Aproximación a un marco teórico para la construcción de una metodología para el estudio sistémico de sectores estratégicos

En la búsqueda de adaptabilidad por parte de las organizaciones, para sobrevivir y crecer frente a los cambios, así como de los procesos de formulación y revisión de la estrategia empresarial para la toma de decisiones, la exploración e interpretación del entorno, sus elementos y dinámica se han convertido en una necesidad apremiante. En este contexto, una de las herramientas que permite a las organizaciones mejorar la visión sectorial es la metodología del Análisis Estructural de Sectores Estratégicos (en adelante AESE). Esta visión que se construye a partir de la aplicación de dicha metodología se deriva de los procesos de análisis y de síntesis. En el mismo sentido, la falta de uniformidad del mundo actual, la cantidad de factores que impactan el desempeño organizacional y la complejidad de las interacciones que se dan en los sectores estratégicos conducen a la búsqueda un nuevo enfoque para comprenderlos e intervenirlos. Lo anterior debido a que es claro que desde el pensamiento analítico no se contemplan las múltiples interrelaciones en los sectores estratégicos, su permanente variación, ni los procesos circulares que en ellos se dan, por lo cual la visión que proporciona se considera limitada para comprender la realidad y guiar a los directivos empresariales en la toma de decisiones estratégicas. Por el contrario, el uso del pensamiento sistémico en el estudio sectorial sí posibilita la comprensión de los sectores como sistemas, su diseño, estructura (relaciones) y funcionamiento (dinámica) a fin de obtener una visión de conjunto para intervenirlos. Dentro de los beneficios que brinda la aplicación del pensamiento sistémico (dinámica de sistemas) se encuentra la posibilidad de simular un modelo dinámico que permite determinar el futuro de los sectores estratégicos y guiar a las organizaciones a la definición de políticas alineadas con la búsqueda de la perdurabilidad. Luego, el presente trabajo de investigación pretende establecer los elementos teóricos, conceptuales y metodológicos, asociados con la toma de decisiones estratégicas y con el pensamiento sistémico (dinámica de sistemas), que contribuyen a la construcción de una metodología para el Estudio Sistémico de Sectores Estratégicos (en adelante ESSE).

Un marco analítico de la discriminación laboral. Teorias, modalidades y estudios para Colombia

Este documento presenta un resumen de las principales corrientes teóricas que han tratado de dar una explicación a la discriminación laboral, asi como una exposición pedagógica de las principales modalidades mediante las cuales dicha discriminación se manifiesta. Se realiza un particular análisis de las consecuencias que dicha discriminación tiene, en particular para el caso de los jóvenes de América Latina, y finalmente se realiza una revisión de los estudios que sobre el tema se han realizado en Colombia, sus aspectos metodológicos y las conclusiones a las que dichos estudios han llegado.

O Arquivo do Tribunal de Contas (Relatório de Estágio)

O presente trabalho reflecte o trabalho efetuado no âmbito do estágio da cadeira de seminário de Arquivística, do Mestrado em Ciências Documentais, variante Arquivos, no arquivo do Tribunal de Contas de Portugal. O mesmo consistiu no tratamento de documentação variada existente no arquivo do Tribunal de Contas e a necessitar de intervenção. O tratamento de que a documentação foi alvo compreendeu o seu levantamento, descrição, classificação e posterior decisão sobre transferência para arquivo intermédio, histórico ou eliminação. Tratava-se, na sua grande maioria, de documentação não tratada por ter dado entrada em arquivo antes de 2004, ano de aprovação do regulamento arquivístico do Tribunal de Contas e serviços de apoio. Para que o estudo fosse mais abrangente possível foram tratadas também 3 séries Documentais posteriores a 2004 como forma de perceber a evolução de que foi alvo o tratamento documental na instituição. Pretendeu-se fazer uma abordagem aos procedimentos de arquivo de uma instituição pública portuguesa, com características e funcionamento próprios que se reflectem obrigatoriamente na gestão do seu arquivo. Partiu-se de uma abordagem de carácter geral à evolução de que foi alvo a ciência arquivística, como forma de contextualizar o estudo posterior. Em termos de metodologia, começou-se por estudar a instituição Tribunal de Contas, sua história, funções e evolução. A par deste estudo foi dada também atenção à documentação que foi sendo produzida ao longo dos anos de existência do Tribunal e evolução e transformações da mesma, espelho sempre das diferentes funções que o Tribunal de Contas foi assumindo ao longo dos tempos. Posteriormente o estudo focou-se no arquivo do Tribunal de Contas, com a exposição dos diferentes serviços e suas funções. Passou-se então ao tratamento da documentação, com o levantamento de 146 Unidades de Instalação, organizadas posteriormente em 22 Séries Documentais. Com base no Regulamento de Arquivo do Tribunal de Contas e respectiva Tabela de Selecção procedeu-se à avaliação da documentação analisada, sendo que 7 Séries Documentais, com um total de 34 Unidades de Instalação, foram consideradas passíveis de transferência para Arquivo Intermédio. Por sua vez 6 séries documentais foram consideradas de conservação permanente e 9, com 66 UI foram indicadas como sendo passíveis de eliminação.

