946 resultados para Poly(5-amino-1-naphthol)


Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本实验以菠菜叶片为材料,分离并纯化了甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH,EC 1.2.1.8),并对其某些性质进行了研究。此外,还提取并纯化了poly (A)+RNA,并对其完整性进行了分析,主要结果如下: 1.菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶存在于60%硫酸铵沉淀部分,70%硫酸铵沉淀部分未检出其活性。用层析法纯化该酶,使纯化倍数达到405.3倍。菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶有两个同工酶。 2.菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶主要定位于胞液中。其中,在过氧化物酶体及微粒体中有一定量活性存在,但在叶绿体中未检出其活性。 3.菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶活性有较广的pH值范围,其最适pH范围为9.5左右。该酶以NAD作为特异性辅酶,其Km值为8.0×10-6M, Vmax为0.143nmol/min。该酶以甜菜碱醛作为特异性底物,其Km值为1.82×10-4M,Vmax为0.182nmol/min。该酶活性为0.125~1M的NaCl、KCl和脯氨酸所抑制,但0.125~1M的蔗糖及甜菜碱对其活性没有影响。 4.PCMB和Mersalyl抑制该酶的活性,DTT可逐步恢复被抑制的活性。稀土元素LaCl3对该酶活性没有影响,但CeCl则使其完全失活。另外,Mn2+和Mo6+离子对其活性没有影响,Mg2+离子可增加其活性。 5.菠菜叶片中有菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶的抑制因子存在,该因子可能是一种小分子化合物。 6.应用酚-氯仿方法分离了菠菜叶片的poly (A)+RNA,并在-80℃低温下长期贮存。

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

We report an experimental and theoretical study of maximum modal gain of p-doped 1.3 mu m InAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) lasers. The maximum modal gain of the QD laser with five stacks of QDs is as high as 17.5 cm(-1) which is the same as that of the undoped laser with identical structures. The expression of the maximum modal gain is derived and it is indicated that p-doping has no effect to the maximum modal gain. We theoretically calculated the maximum modal gain of the QD lasers and the result is in a good agreement with the experimental data. Furthermore, QDs with lower height or smaller aspect ratio are beneficial to achieving a greater maximum modal gain that leads to lower threshold current density and higher differential modal gain, which is good for the application of p-doped 1.3 mu m InAs/GaAs QD lasers in optical communications systems.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

We have fabricated 1.3-mu m InAs-GaAs quantum-dot (QD) lasers with and without p-type modulation doping and their characteristics have been investigated. We find that introducing p-type doping in active regions can improve the temperature stability of 1.3-mu m InAs-GaAs QD lasers, but it does not, increase the saturation modal gain of the QD lasers. The saturation modal gain obtained from the two types of lasers is identical (17.5 cm(-1)). Moreover, the characteristic temperature increases as cavity length increases for the two types of lasers, and it improves more significantly for the lasers with p-type doping due to their higher gain.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

