. The most important species (IVI) were Euterpe edulis, Calophyllum brasiliense and Magnolia ovata, together accounting for 59% of IVI community. High mortality and low recruitment rates indicate disturbances in the community, some factors such as proximity to roads, the different soil types associated with a high rate of water saturation and the declivity are crucial to the balance within the community

O transporte coletivo urbano em São José do Rio Preto - SP e sua relação com as transformações do espaço urbano

The process of urbanization that happened in Brazil during the twentieth century led to processes of structuring and re-organization of space, besides the emergence of many urban problems. Industrialization and urbanization are some of the main causes that could be cited as consequences of this process. As a result of the steep rise of cities, the transport systems became fundamental in boosting flows (immaterial) and the mobility of people and stuff (materials) in the territory. The urban model created for the city of São Paulo in the 1930s was repeated over the years in the medium-sized cities, being repeated the same problems that occurred in the metropolis. In this context our work fits in analyzing the changes occurring in the urban area of São José do Rio Preto - SP, from his relationship with the public transportation system in the face of intra-urban spatial configuration of the city. Transport, while it is recognized by authors as being really important for the analysis and intra-urban spatial configuration, has been little analyzed as the object of study by a geographer, and so, our work has more value

Uso de composto de poda de árvore e lodo de esgoto como substratos na formação de mudas de sangra d'água (Croton urucurana Baill.) irrigadas com três lâminas de água

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Ciência do Solo) - FCAV

Discussão acerca de alguns saberes produzidos sobre as crianças/infância nos séculos XIX e XX

In order to accomplish this article, it was necessary to schematize and to problematize how child/childhood concept along the centuries made their use possible by specialized speeches (namely: medical and pedagogic, mainly) in many different historical extracts. Looking at child/childhood, examining them, transforming them into knowledge and tutor bodies/object, countless attempts in disciplining their gestures and consequent institution of subjective processes will be some steep lines in this article. That will be done in order to evidence the existence of what is nowadays so called child/childhood, and that today is the target of specialists’ speeches that, in our analysis, when leaning over childhood, would dictate norms behavior for the children, limiting them and restricting them.

Validity and behaviour of tropospheric gradients estimated by GPS in Corsica

Estimation of tropospheric gradients in GNSS data processing is a well-known technique to improve positioning (e.g. Bar-Sever et al., 1998; Chen and Herring, 1997). More recently, several authors also focused on the estimation of such parameters for meteorological studies and demonstrated their potential benefits (e.g. Champollion et al., 2004). Today, they are routinely estimated by several global and regional GNSS analysis centres but they are still not yet used for operational meteorology.This paper discusses the physical meaning of tropospheric gradients estimated from GPS observations recorded in 2011 by 13 permanent stations located in Corsica Island (a French Island in the western part of Italy). Corsica Island is a particularly interesting location for such study as it presents a significant environmental contrast between the continent and the sea, as well as a steep topography.Therefore, we estimated Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) and tropospheric gradients using two software: GAMIT/GLOBK (GAMIT version 10.5) and GIPSY-OASIS II version 6.1. Our results are then compared to radiosonde observations and to the IGS final troposphere products. For all stations we found a good agreement between the ZWD estimated by the two software (the mean of the ZWD differences is 1 mm with a standard deviation of 6 mm) but the tropospheric gradients are in less good agreement (the mean of the gradient differences is 0.1 mm with a standard deviation of 0.7 mm), despite the differences in the processing strategy (double-differences for GAMIT/GLOBK versus zero-difference for GIPSY-OASIS).We also observe that gradient amplitudes are correlated with the seasonal behaviour of the humidity. Like ZWD estimates, they are larger in summer than in winter. Their directions are stable over the time but not correlated with the IWV anomaly observed by ERA-Interim. Tropospheric gradients observed at many sites always point to inland throughout the year. These preferred directions are almost opposite to the largest slope of the local topography as derived from the world Digital Elevation Model ASTER GDEM v2. These first results give a physical meaning to gradients but the origin of such directions need further investigations.

Desenvolvimento de uma câmara para combustão de combustíveis líquidos, operando sob regime de combustão sem chama visível

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Variation in liana abundance and biomass along an elevational gradient in the tropical Atlantic Forest (Brazil)

Lianas play a key role in forest structure, species diversity, as well as functional aspects of tropical forests. Although the study of lianas in the tropics has increased dramatically in recent years, basic information on liana communities for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest is still scarce. To understand general patterns of liana abundance and biomass along an elevational gradient (0-1,100 m asl) of coastal Atlantic Forest, we carried out a standard census for lianas a parts per thousand yen1 cm in five 1-ha plots distributed across different forest sites. On average, we found a twofold variation in liana abundance and biomass between lowland and other forest types. Large lianas (a parts per thousand yen10 cm) accounted for 26-35% of total liana biomass at lower elevations, but they were not recorded in montane forests. Although the abundance of lianas displayed strong spatial structure at short distances, the present local forest structure played a minor role structuring liana communities at the scale of 0.01 ha. Compared to similar moist and wet Neotropical forests, lianas are slightly less abundant in the Atlantic Forest, but the total biomass is similar. Our study highlights two important points: (1) despite some studies have shown the importance of small-scale canopy disturbance and support availability, the spatial scale of the relationships between lianas and forest structure can vary greatly among tropical forests; (2) our results add to the evidence that past canopy disturbance levels and minimum temperature variation exert influence on the structure of liana communities in tropical moist forests, particularly along short and steep elevational gradients.