Hur unga kvinnor med psykisk ohälsa uppfattar sina möjligheter till fast arbete eller studier : En kvalitativ intervjustudie

Att beskriva hur unga kvinnor med psykisk ohälsa som deltar i en kognitivt inriktad självstärkande intervention, resonerar avseende sina resurser och möjligheter för att skapa förutsättningar till att skaffa ett arbete/studera och komma in i en social gemenskap. Vidare är syftet att kartlägga vilka motiv och förväntningar informanterna hade för att gå utbildningen.

Programa de extrações seriadas: variáveis relacionadas com a extração de pré-molares

OBJETIVO: verificar o percentual de pacientes que necessitaram extração de dentes permanentes, pré-molares, dentre aqueles tratados com extração de dentes decíduos para correção do apinhamento primário na dentição mista, bem como analisar as possíveis variáveis relacionadas. MÉTODOS: a amostra foi composta por documentações ortodônticas de 70 pacientes na dentição permanente, cujo tratamento iniciou-se na dentição mista com planejamento de um programa de extrações seriadas (PES). Todos os prontuários foram analisados por um único examinador, no intuito de verificar se o PES havia sido cumprido com a extração de dentes permanentes ou se havia sido realizada apenas extração de dentes decíduos. Verificou-se a associação entre a extração de dentes permanentes e as variáveis padrão facial; relação sagital entre as arcadas dentárias; IMPA; proporção tamanho do segundo molar permanente inferior/espaço retromolar; mecânica de controle de espaço e discrepância de modelo (teste exato de Fisher para as variáveis categóricas e modelo de regressão logística para as variáveis numéricas). Os resultados foram considerados para p<0,05. RESULTADOS: dos pacientes que haviam sido tratados com extração de dentes decíduos para a correção do apinhamento na dentição mista, 70% necessitaram de extração de dentes permanentes. A análise estatística não mostrou associação significativa entre as variáveis estudadas e a necessidade de extração de dentes permanentes, com exceção da variável discrepância de modelo. CONCLUSÃO: a discrepância de modelo representou a principal determinante de extração de pré-molares no PES.

Avaliação da cicatrização de feridas cutâneas induzidas em teúis (Tupinambis merianae) tratadas com policresuleno, titntura de iodo, clorexidine e enxerto autólogo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

O design como mediador da arte-educação nos materiais didáticos de museus

Pós-graduação em Design - FAAC

Discurso constelar e contingência: a pregnância de Mallarmé

The aim of this article is to discuss Mallarmé‘s poem A throw of dice, establishing some theoretical interfaces among Jakobson‘s reading, Lacan‘s psychoanalysis and some elements from the French discourse analysis. The poem, considered a milestone of modern poetry, has already engendered various discourses about itself, what allows us to consider it here a permanent invention, or yet, a throw of dice in eternal whirl. Attentive to the roaring of such discourses, and available for listening the theory that contributes to the poem‘s critical analysis, the reading herein engaged bets on the profit that the Mallarmé‘s poem study carries, for the perception of contemporary poetry, which inherited from him the double-sided lyrical coin: high revision of the possibilities of invention and very strong metalanguage.