DNA是重要的生物大分子,也是主要的抗癌药物靶分子。小分子与DNA之间的相互作用是以DNA为靶分子的各种物质生物效应的基础,它们之间的特异性结合导致了癌变、突变及细胞的死亡。能够与DNA特异性结合的小分子很多都是临床上广泛应用的抗癌药物。因此,小分子与DNA之间的相互作用不论是对阐述抗癌、抗病毒药物的作用,还是对致癌机理的研究,尤其对抗癌药物的体内筛选都有重要意义。近十年来,开发新型的抗癌药物小分子,使它们具有对DNA序列特异性的识别能力己成为国内外研究的热点。斓系配合物由于具有广泛的光学、磁学和电学等特性使得有可能成为新的DNA特异性识别分子。然而,斓系离子在中性条件下极其容易水解的特性又极大的阻碍了斓系配合物对于DNA的识别性研究。本文在中性条件下合成了铜系氨基酸配合物,并成功的获得了这些配合物的晶体结构,利用这些有确定结构的I系氨基酸配合物与特定的DNA序列相作用,通过多种生物物理方法研究了它们对DNA序列特异性识别。主要的结果如下:1.在近中性条件下,合成了Eu-Val([Eus_8(L-HVal)_(16)(H_2O)_(32)]Cl_(24)·12.5H_2O),Eu-Asp([Eu_4(μ3-OH)_4(L-Asp)_2(L-HAsp)_3(H_2O)_7]Cl·11.5H_2O)和Tb-Cys(「Th_2(DL-Cys)_4(H_2O)_8]Cl_2)三种铜系氨基酸配合物,这些配合物的结构由于合成条件(温度,反离子及合成比例)上的差异与已报到的类似配合物的结构具有明显的不同。三种配合物的结构各具特色,从而在与DNA作用时将表现出各自特有的识别性能。2.Eu-Val配合物在与单链DNA作用时,配合物能键合到DNA碱基所在的疏水区,在与富含dC和dT碱基的序列相结合时,发生显著的能量传递,从而极大的增强了配合物中Eu的发射光谱。配合物结合DNA的化学计量比随序列中dC含量的降低而降低。配合物同样能够与处于DNA疏水区的富含dA和dG序列相结合,这种结合不能够产生能量传递,但使得DNA的紫外-可见光谱出现明显的减色和红移现象。此外,这一配合物还能够诱导单链DNApoly(dA)及p01y(rA)产生自身的二级结构,形成双链结构。这为进一步认识斓系离子的生物学效应奠定了基础,斓系氨基酸配合物可以诱导单链poly(dA)及poly(rA)形成自身结构尚无文献报道。3.Eu一AsP配合物能够选择性的稳定非B一构象的Poly(dA)Poly(dT),而使B一构象的印oly(dAdT)]2和[Poly(dGdC)]2变得不稳定。如在1:2比例时,该配合物可使Poly(dA)Polv(dT)的融化温度提高4℃,而使印oly(dAdT)}2的融化温度降低6℃,[Poly(dGdC)]2则出现了两个转变温度。进一步的圆二色实验结果充分表明Eu一Asp配合物对于富含Poly(dA)Poly(dT)和[Poly(dAdT)]2的双链DNA没有构象上的改变,而对于[Poly(dGdC)]2的双链DNA则产生了显著的构象上的改变,很有可能正是这一改变使得[Poly(dGdC)]2变得极其的不稳定。配合物对[Poly(dGdC)]2的这种不稳定影响随着配合物浓度的逐步升高而越来越明显。变温实验结果清楚的表明,在37℃时,Eu-AsP使[Poly(dGdC)JZ发生了构象转化,并且这种转化是可逆的。4.Tb-Cys配合物与单链(除了poly(dA))和双链DNA都能发生能量传递,从而使得配合物的荧光显著增强。不同的DNA表现出不同的增强效果,表明TbCys配合物对DNA的序列存在选择性,单链要强于双链,富含Poly(dAdG)的序列增强效果最好。单链和双链能量传递的差异表明了配合物能够区分DNA的单链和双链,配合物在与单链作用时结合更强。TbCys配合物在与DNA作用时存在不同的结合位点,而且单链和双链的结合位点明显不同。TbCys配合物能够引起富含dC和dT的单链DNA发生减色效应,而能够引起富含poly(dA)、poly(dAdG)的单链DNA和富含poly(dA)poly(dT)、[Poly(dAdT)]2和[poly(dGdC)]2的双链DNA发生明显的红移。此外,这一配合物同样能够影响双链DNA的稳定性,使得富含poly(dA)Poly(dT)序列变得稳定,而使得富含印oly(dAdT)]2和富含印oly(dGdC)]2的序列变得不稳定。这些结果都表明了配合物对DNA存在选择性。比较不同配合物的差别后能够发现DNA对于不同的配合物同样具有选II择性,这种选择性能够用来区分配合物。一这些钢系氨基酸配合物由于选择了天然的氨基酸作为配体,从而大大的降低了对人体的毒性,进一步表现出的对不同的DNA序列的选择型则使其有望成为新型的抗癌诊疗试剂。

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

有机锗化合物具有广谱抗癌活性和低毒副作用,有关它们的合成、生物活性及应用研究引起了医药界和化学界的兴趣。但由于未注重有机基团的相关性,忽略了分子整体对抗癌作用的影响,至今尚未出现临床应用的高效低毒的有机绪抗癌新药,分子结构与抗癌活性关系及抗癌作用机理仍不清楚。因此,继续合成新型且具有结构可比性的有机锗抗癌活性化合物,研究药物与生物大分子DNA的相互作用、揭示有机锗化合物的结构与抗癌作用关系,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。为此,本论文就以下几个方面开展了研究工作。1、合成了4种有机锗二元杂环化合物一有机锗喳琳醋和有机锗蔡酚醋化合物。根据它们的光谱性质讨论了其结构特征,该类化合物具有与Ge-132类似的空间结构,即具有-Ge-O-Ge-O-聚合网络大环结构。由于保留了有机锗倍半氧化物的基本结构,同时引入了能够与DNA有强烈相互作用的蔡酚和喳琳基团,可能会产生协同效应,使新化合物具有较强的抗癌活性和较好的选择性。2、在保留有机锗倍半氧化物的基本结构的基础上,引入了本身具有抗癌活性和光谱学性质,并且能够与DNA有相互作用的葱、葱醒、菲、荀、荀酮等三环有机基团,合成了16种未见报道的有机锗三元杂环化合物。以葱环为代表的杂环化合物,例如氮杂葱醌及氮杂葱并吡唑类化合物,作为重要的抗癌活性化合物,引起了药学界的极大兴趣。我们合成的新化合物,既保留了有机锗倍半氧化物的基本结构,又引入了葱环类化合物,进而使新化合物具有较强的抗癌活性和选择识别性。3、选择了8个药物小分子,分别应用UV-Vis、热变性(Melting)、荧光光I新型有机锗化合物的合成、抗癌活性及其与DNA的相互作用研究谱变化、粘度测定等方法,研究它们与3种DNA,即小牛胸腺DNA(CT-DNA)和2种人I合成的寡聚核昔酸[22一merspoly(dA·d劝和22一merspoly(dG·dC)]的相互作用。发现与DNA作用后,这些化合物的紫外吸收光谱均发生减色效应和红移现象,它们能使3种DNA的热变性温度(几)升高,粘度增加,说明化合物是以插入方式与DNA结合的。