Influence of high insertion torque on implant placement - an anisotropic bone stress analysis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the high values of insertion torques on the stress and strain distribution in cortical and cancellous bones. Based on tomography imaging, a representative mathematical model of a partial maxilla was built using Mimics 11.11 and Solid Works 2010 softwares. Six models were built and each of them received an implant with one of the following insertion torques: 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 or 80 Ncm on the external hexagon. The cortical and cancellous bones were considered anisotropic. The bone/implant interface was considered perfectly bonded. The numerical analysis was carried out using Ansys Workbench 10.0. The convergence of analysis (6%) drove the mesh refinement. Maximum principal stress (σ max) and maximum principal strain (ε max) were obtained for cortical and cancellous bones around to implant. Pearson's correlation test was used to determine the correlation between insertion torque and stress concentration in the periimplant bone tissue, considering the significance level at 5%. The increase in the insertion torque generated an increase in the σ max and ε max values for cortical and cancellous bone. The σmax was smaller for the cancellous bone, with greater stress variation among the insertion torques. The ε max was higher in the cancellous bone in comparison to the cortical bone. According to the methodology used and the limits of this study, it can be concluded that higher insertion torques increased tensile and compressive stress concentrations in the periimplant bone tissue.

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of stress distribution in retention screws of different crown-implant ratios

The retaining screw of the implant-supported dental prosthesis is the weakest point of the crown/implant system. Furthermore, crown height is another important factor that may increase the lever arm. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the stress distribution in implant prosthetic screws with different heights of the clinical crown of the prosthesis using the method of three-dimensional finite element analysis. Three models were created with implants (3.75 mm × 10 mm) and crowns (heights of 10, 12.5 and 15 mm). The results were visualised by means of von Mises stress maps that increased the crown heights. The screw structure exhibited higher levels of stresses in the oblique load. The oblique loading resulted in higher stress concentration when compared with the axial loading. It is concluded that the increase of the crown was damaging to the stress distribution on the screw, mainly in oblique loading. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.

Desempenho de um algoritmo backward-forward sweep de cálculo de fluxo de potência

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

El impacto de los desastres naturales en el desarrollo: documento metodológico básico para estudios nacionales de caso

Incluye Bibliografía

Análise de riscos: um modelo de assinatura de risco voltada para segurança da informação

Pós-graduação em Ciência da Computação - IBILCE

Análise de risco a inundação na cidade de Alenquer - Estado do Pará

A cidade de Alenquer, localizada na região do Baixo Amazonas do Estado do Pará, sofre historicamente com a ameaça de inundação. Todos os anos, na época da enchente, o furo Surubiú aumenta seu nível, inundando as partes mais baixas da cidade. A presente dissertação analisa o risco a inundação existente na cidade de Alenquer proporcionando instrumentos para a gestão e melhorias das ações do poder público. A análise de ameaça se baseou em uma metodologia que agrega dados históricos, hidrológicos, mapa de construção participativo e trabalho de campo com GPS, identificado três áreas distintas na cidade: (i) área de alta suscetibilidade, anualmente afetada pelas inundações, abrange 8,4% da área da cidade (ii) área de moderada suscetibilidade, apenas atingida quando observado os maiores índices fluviométricos e (iii) área que mesmo na maiores enchentes não é atingida. O cálculo da vulnerabilidade ocorreu a partir da construção de um índice que inclui dados do censo de demográfico, trabalho de campo para a identificação dos elementos essenciais e unidades de respostas. Após a aplicação do índice verificou-se que dos 17 setores da cidade, cinco apresentam alta vulnerabilidade, e os demais moderada vulnerabilidade. Na análise de risco os dados de vulnerabilidade e ameaças foram integrados e novamente três zonas na cidade foram identificadas (i) a zona de alto risco corresponde a 9,45 % da cidade, onde há grande concentração de elementos essenciais e algumas unidades de respostas, o que provoca danos sociais e econômicos quando da ocorrência de inundação (ii) zona de moderado risco, 30% da cidade e (iii) zona de baixo risco que corresponde a 60,55% da cidade. O Plano Diretor do município foi analisado com alguns questionamentos para verificar a inclusão da temática de ameaça, vulnerabilidade e risco nesse documento, após a análise pode se concluir a falta de abordagem dessa temática no plano diretor. Os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa são importantes para subsidiar políticas publicas e os documentos exigidos pela Defesa Civil quando da ocorrência de desastres.