Can falls risk prediction tools correctly identify fall-prone elderly rehabilitation inpatients? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Falls of elderly people may cause permanent disability or death. Particularly susceptible are elderly patients in rehabilitation hospitals. We systematically reviewed the literature to identify falls prediction tools available for assessing elderly inpatients in rehabilitation hospitals. Methods and Findings We searched six electronic databases using comprehensive search strategies developed for each database. Estimates of sensitivity and specificity were plotted in ROC space graphs and pooled across studies. Our search identified three studies which assessed the prediction properties of falls prediction tools in a total of 754 elderly inpatients in rehabilitation hospitals. Only the STRATIFY tool was assessed in all three studies; the other identified tools (PJC-FRAT and DOWNTON) were assessed by a single study. For a STRATIFY cut-score of two, pooled sensitivity was 73% (95%CI 63 to 81%) and pooled specificity was 42% (95%CI 34 to 51%). An indirect comparison of the tools across studies indicated that the DOWNTON tool has the highest sensitivity (92%), while the PJC-FRAT offers the best balance between sensitivity and specificity (73% and 75%, respectively). All studies presented major methodological limitations. Conclusions We did not identify any tool which had an optimal balance between sensitivity and specificity, or which were clearly better than a simple clinical judgment of risk of falling. The limited number of identified studies with major methodological limitations impairs sound conclusions on the usefulness of falls risk prediction tools in geriatric rehabilitation hospitals.

Social Policy Facing the Problems of Youth Employment

Rumiana Stoilova (Bulgaria). Social Policy Facing the Problems of Youth Employment. Ms. Stoilova is a researcher in the Institute of Sociology in Sofia and worked on this project from October 1996 to September 1998. This project involved collecting both statistical and empirical data on the state of youth employment in Bulgaria, which was then compared with similar data from other European countries. One significant aspect was the parallel investigation of employment and unemployment, which took as a premise the continuity of professional experience where unemployment is just a temporary condition caused by external and internal factors. These need to be studied and changed on a systematic basis so as to create a more favourable market situation and to improve individuals' resources for improving their market opportunities. A second important aspect of the project was an analysis of the various entities active on the labour market, including government and private institutions, associations of unemployed persons, of employers or of trade unions, all with their specific legal powers and interests, and of the problems in communication between these. The major trends in youth unemployment during the period studied include a high proportion of the registered unemployed who are not eligible for social assistance, a lengthening of the average period of unemployment, an increase in the percentage of people who are unemployed for the first time and an increasing percentage of these who are not eligible for assistance, particularly among newly registered young people. At the same time the percentage of those for who work has been found is rising and during the last three years an increasing number of the unemployed have started some independent economic activity. Regional differences are also considerable and in the case of the Haskovo region represent a danger of losing the youngest generation, with resulting negative demographic effects. One major weakness of the existing institutional structure is the large scale of the black labour market, with clear negative implications for the young people drawn into it. The role of non-governmental organisations in providing support and information for the unemployed is growing and the government has recently introduced special preferences for organisations offering jobs to unemployed persons. Social policy in the labour market has however been largely restricted to passive measures, mostly because of the risk that poverty poses to people continuously excluded from the labour market. Among the active measures taken, well over half are concerned with providing jobs for the unemployed and there are very limited programmes for providing or improving qualifications. The nature of youth employment in Bulgaria can be seen in the influence of sustained structures (generation) and institutions (family and school). Ms. Stoilova studied the situation of the modern generation through a series of profiles, mostly those of continuously unemployed and self-employed persons, but also distinguishing between students and the unemployed, and between high school and university students. The different categories of young people were studied in separate mini-studies and the survey was carried out in five town in order to gather objective and subjective information on the state of the labour market in the different regions. She conducted interviews with several hundred young people covering questions of family background, career plans, attitudes to the labour situation and government measures to deal with it, and such questions as independence, mobility, attitude to work, etc. The interviews with young people unemployed for a long period of time show the risk involved in starting work and its link with dynamics of economic development. Their approval of structural reforms, of the financial restrictions connected with the introduction of a currency board and the inevitability of unemployment was largely declarative. The findings indicate that the continuously unemployed need practical knowledge and skills to "translate" the macroeconomic realities in concrete alternatives of individual work and initiative. The unemployed experience their exclusion from the labour market not only as a professional problem but also as an existential threat, of poverty, forced mobility and dependence on their parents' generation. The exclusion from the market of goods and services means more than just exercising restraint in their consumption, as it places restrictions on their personal development. Ms. Stoilova suggests that more efficient ways of providing financial aid and mobilisation are needed to counteract the social disintegration and marginalisation of the continuously unemployed. In measuring the speed of reform, university students took both employment opportunities and the implementation of the meritocratic principle in employment into account. When offered a hypothetical choice between a well-paid job and work in one's own profession, 62% would prefer opt for the well-paid job and for working for a company that offered career opportunities rather than employment in a family or own company. While most see the information gained during their studies as useful and interesting, relatively few see their education as competitive on a wider level and many were pessimistic about employment opportunities based on their qualifications. Very similar attitudes were found among high school students, with differences being due rather to family and personal situations. The unemployed, on the other hand, placed greater emphasis on possibilities of gaining or improving qualifications on a job and for the opportunities it would offer for personal contacts. High school students tend to attribute more significance to opportunities for personal accomplishment. A significant difference that five times fewer high school students were willing to work for state-owned companies, and many fewer expected to find permanent employment or to find a job in the area where they lived, Within the family situation, actual support for children seems to be higher than the feelings of confidence expressed in interviews. The attitudes of the families towards past experience seems to be linked with their ability to cope with the difficulties of the present, with those families which show an optimistic and active attitude towards the future having a greater respect for parents experience and tolerance in communication between parents and children.