应用荧光滴定方法,求得了新化合物与DNA的结合常数,场在1护一105M一l范围内,属中等强度结合。进一步研究发现它们是以1:2(小分子/碱基对)的计量比与DNA碱基结合的。4、2种有机锗菲醋化合物(G一1、G一2)与DNA结合后,紫外吸收光谱产生减色效应和兰移现象以及荧光淬灭,对DNA的粘度基本无影响,它们是以沟槽结合方式与DNA发生作用的。发现G-1和G-2不仅能够增加三链DNA-Polv(dA·ZdT油的稳定性,并且能够促进Poly(dA.ZdT)22的形成。这一结果说明,某些结构的有机锗化合物可能以这种作用机理发挥抗癌作用,同时可以作为潜在的三链DNA稳定剂。5、研究了部分新合成的有机锗化合物(GK-1,GK-2,GN-1,GN-2,EK-1,EK-2,D-1,D-2,G-,G-2)对PC一3M和K562癌细胞的作用。GK-1,GK-2能够显著抑"制PC一3M细胞的增值,而且对细胞形态也产生了严重影响,显示了明显的细胞毒作用。流式细胞实验结果表明EK类化合物对PC-3M细胞周期有很大影响,发现对细胞增值的抑制作用发生在S期,即细胞内DNA合成期,细胞实验的结果也进一步验证了药物与DNA相互作用的事实。GN-1,GN-2,EK-1,EK-2,D-1,D-2,G-和G一2对K562细胞表现了较强的抑制作用,尤其GN-1和GN-2,效果更为明显,说明分子内有机锗链和其它基团的协向作用增强了整体化合物的生物学作用。6、有机锗二元杂环化合物与DNA的结合常数和体外抗癌活性明显高于有机锗三元杂环化合物,结合强度和抗癌活性之间呈现线形相关性。有机链中甲基的存在不利于有机锗二元杂环化合物与DNA的作用,同时降低了抗癌活性,而同样甲基的存在有利于有机锗三元杂环化合物与DNA的相互作用和抗癌功能的发挥。

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

对p型掺杂1.3 μm InAs/GaAs量子点激光器的最大模式增益进行了实验和理论分析.实验上,测量了不同腔长激光器阈值电流密度与总损耗的对应关系,拟合出的最大模式增益为17.5 cm~(-1),与相同结构非掺杂量子点激光器的最大模式增益一致.同时理论分析表明,p型掺杂对InAs/GaAs量子点激光器的最大模式增益并无影响,并且最大模式增益的计算结果与实验值相符.具有较小高度或高宽比的量子点能达到更高的最大模式增益,而较高的最大模式增益对p型掺杂1.3 μm InAs/GaAs自组织量子点激光器在光通信系统中的应用具有重要意义.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

导出了一种用系统10%-90%上升时间所表示的最坏情况下多模光纤色散功率代价的计算方法。将最坏情况下的眼图闭合用光接收器在t0时刻的输出信号波形表示,从而得到了色散功率代价的数学表达式。为了得到光接收器输出信号波形的解析解,假设多模光纤链路是一个低通滤波器,其归一化脉冲响应是高斯形式的。用这种方法对甚短距离光传输系统VSRd的色散功率代价做了计算分析,所得结果可作为最坏情况下VSR-1链路功率预算分析的参考。

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本文采用室内培养、盆栽和田间试验相结合的方法,对3,5-二甲基吡唑的硝化抑制效果进行了初步探讨。结果表明,3,5-二甲基吡唑(DMP)的施用可以显著抑制土壤硝化作用的进行,其抑制效果受其本身用量及氮素用量的影响显著。但在常规氮施用量下,占纯氮量1.0%的DMP即可以起到显著的硝化抑制效果。在等N量和等抑制剂用量下,DMP的抑制效果显著优于双氰胺,而与3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐效果相当。 对与氮转化有关的土壤酶活性影响结果表明,DMP只在施用后1~2天内对土壤脲酶活性具有短暂的抑制作用,但可较长时间显著抑制土壤硝酸还原酶活性,提高土壤亚硝酸还原酶活性。由于DMP的施用对土壤或肥料氮转化的有效调控,促进了作物对氮素的吸收累积,在生育期较长的水稻上效果更加显著。与对照相比,氮肥表观利用率提高了12.51%,水稻籽粒粗蛋白含量提高了6.24%。同时由于DMP的施用使土壤硝氮累积量显著降低,因此,土壤酸化程度及硝酸盐向土体下层的淋移趋势明显减缓。 对DMP施用后土壤微生物群落动态及微生物活性的研究结果表明,适量DMP的施用不会对表征土壤环境质量变化的土壤生物化学特性产生负面影响,而是通过专性抑制土壤氨氧化菌群落的增殖来实现其硝化抑制作用的,且对参与土壤氮素转化的亚硝酸氧化细菌和反硝化细菌影响很小。因此,DMP将是未来一种具有一定发展前景的土壤硝化作用的专一性抑制剂。

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fluorouracil, 5-FU)是一种抗代谢药物,广泛用于临床治疗结直肠癌、胃癌、乳腺癌等多种癌症,但其首过代谢显著、亲脂性较低,选择性差、毒副作用大。为克服这些缺点人们对5-FU进行了大量的修饰工作,包括小分子修饰以及与各种载体形成微球、微囊、纳米粒、共价前药等。 环糊精(Cyclodextrin,简称CD),可被结肠中的糖苷酶特异性地降解成小分子糖,而胃和小肠中由于缺乏相应的酶而使环糊精不被降解,这一特性在结肠药物的靶向输送及释放中有重要应用价值。环糊精中含有丰富的羟基,易进行化学修饰,将药物与环糊精通过共价键结合制成前药,使其在胃和小肠中不降解,而在盲结肠中被特异性的酶降解释出药物,达到结肠靶向释药的目的。研究表明,环糊精作为一种前药载体为结肠靶向释药和缓释、控释系统提供了一种有效的手段。 本工作选择5-氟尿嘧啶为模型药物、β-环糊精作为载体,通过中间体5-FU羧酸衍生物的制备及其与β-环糊精的偶联,合成了系列5-FU-β-CD前体药物,并利用紫外、红外、质谱、核磁、元素分析、热分析等手段对其进行结构表征。同时,还研究了前体药物的体外释药性质。具体内容包括: 1. 含有羧基的5-FU衍生物中间体的合成:(5-氟尿嘧啶-1-基)-乙酸(FUAC)、3-(5-氟尿嘧啶-1-基)-丙酸(FUPC)、5-(5-氟尿嘧啶-1-基)-戊酸(FUVC)的合成。 2. 中间体5-FU的羧酸衍生物与β-CD的偶联:分别通过以6-OTs-β-CD为中间体的取代法和活化酯法,合成了第一面取代和第二面取代的5-FU-β-CD大分子前体药物。在二面取代的前体药物制备中,通过改变原料的比例,合成了系列不同取代度(DS)的2-[(5-氟尿嘧啶-1-基)-乙酰基] -β-环糊精结合物。 