Proposta metodológica de inclusão da gestão de análises de riscos naturais no zoneamento ecológico e econômico

A região da Calha Norte, localizada no Baixo Amazonas do Estado do Pará, sofre historicamente com vários tipos de ameaças naturais, como cheias, enchentes, alagamentos, erosão, estiagem, enxurrada, fortes chuvas e secas, todas registradas pela Defesa Civil. Todos os anos, seja no período da chuva ou no período da seca, a população fica vulnerável a tais eventos. A presente dissertação consiste em adaptar uma iniciativa metodológica que permita a incorporação da temática de gestão de riscos naturais no Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico (ZEE) do Brasil, tendo como estudo de caso o ZEE da Calha Norte do Pará, proporcionando instrumentos para a gestão e melhorias das ações do poder público. A análise das ameaças naturais baseou-se em estudo metodológico que agregou dados históricos, mapa geomorfológico, mapa geológico, mapa hipsométrico, mapa de declividade, identificando as três classes de análises: (i) área de alta suscetibilidade; (ii) área de moderada suscetibilidade e (iii) área de baixa suscetibilidade, gerando assim os mapas das ameaças de inundação, de erosões e das secas. A construção da vulnerabilidade social ocorreu a partir da aplicação do Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social (IVS) e do Índice de Unidades de Resposta (IUR), oriundos dos dados do Censo 2010 e do Cadastro Nacional de Endereço para Fins Estatísticos (CNEFE), ambos do IBGE. Após a aplicação de tais índices verificou-se que, do total de 397 setores censitários da área de estudo, 365 setores apresentam alta vulnerabilidade e os demais, moderada e baixa vulnerabilidade, o que retrata grande preocupação com tal área. Na análise de risco, os dados de vulnerabilidade e ameaças foram integrados e novamente classificados em três níveis: (i) alto risco, onde há pouca concentração de unidades de respostas e são áreas de alta ameaça, podendo provocar danos sociais e econômicos quando e se ocorrerem as ameaças naturais; (ii) médio nível de risco, resultado gerado do cruzamento de áreas de altas ameaças x baixas ameaças e (iii) baixo nível de risco, resultando em dois produtos cartográficos: o mapa de risco de inundação e o mapa de risco de erosão. O ZEE da Calha Norte do Pará foi analisado com alguns questionamentos a fim de verificar a inclusão da temática de ameaça, vulnerabilidade e risco no documento, concluindo-se pela falta desta no documento técnico. Além disto, os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa são de elevada importância no sentido de subsidiar o ordenamento territorial e também para a criação de políticas públicas para a região.

Aspectos do controle de resíduos de avermectinas no abate de bovinos

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV

Influence of morphological variables in photoelastic models with implants submitted to axial loading

Purpose: This study used 12 photoelastics models with different height and thickness to evaluate if the axial loading of 100N on implants changes the morphology of the photoelastic reflection. Methods: For the photoelastic analysis, the models were placed in a reflection polariscope for observation of the isochromatic fringes patterns. The formation of these fringes resulted from an axial load of 100N applied to the midpoint of the healing abutment attached to the implant with 10.0mm x 3.75mm (Conexão, Sistemas de Próteses, Brazil). The tension in each photoelastic model was monitored, photographed and observed using the software Phothoshop 7.0. For qualitative analysis, the area under the implant apex was measured including the green band of the second order fringe of each model using the software Image Tool. After comparison of the areas, the performance generated by each specimen was defined regarding the axial loading. Results: There were alterations in area with different height and thickness of the photoelastic models. It was observed that the group III (30mm in height) presented the smallest area. Conclusion: There was variation in the size of the areas analyzed for different height and thickness of the models and the morphology of the replica may directly influence the result in researches with photoelastic models.