The influence of PVC wrapping on the performance of two laser fluorescence devices on occlusal surfaces in vitro

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) wrapping on the performance of two laser fluorescence devices (LF and LFpen) by assessing tooth occlusal surfaces. BACKGROUND DATA: Protection of their tips may influence LF measurements. To date there are no studies evaluating the influence of this protection on the performance of the LFpen on permanent teeth, or comparing it to the original LF device. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred nineteen permanent molars were assessed by two experienced dentists using the LF and the LFpen devices, both with and without PVC wrapping. The teeth were histologically prepared and assessed for caries extension. RESULTS: The LF values with and without PVC wrapping were significantly different. For both LF devices, the sensitivity and accuracy were lower when the PVC wrapping was used. The specificity was statistically significantly higher for the LFpen with PVC. No difference was found between the areas under the ROC curves with and without PVC wrapping. The ICC showed excellent interexaminer agreement. The Bland and Altman method showed a range between the upper and the lower limits of agreement of 63.4 and 57.8 units for the LF device, and 49.4 and 74.2 for the LFpen device, with and without PVC wrapping, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We found an influence of the PVC wrapping on the performance of the LF and LFpen devices. However, since its influence on detection of occlusal caries lesions is considered for, the use of one PVC layer is suggested to avoid cross-contamination in clinical practice.

A standardized protocol for the prevention of clinically relevant venous air embolism during neurosurgical interventions in the semisitting position

OBJECTIVE: We report the results and complications associated with standardized intraoperative management designed for the prevention of hemodynamically relevant venous air embolism during surgery performed in the semisitting position. METHODS: A protocol for preoperative evaluation and intraoperative monitoring was developed and applied in 187 consecutive patients who underwent surgery in the semisitting position between 1999 and 2004. The protocol included preoperative transesophageal echocardiography examination (TEE), intraoperative TEE monitoring, catheterization of the right atrium and a combination of fluid input, positive end expiratory pressure, and standardized positioning aiming at a positive pressure in the transverse and sigmoid sinuses. Data were collected retrospectively from the charts and intraoperative anesthesiological protocols of the patients for the incidence of clinically relevant air embolism (i.e., TEE-diagnosed air embolism plus a decrease in end tidal CO2 or hemodynamic changes) and other complications related to the semisitting position. RESULTS: Three cases (1.6%) of relevant venous air embolism occurred in 187 patients. Only 1 case (0.5%) was hemodynamically relevant, with temporary arterial blood pressure decrease and heart rate increase. Pneumatocephalus leading to lethargy was a frequent postoperative finding, which resolved spontaneously in all except 1 patient with epileptic seizure and oculomotor nerve palsy attributable to space-occupying subdurally trapped air, which had to be treated surgically. There was no permanent morbidity or mortality related to the semisitting position. CONCLUSION: Fear of massive venous air embolism is one reason for dramatic decline in the use of the semisitting position in neurosurgical practice. We found that strict adherence to a standardized protocol using TEE monitoring before and during surgery; exclusion of patients with patent foramen ovale; and a combination of positive end expiratory pressure, fluid input, and a standardized position aiming a positive pressure in the transverse and sigmoid sinuses helped to greatly minimize this complication to a rate of 0.5% for hemodynamically relevant events.