3. 对上述前体药物进行体外释放研究:分别考察了前体药物在不同pH缓冲溶液中的水解行为及其在小鼠胃肠道人工体液中的酶解行为,并通过UV-Vis及HPLC对前体药物释放情况进行检测分析。 5-Fluorouracil(5-Fu), commonly known as a broad-spectrum antineoplastic drug, has been widely used in the treatment of various kinds of cancer including colon cancer for 40 years. However, this antitumor agent exhibits serious adverse effects, such as their marrow toxicity, gastrointestinal reaction and low selectivity in their clinical use. In order to improve its antitumor activity and reduce its toxicity, the compound was modified in various ways, including the formation of conjugated prodrugs with kinds of carrier, microsphere and nanoparticles etc. Cyclodextrins(CDs) are known to be barely capable of being hydrolyzed and only slightly absorbed in passing through the stomach and small intestine; however they are fermented into small saccharides by colonic microflora and thus absorbed as small saccharides in the large intestine. This biodegradation property of CDs may be useful as a colon-targeting carrier, and thus CD prodrugs may serve as a source of site-specific delivery of drugs to colon. It was demonstrated that prodrugs of CDs can provide a versatile means for construction of not only colon targeted delivery systems, but also delayed release systems. 5-Fluorouracil was taken as a model drug and β-CD as the carrier in this study. Series prodrugs of 5-FU was prepared through the preparation of reactive 5-FU derivatives containing carboxyl group and coupling to hydroxyl groups of CD. The structures of the conjugates were charactered by using IR, UV–vis, ESI-MS, 1H, 13C-NMR spectra, elemental analyses, and thermal analysis. In vitro hydrolysis behavior in aqueous solution and in rat gastrointestinal tract contents of the conjugates were also investigated. The main content of this dissertation includes following aspects: 1. The preparation of 5-FU derivatives containing carboxyl group: 5-Fluorouracil- acetic acid(FUAC)、3-(5-FU-1)-propionic acid (FUPC)、and 5-(5-FU-1)-valeric acid(FUVC). 2. The coupling of 5-FU derivatives to β-CD: 5-FU was selectively conjugated onto the primary or secondary hydroxyl groups of β-CD through an ester linkage, by the substitution of 6-OTs-β-CD and the activated ester method respectively. For the secondary face conjugation, the degree of substitution(DS) can be controlled by changing the mole ratio of the starting materials(FUAC and β-CD). 3. In vitro release behavior of the conjugates in aqueous solution and in rat gastro- intestinal tract contents of the conjugates were investigated, and the reaction was monitored and analyzed by using UV-Vis and HPLC methods.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