Risk Assessment of the Introduction of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza as a Tool to be Applied in Prevention Strategy Plan

Risks of the introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 through migratory birds to the main wintering site for wild birds in southern Brazil and its consequences were assessed. Likelihoods were estimated by a qualitative scale ranging from negligible to high. Northern migrants that breed in Alaska and regularly migrate to South America (primary Charadriiformes) can have contact with birds from affected areas in Asia. The likelihood of the introduction of HPAI H5N1 through migratory birds was found to be very low as it is a probability conditioned to successful transmission in breeding areas and the probabilities of an infected bird migrating and shedding the virus as far as southern Brazil. The probability of wild species becoming exposed to H5N1-infected birds is high as they nest with northern migrants from Alaska, whereas for backyard poultry it is moderate to high depending on proximity to wetlands and the presence of species that could increase the likelihood of contact with wild birds such as domestic duck. The magnitude of the biological and economic consequences of successful transmission to poultry or wild birds would be low to severe depending on the probability of the occurrence of outbreak scenarios described. As a result, the risk estimate is greater than negligible, and HPAI H5N1 prevention strategy in the region should always be carefully considered by the veterinary services in Brazil.

Mapping of risk and susceptibility of shallow-landslide in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil

In the city of Sao Paulo, where about 11 million people live, landslides and flooding occur frequently, especially during the summer. These landslides cause the destruction of houses and urban equipment, economic damage, and the loss of lives. The number of areas threatened by landslides has been increasing each year. The objective of this article is to analyze the probability of risk and susceptibility to shallow landslides in the Limoeiro River basin, which is located at the head of the Aricanduva River basin, one of the main hydrographic basins in the city of Sao Paulo. To map areas of risk, we created a cadastral survey form to evaluate landslide risk in the field. Risk was categorized into four levels based on natural and anthropogenic factors: R1 (low risk), R2 (average risk), R3 (high risk), and R4 (very high risk). To analyze susceptibility to shallow landslides, we used the SHALSTAB (Shallow Landsliding Stability) mathematical model and calculated the Distribution Frequency (DF) of the susceptibility classes for the entire basin. Finally, we performed a joint analysis of the average Risk Concentration (RC) and Risk Potential (RP). We mapped 14 risk sectors containing approximately 685 at-risk homes, more than half of which presented a high (R3) or very high (R4) probability of risk to the population. In the susceptibility map, 41% of the area was classified as stable and 20% as unconditionally unstable. Although the latter category accounted a smaller proportion of the total area, it contained a concentration (RC) of 41% of the mapped risk areas with a risk potential (RP) of 12%. We found that the locations of areas predicted to be unstable by the model coincided with the risk areas mapped in the field. This combination of methods can be applied to evaluate the risk of shallow landslides in densely populated areas and can assist public managers in defining areas that are unstable and inappropriate for occupation. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Herbicides in the upper Poxim River, Sergipe, and the risk of contamination of water resources

Increased agricultural activity in watershed areas has been causing concern over contamination by herbicides in agricultural areas. The problem becomes more important when contamination can affect water for human consumption, as happens with water from the Poxim river, which supplies the city of Aracaju, capital of the State of Sergipe. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of contamination by herbicides to both surface and groundwater in the upper sub-basin of the Poxim River, and to detect the presence of the active ingredients Diuron and Ametrine up-river from the sugar-cane plantations. Risk analysis was carried out using criteria from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the GUS index, and the GOSS method. It was observed that several active ingredients are at risk of leaching, demonstrating the importance of monitoring the river to control both the quality of water and the frequency and volume of herbicides used in the region. Based on the results, monitoring was carried out bi-monthly from July 2009 to July 2010 at two sampling points. Water samples were analyzed in the laboratory, where the presence of Diuron and Ametrine was noted. Water quality in the Sub-basin of the Rio Poxim is being influenced by the use of herbicides in the region. There was an increase in herbicide concentration in the surface water during the rainy season, possibly caused by soil runoff.