Magnetic fabrics and their relationship with the emplacement of the Piracaia pluton, SE Brazil

Magnetic fabric and rock-magnetism studies were performed on the four units of the 578 +/- 3-Ma-old Piracaia pluton (NW of Sao Paulo State, southern Brazil). This intrusion is roughly elliptical (similar to 32 km(2)), composed of (i) coarse-grained monzodiorite (MZD-c), (ii) fine-grained monzodiorite (MZD-f), which is predominant in the pluton, (iii) monzonite heterogeneous (MZN-het), and (iv) quartz syenite (Qz-Sy). Magnetic fabrics were determined by applying both anisotropy of low-field magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (AARM). The two fabrics are coaxial. The parallelism between AMS and AARM tensors excludes the presence of a single domain (SD) effect on the AMS fabric of the units. Several rock-magnetism experiments performed in one specimen from each sampled units show that for all of them, the magnetic susceptibility and magnetic fabrics are carried by magnetite grains, which was also observed in the thin sections. Foliations and lineations in the units were successfully determined by applying magnetic methods. Most of the magnetic foliations are steeply dipping or vertical in all units and are roughly parallel to the foliation measured in the field and in the country rocks. In contrast, the magnetic lineations present mostly low plunges for the whole pluton. However, for eight sites, they are steep up to vertical. Thin-section analyses show that rocks from the Piracaia pluton were affected by the regional strain during and after emplacement since magmatic foliation evolves to solid-state fabric in the north of the pluton, indicating that magnetic fabrics in this area of the pluton are related to this strain. Otherwise, the lack of solid-state deformation at outcrop scale and in thin sections precludes deformation in the SW of the pluton. This evidence allows us to interpret the observed magnetic fabrics as primary in origin (magmatic) acquired when the rocks were solidified as a result of magma flow, in which steeply plunging magnetic lineation suggests that a feeder zone could underlie this area.

AVALIAÇÃO DOS INCÊNDIOS FLORESTAIS OCORRIDOS NO PARQUE NACIONAL DA SERRA DA CANASTRA - MINAS GERAIS

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se estabelecer o perfil dos incêndios florestais ocorridos no Parque Nacional da serra da Canastra, utilizando dados contidos nos Relatórios de Ocorrências de Incêndios de 1988 até 2008, cedidos pela unidade de conservação. Foram registradas 219 ocorrências, totalizando 415572,50 ha de área queimada, com média de 10,43 incêndios e 19789,17 ha queimados por ano. Em relação à área queimada, os incêndios causados por incendiários apresentaram o maior valor, seguido por queimas para limpeza de pastagens, raios e causa desconhecida. Considerando-se número de ocorrências, os incêndios decorrentes de raios apresentaram a maior frequência. Nos meses de setembro e agosto predominaram os incêndios causados por incendiários e de causa desconhecida, enquanto os incêndios naturais ocorreram principalmente nos meses de outubro e fevereiro e os decorrentes da queima para limpeza de pastagens se concentraram em julho. Os incêndios que atingiram maiores áreas foram observados em locais com maior declividade, enquanto os de menores proporções ocorreram em áreas planas e ou de relevos suaves. Quanto à localização, registrou-se o maior número de focos na área regularizada do parque, provavelmente por ser esta área a mais fiscalizada.

Morphology and surface sedimentation on the upper and middle continental slope off Uruguay

This paper presents for the first time a morphological and surface sediment characterization of the Uruguayan outer continental shelf and slope. The study is based on a high-resolution coverage using hydrographical, geomorphological and sedimentological sampling and several textural and productivity proxies. Along slope terraces and an important canyon system characterizes continental slope morphology, indicating that across- and down-slope sedimentary processes control large-scale sedimentation. Terraces represent the prolongation of the Argentinean Contouritic Depositional System that vanishes in the study area, presumably as a result of the dynamic of the Brazil-Malvinas confluence. Canyons incised in the upper slope are likely related to low-stand sea level conditions. At the outer shelf and shallow upper slope (170-250 m depth), off-shelf sand transport is inferred from the distribution of relict sand and reworked biogenic gravel. In the upper continental slope, the northern region is characterized by an erosive environment controlled by a steep slope and the southward flowing Brazil current. In the south, a depositional environment is enhanced by the presence of a gentler slope and seaward incised canyons and is mainly controlled by hemipelagic processes associated with nutrient-rich Sub-Antarctic Waters (SAW), by its confluence with South Atlantic Central Waters (SACW) and by the Rio de la Plata’s (RdlP) influence. Additionally, within the upper slope, the occurrence of igneous-metamorphic cobbles and pebbles in canyon and mound lag deposits suggests the influence of glacial fluvial discharge and/or iceberg transport processes. In the middle slope, sedimentation is controlled by thermohaline-induced deep-water bottom currents. The decreasing influence of the erosive Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) is evident in a northward diminution in grain size. The variety of transport and sedimentary processes identified reflect the control of the Brazil-Malvinas confluence zone and the Rio de la Plata’s discharge.