多羟基哌啶类化合物通常称为氮杂糖,由于与糖结构的相似性,亚胺基环醇表现出强的糖苷酶和糖基转移酶抑制活性,可调控在生物识别及酶结构控制中起到重要作用的糖蛋白的生物合成与水解。因此这类抑制剂有望成为与糖代谢紊乱有关的疾病的治疗药物,如:抗糖尿病、抗肿瘤、抗溶酶体贮积症及抗病毒感染(包括艾滋病)等药物。正是由于氮杂糖的重要生物活性及诱人的药用开发前景,近年来,有关氮杂糖及其衍生物的合成、生物活性及应用研究备受关注。 本论文探索了一系列的作为潜在的迈克加成中间体1-C-乙酰甲基/甲氧羰基甲基-5-N-取代呋喃核糖碳苷衍生物在碱的作用下先发生β-消除反应,接着发生分子内的迈克加成反应生成1-C-乙酰甲基-N-取代氮杂吡喃糖碳苷衍生物及1-C-甲氧羰基甲基-N-取代氮杂吡喃糖碳苷衍生物的方法,该转变过程为先通过β-消除得到非环状的α/β不饱和共轭酮或酯的中间体,接着5-N-取代氨基与分子内的α/β不饱和共轭酮或酯发生分子内的1,4-亲核加成,其中,2'-酯的环加成立体选择性的得到β型1-C-乙酰甲基-N-取代氮杂吡喃糖碳苷衍生物,而2'-酮的环加成得到立体异构体1-C-乙酰甲基-N-取代氮杂吡喃糖碳苷衍生物。此外,该类N-取代氮杂吡喃糖碳苷衍生物进一步脱除保护基,得到了一系列新的N-取代氮杂吡喃糖衍生物,拓展了氮杂吡喃糖碳苷分子库。 中间体1-C-(2'-oxoalkyl)-5-N-alkylated glycoribofuranoside的合成是由核糖为原料,通过对其结构修饰,在C-5氮原子上先引入不同的取代基,在C-1上引入乙酰甲基或甲氧羰基甲基。C-5取代氨基的引入通过两种方法:(a) 5-取代链状脂肪氨基可由链状的伯胺直接与5-甲磺酰基发生SN2亲核取代得到;(b) 5-取代芳香氨基可通过芳香醛与C-5氨基缩合再由硼氢化钠还原得到。2'-酰基的引入通过烯丙基氧化得到:2'-酮羰基由醋酸汞和琼斯试剂氧化得到;2'-酯基由高锰酸钾氧化再碘甲烷的作用下得到。 The polyhydroxylated piperidines, commonly be called azasugars. Iminocyclitols and their derivatives have exhibited remarkable biological activity to inhibit glycosidase-processing enzymes, with resulting potential chemotherapeutic applications against diabetes, cancer, lysosomal storage disorders and viral infections including AIDS. Recently, because of the important biological activity and excellent foreground on pharmaceutical application, great attention has been attracted to the synthesis of the new derivatives and analogues. In this dissertation, 1-C-(2'-oxoalkyl)-5-N-substituted-glycoribofuranosides, which used as latent substrates for intramolecular hetero-Michael addition, were converted to 2-ester and 2-ketone aza-C-glycopyranosides by base treatment. The transformation was achieved through β-elimination to an acyclic α/β-conjugated ketone or ester, followed by an intramolecular hetero-Michael addition by the 5-N-alkylated amino group. The 2-ester cycloaddition was highly stereoselective in favor of an equatorial 1-C-substitution while the 2-ketone cycloaddition was produced a pair of stereoisomers of 2′-ketonyl aza-C-glycoside. Additionally, the resultant different N-alkylated aza-C-glycopyranosides could be further prepared for various azasugar library constructions by removal of protecting groups. Synthesis of the key intermediate 1-C-(2'-oxoalkyl)-5-N-alkylated glycoribo- furanoside involved the introduction of 5-substituted amino and 1-C-2′-oxoalkyl groups from D-ribose. The 5-alkylated amino was introduced through two methods: (a) the 5-aliphatic series amino synthesized by the nucleophilic substitution of 5-mesylate using neat ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, and hexylamine, (b) the 5-aromatic series amino synthesized by various aromatic aldehydes with C-5 amino under NaBH4 reduction. The 1-C-2′-oxoalkyl groups were introduced through oxidation of the ally group: the 1-C-allyl group was oxidized with Hg(OAc)2 and Jones reagent to the 2-ketonyl C-glycoside; the 1-C-allyl group was oxidized with KMnO4 and CH3I/NaHCO3 to 1-C-methyl acetate glycoside.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