Ambulatory care adverse events and preventable adverse events leading to a hospital admission.

BACKGROUND: Most healthcare in the US is delivered in the ambulatory care setting, but the epidemiology of errors and adverse events in ambulatory care is understudied. METHODS: Using the population-based data from the Colorado and Utah Medical Practices Study, we identified adverse events that occurred in an ambulatory care setting and led to hospital admission. Proportions with 95% CIs are reported. RESULTS: We reviewed 14,700-hospital discharge records and found 587 adverse events of which 70 were ambulatory care adverse events (AAEs) and 31 were ambulatory care preventable adverse events (APAEs). When weighted to the general population, there were 2608 AAEs and 1296 (44.3%) APAEs in Colorado and Utah, USA, in 1992. APAEs occurred most commonly in physicians' offices (43.1%, range 46.8-27.8), the emergency department (32.3%, 46.1-18.5) and at home (13.1%, 23.1-3.1). APAEs in day surgery were less common (7.1%, 13.6-0.6) but caused the greatest harm to patients. The types of APAEs were broadly distributed among missed or delayed diagnoses (36%, 50.2-21.8), surgery (24.1%, 36.7-11.5), non-surgical procedures (14.6%, 25.0-4.2), medication (13.1%, 23.1-3.1) and therapeutic events (12.3%, 22.0-2.6). Overall, 10% of the APAEs resulted in serious permanent injury or death. The proportion of APAEs that resulted in death was 31.8% for general internal medicine, 22.5% for family practice and 16.7% for emergency medicine. CONCLUSION: An estimated 75,000 hospitalisations per year are due to preventable adverse events that occur in outpatient settings in the US, resulting in 4839 serious permanent injuries and 2587 deaths.

¿El museo como forma de "conocer la Historia"? El público interpreta la inmigración

El trabajo analiza cómo la exposición presentada en el Museo Nacional de la Inmigración fue aprehendida e interpretada por su público visitante. Dependiente de la Dirección Nacional de Migraciones, el Museo funcionó entre los años 2001 y 2009 en el edificio del antiguo Hotel de Inmigrantes (en Retiro). Para este estudio utilizamos más de 700 mensajes registrados en el Libro de Visitas del Museo, que fueron clasificados en nueve categorías, de acuerdo a los aspectos comunes que expresaban. A lo largo del análisis, el concepto de memoria se volvió fundamental para comprender los sentimientos y deseos expresados por el público que visitó la institución. Dentro de los temas que aparecieron en los mensajes, pudimos verificar la importancia que le atribuían los visitantes al Estado argentino por la construcción del Hotel, la recepción de los inmigrantes y, actualmente, por la preservación de su memoria y patrimonio; también se evidenció un agradecimiento a los inmigrantes, cuya "fuerza" y "esperanza" contribuyeron al desarrollo del país

¿El museo como forma de "conocer la Historia"? El público interpreta la inmigración

El trabajo analiza cómo la exposición presentada en el Museo Nacional de la Inmigración fue aprehendida e interpretada por su público visitante. Dependiente de la Dirección Nacional de Migraciones, el Museo funcionó entre los años 2001 y 2009 en el edificio del antiguo Hotel de Inmigrantes (en Retiro). Para este estudio utilizamos más de 700 mensajes registrados en el Libro de Visitas del Museo, que fueron clasificados en nueve categorías, de acuerdo a los aspectos comunes que expresaban. A lo largo del análisis, el concepto de memoria se volvió fundamental para comprender los sentimientos y deseos expresados por el público que visitó la institución. Dentro de los temas que aparecieron en los mensajes, pudimos verificar la importancia que le atribuían los visitantes al Estado argentino por la construcción del Hotel, la recepción de los inmigrantes y, actualmente, por la preservación de su memoria y patrimonio; también se evidenció un agradecimiento a los inmigrantes, cuya "fuerza" y "esperanza" contribuyeron al desarrollo del país