Current issues regarding health surveillance of fluoride concentrations in foods

This study analyzed the position of the Federal (Brazil), State (Sao Paulo), and municipal (Bauru, Sao Paulo) governments, civil society representatives, the regulated sector, and research associations concerning issues with fluoride content in foods. Analysis of the interviews (N = 15) used a qualitative methodology (collective subject discourse theory). Various central ideas were identified, including the need for stronger health surveillance in monitoring and controlling fluoride levels, educational measures, and more research in the area. The study concludes that the health surveillance approach to fluoride levels in foods is necessary, but still incipient. There is a mismatch between research output and surveillance. Regulation alone does not suffice to solve all the issues. Health risk communication and health education measures need to be implemented. Issues with fluoride on food labels need further research for the intervention to be effective.

A systematic review with procedural assessments and meta-analysis of Low Level Laser Therapy in lateral elbow tendinopathy (tennis elbow)

Abstract Background Recent reviews have indicated that low level level laser therapy (LLLT) is ineffective in lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET) without assessing validity of treatment procedures and doses or the influence of prior steroid injections. Methods Systematic review with meta-analysis, with primary outcome measures of pain relief and/or global improvement and subgroup analyses of methodological quality, wavelengths and treatment procedures. Results 18 randomised placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) were identified with 13 RCTs (730 patients) meeting the criteria for meta-analysis. 12 RCTs satisfied half or more of the methodological criteria. Publication bias was detected by Egger's graphical test, which showed a negative direction of bias. Ten of the trials included patients with poor prognosis caused by failed steroid injections or other treatment failures, or long symptom duration or severe baseline pain. The weighted mean difference (WMD) for pain relief was 10.2 mm [95% CI: 3.0 to 17.5] and the RR for global improvement was 1.36 [1.16 to 1.60]. Trials which targeted acupuncture points reported negative results, as did trials with wavelengths 820, 830 and 1064 nm. In a subgroup of five trials with 904 nm lasers and one trial with 632 nm wavelength where the lateral elbow tendon insertions were directly irradiated, WMD for pain relief was 17.2 mm [95% CI: 8.5 to 25.9] and 14.0 mm [95% CI: 7.4 to 20.6] respectively, while RR for global pain improvement was only reported for 904 nm at 1.53 [95% CI: 1.28 to 1.83]. LLLT doses in this subgroup ranged between 0.5 and 7.2 Joules. Secondary outcome measures of painfree grip strength, pain pressure threshold, sick leave and follow-up data from 3 to 8 weeks after the end of treatment, showed consistently significant results in favour of the same LLLT subgroup (p < 0.02). No serious side-effects were reported. Conclusion LLLT administered with optimal doses of 904 nm and possibly 632 nm wavelengths directly to the lateral elbow tendon insertions, seem to offer short-term pain relief and less disability in LET, both alone and in conjunction with an exercise regimen. This finding contradicts the conclusions of previous reviews which failed to assess treatment procedures, wavelengths and optimal doses.

Theoretical models to predict the mechanical behavior of thick composite tubes

This paper shows theoretical models (analytical formulations) to predict the mechanical behavior of thick composite tubes and how some parameters can influence this behavior. Thus, firstly, it was developed the analytical formulations for a pressurized tube made of composite material with a single thick ply and only one lamination angle. For this case, the stress distribution and the displacement fields are investigated as function of different lamination angles and reinforcement volume fractions. The results obtained by the theoretical model are physic consistent and coherent with the literature information. After that, the previous formulations are extended in order to predict the mechanical behavior of a thick laminated tube. Both analytical formulations are implemented as a computational tool via Matlab code. The results obtained by the computational tool are compared to the finite element analyses, and the stress distribution is considered coherent. Moreover, the engineering computational tool is used to perform failure analysis, using different types of failure criteria, which identifies the damaged ply and the mode of failure.