土壤是人类赖以生存的自然环境和农业生产的重要资源,世界面临的粮食、资源和环境问题与土壤密切相关,目前危害土壤的主要因素是干旱和重金属污染。杨树具有适应性强、生长快和丰产等特性,本论文以青杨组杨树为模式植物,采用植物生态、生理及生物化学等方法,研究杨树对土壤干旱和锰胁迫的生态生理反应以及种群间差异,研究成果可为我国干旱半干旱地区营造人工林、防止沙漠化提供理论依据,也为恢复与重建重金属污染地区退化生态系统提供科学指导。主要研究结果如下: 1. 青海杨不同种群对干旱胁迫的响应差异 干旱胁迫显著降低了两个青海杨种群(干旱种群和湿润种群)生物量积累,包括株高、基径、干物质积累等,通过植物结构的调整,有更多的生物量向根部分配。干旱胁迫还显著降低了叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,增加了游离脯氨酸和总氨基酸含量。另一方面,干旱胁迫诱导了活性氧的积累,作为第二信使,激活了抗氧化系统,包括抗坏血酸(ASA)含量和酶系统如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),愈创木酚过氧化物酶(GPX),抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)。这样,杨树既有避旱机制又有耐旱机制,使其在干旱胁迫下有相当程度的可塑性。与湿润种群相比,干旱种群杨树有更多的生物量分配到根部,积累了更多的游离脯氨酸和总氨基酸来进行渗透调节,并且有更有效的抗氧化系统,包括更高含量的ASA 和更高活性的APX 和GR,这些使得干旱种群杨树比湿润种群杨树对干旱有更好的耐性。 2. 喷施硝普钠(SNP)对青海杨阿坝种群干旱胁迫耐性的影响 干旱胁迫显著的降低了青海杨阿坝种群的生长和生物量积累以及叶片相对含水量,还诱导了脯氨酸的合成以进行渗透调节。干旱胁迫下过氧化氢(H2O2)显著累积从而造成对膜脂和蛋白的伤害,使得丙二醛和蛋白羰基含量升高。干旱胁迫下喷施SNP可以减轻干旱胁迫造成的伤害,包括增加叶片的相对含水量,增加脯氨酸和总氨基酸的积累,并激活抗氧化酶系统如SOD,GPX和APX,从而减少丙二醛(MDA)和蛋白羰基(C=O)的积累,但是在水分良好情况下SNP的效果不显著。 3. 青杨不同种群对锰胁迫的生长与形态响应差异 在同一锰浓度下,干旱种群的耐性指数都要高于湿润种群,这表明青杨对干旱和高锰胁迫具有交叉耐性。两个种群的株高,生物量和叶绿素含量都随锰浓度的升高而逐渐下降。就累积浓度而言,0 和0.1 mM 锰胁迫下,干旱种群积累的锰浓度要高于湿润种群,而在高浓度锰胁迫下(0.5 和1 mM),湿润种群要高于干旱种群。在0,0.1 和0.5 mM下,锰大多积累在根中,叶片次之,茎中最少。而在1 mM,锰更多的积累在叶片中。就累积总量而言,在各个锰浓度胁迫下,根,茎和叶相比,两个种群青杨都是叶片累积的锰总量要高于根和茎。两个种群间比较,对照中没有显著区别,0.1 mM 锰胁迫下,湿润种群根中累积的锰要高于干旱种群,而在地上部中,干旱种群要高于湿润种群。而0.5 和1 mM 锰胁迫下,根、叶、茎+叶、根+茎+叶中,锰累积总量都是湿润种群高于干旱种群。锰胁迫下,青杨叶片数和叶面积包括总叶面积和平均叶面积都显著降低。叶片横切面的光学显微观察结果表明未经锰胁迫的栅栏组织的细胞饱满,海绵组织发达、清晰;胁迫后杨树叶片栅栏组织细胞出现不同程度的皱缩,海绵组织几乎不可见,此外还发现输导组织在胁迫下密度变小和分生组织严重割裂等现象。 4. 青杨不同种群对锰胁迫的生理与生化响应差异 青杨两个种群脱落酸(ABA)含量在锰胁迫下都显著增加,干旱种群的增幅更大。三种多胺含量在锰胁迫下显示了不同的响应趋势:腐胺在两个种群的各个锰处理下都增加,亚精胺只在干旱种群中显著增加,而精胺除了干旱种群在1 mM 下有所增加外,在锰胁迫下变化很小。谷胱甘肽含量随锰浓度升高而增加,在0.5 mM 锰时达到最高值,1mM 时有所下降。植物络合素(PCs)含量与非蛋白巯基(NP-SH)趋势相似,随锰浓度的升高而增加,且干旱种群中含量要高于湿润种群。锰处理还引起氧化胁迫,表现为过氧化氢和丙二醛含量增加。SOD 活性在湿润种群中,在0 到0.5 mM 锰胁迫下活性升高,但在1 mM 锰胁迫时,其活性有所下降。而在干旱种群中,SOD 活性变化较小,并始终维持在一个较高的水平。APX 活性在两个种群中都随锰浓度的升高而增加,干旱种群活性要高于湿润种群。锰胁迫还显著增加了酚类物质的含量,同时GPX 和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性也随锰浓度的升高而增加。干旱种群的酚类含量和GPX 与PPO 活性都要高于湿润种群。锰胁迫还改变了氨基酸的含量和构成,根据锰胁迫下浓度变化的不同,可以将游离氨基酸分为三组:第一组包括,谷氨酸,丙氨酸和天门冬氨酸,这一组氨基酸含量在锰胁迫下有所下降。第二组包括缬氨酸,亮氨酸和苏氨酸含量在锰胁迫下基本不变化或变化很小。剩下的氨基酸为第三组,这组氨基酸含量在锰胁迫下显著增加,而根据增加的幅度又可以将它们分为两个亚组,丝氨酸,酪氨酸,苯丙氨酸,组氨酸和脯氨酸,在1 mM 下的含量是对照的4 倍以上。异亮氨酸,赖氨酸,精氨酸和甘氨酸含量在1 mM 下是对照含量的2 倍以下。同时,同一锰浓度下,干旱种群比湿润种群积累的氨基酸含量要高。 Soil is the indispensable environment for human survival and important resource foragriculture development. Food and environmental problems facing the world are all closelyrelated to soil and nowadays it is threatened by many factors, among which drought stress andheavy metal pollution are the most serious ones. Poplars (Populus spp.) are importantcomponents of ecosystem and suitable as a source of fuel, fiber and lumber due to their fastgrowth. In this study, different populations of Section Tacamahaca spach were used as modelplants to investigate the adaptability to drought stress and manganese toxicity and differencesbetween populations from dry and wet climate regions. Our results can provide theoreticalevidence for the afforestation and prevention of desertification in the arid and semi-arid areas,and also can supply scientific direction for the reconstruction and rehalibitation of ecosystemscontaminated by heavy metals. The results are as follows: 1. Differences in ecophysiological responses to drought stress in two contrastingpopulations of Populus przewalskii Drought stress not only significantly affected dry mass accumulation and allocation, butalso significantly decreased chlorophyll pigment contents and accumulated free proline andtotal amino acids. On the other hand, drought also significantly increased the levels ofabscisic acid and reactive oxygen species, as secondary messengers, to induce the entire set ofantioxidative systems including the increase of reduced ascorbic acid content and the activities of superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathioneredutase. Thus the combination of drought avoidance and tolerance mechanisms conferredpoplar a high degree of plasticity in response to drought stress. Compared with the wetclimate population, the dry climate population showed lower dry matter accumulation andallocated more biomass to root systems, and accumulated more free proline and total aminoacids for osmotic adjustment. The dry climate population also showed more efficientantioxidant systems with higher content of ascorbic acid and higher activities of ascorbateperoxidase and glutathione redutase than the wet climate population. All these made the dryclimate population superior in adaptation to drought stress than the wet climate population. 2. Effect of exogenous applied SNP on drought tolerance in Populus przewalskii Drought stress significantly increased hydrogen peroxide content and caused oxidativestress to lipids and proteins assessed by the increase in malondialdehyde and total carbonylcontents, respectively. The cuttings of P. przewalskii accumulated proline and other aminoacids for osmotic adjustment to lower water potential, and activated the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase to maintain thebalance of generation and quenching of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, exogenous SNPapplication significantly heightened the growth performance of P. przewalskii cuttings underdrought treatment by promotion of proline accumulation and activation of antioxidant enzymeactivities, while under well-watered treatment the effect of SNP application was very little. 3. Morphological responses to manganese toxicity in the two contrasting populations ofPopulus cathayana High concentration of manganese caused significant decrease in shoot height andbiomass accumulation. The tolerance index of the dry climate population was significantlyhigher than that of the wet climate population, suggesting the superior Mn tolerance in theformer and the existence of cross-tolerance of drought stress and high Mn toxicity. Injuries tothe leaf anatomical features were also found as the reduced thickness in palisade and spongyparenchyma, the decreased density in the conducting tissue and the collapse and split in themeristematic tissue in the central vein. As for the Mn concentrations in the plant tissues, under0, 0.1 and 0.5 mM, most of the Mn accumulated in the roots, then leaves, and stem the least, while under 1 mM, most of the Mn accumulated in the leaves. As far as the total amounts ofMn extraction are concerned, the leaf extracted more Mn than the root and stem in the twopopulations under various Mn concentrations. There is no difference between the twopopulations under control. Under 0.1 mM, the wet climate population extracted higher Mn inthe root than the dry climate population, while in the shoot, the dry climate populationextracted much more Mn. Under 0.5 and 1 mM, the wet climate population translocated moreMn both in the root and the shoot than the dry climate population. 4. Physiological and biochemical responses to manganese toxicity in the two contrastingpopulations of Populus cathayana Mn treatment resulted in oxidative stress indicated by the oxidation to lipids, proteinsand DNA. A regulated network of defence strategies was employed for the chelation,detoxification and tolerance of Mn including the enhanced synthesis of ABA and polyamines,the accumulation of free amino acids, especially His and Pro, and the activation of theenzymes superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase. Contents of non-protein thiol,reduced glutathione, phytochelatins and phenolics compounds and activities of superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase also increased significantly forantioxidant or chelation functions. The wet climate population not only accumulated lessabscisic acid, free amino acids, phytochelatins and phenolics compounds, but also exhibitedlower activities of superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase thusresulting in more serious oxidative damage and more curtained growth.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A new copper-(Schiff-base) complex, derived from (S)-2-amino-1,1-di(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)propanol, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde and copper acetate monohydrate, was used as an efficient catalyst for the cyclopropanation of styrene with diazoacetates, affording ees of up to 98%. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.