Regime hídrico de alguns solos de Jaboticabal

Na caracterização hídrica dos solos do Campus da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal (SP), verificou-se que o Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico típico apresentou maior capacidade de água disponível. A retenção da água, na capacidade de campo (0,01 MPa) e ponto de murcha permanente (1,5 MPa), correlacionou-se melhor com as frações argila e silte, em relação ao teor de matéria orgânica e densidade do solo. Utilizando características hídricas, como a capacidade de água disponível, foi estabelecido por meio do balanço hídrico de Thornthwaite o regime hídrico para os solos. Verificou-se a predominância do regime hídrico ústico em todos os solos (Latossolo Vermelho Nitossolo).

The influence of supplementary health insurance on switching behaviour: evidence from Swiss data.

This paper focuses on the switching behaviour of enrolees in the Swiss basic health insurance system. Even though the new Federal Law on Social Health Insurance (LAMal) was implemented in 1996 to promote competition among health insurers in basic insurance, there is limited evidence of premium convergence within cantons. This indicates that competition has not been effective so far, and reveals some inertia among consumers who seem reluctant to switch to less expensive funds. We investigate one possible barrier to switching behaviour, namely the influence of supplementary insurance. We use survey data on health plan choice (a sample of 1943 individuals whose switching behaviours were observed between 1997 and 2000) as well as administrative data relative to all insurance companies that operated in the 26 Swiss cantons between 1996 and 2005. The decision to switch and the decision to subscribe to a supplementary contract are jointly estimated.Our findings show that holding a supplementary insurance contract substantially decreases the propensity to switch. However, there is no negative impact of supplementary insurance on switching when the individual assesses his/her health as 'very good'. Our results give empirical support to one possible mechanism through which supplementary insurance might influence switching decisions: given that subscribing to basic and supplementary contracts with two different insurers may induce some administrative costs for the subscriber, holding supplementary insurance acts as a barrier to switch if customers who consider themselves 'bad risks' also believe that insurers reject applications for supplementary insurance on these grounds. In comparison with previous research, our main contribution is to offer a possible explanation for consumer inertia. Our analysis illustrates how consumer choice for one's basic health plan interacts with the decision to subscribe to supplementary insurance.

The costs of crossing paths and switching tasks between audition and vision.

Switching from one functional or cognitive operation to another is thought to rely on executive/control processes. The efficacy of these processes may depend on the extent of overlap between neural circuitry mediating the different tasks; more effective task preparation (and by extension smaller switch costs) is achieved when this overlap is small. We investigated the performance costs associated with switching tasks and/or switching sensory modalities. Participants discriminated either the identity or spatial location of objects that were presented either visually or acoustically. Switch costs between tasks were significantly smaller when the sensory modality of the task switched versus when it repeated. This was the case irrespective of whether the pre-trial cue informed participants only of the upcoming task, but not sensory modality (Experiment 1) or whether the pre-trial cue was informative about both the upcoming task and sensory modality (Experiment 2). In addition, in both experiments switch costs between the senses were positively correlated when the sensory modality of the task repeated across trials and not when it switched. The collective evidence supports the independence of control processes mediating task switching and modality switching and also the hypothesis that switch costs reflect competitive interference between neural circuits.

Avaliação do regime estacionário em colunas de amostras deformadas de solo sob saturação

Estudos sobre o movimento de solutos no solo freqüentemente são realizados em laboratório, sob condições aparentemente controladas. Uma revisão desses estudos mostrou, no entanto, que a variável tempo, para obtenção do regime estacionário tem sido freqüentemente negligenciada. Face ao exposto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo registrar o tempo para que o fluxo da água no solo sob condições de saturação atinja o equilíbrio dinâmico, medindo-se a condutividade hidráulica saturada (K0) do solo. A condição de equilíbrio dinâmico é a etapa que antecede a aplicação do íon no solo em estudos de eluição de solutos. Utilizaram-se amostras deformadas de três solos com diferentes granulometrias: muito argilosa, média e arenosa, coletadas em área experimental da ESALQ/USP. As amostras foram acondicionadas em colunas de PVC, e utilizou-se água destilada e deaerada para saturação e posterior escoamento nas colunas, conforme montagem experimental do permeâmetro de carga constante. Pelos resultados, constatou-se que, nas amostras dos solos muito argiloso e médio, o equilíbrio dinâmico foi atingido após 15 dias de drenagem e, para o arenoso, após 27 dias, sendo a variabilidade de K0 maior nos primeiros seis dias depois de iniciado o ensaio. Essa situação evidenciou que a adoção de um tempo fixo para adição dos solutos pode levar a uma baixa confiabilidade nos resultados.

Reversible ferromagnetic switching in ZnO:(Co,Mn) powders

We report here on the magnetic properties of ZnO:Mn- and ZnO:Co-doped nanoparticles. We have found that the ferromagnetism of ZnO:Mn can be switched on and off by consecutive low-temperature annealings in O2 and N2, respectively, while the opposite phenomenology was observed for ZnO:Co. These results suggest that different defects (presumably n-type for ZnO:Co and p-type for ZnO:Mn) are required to induce a ferromagnetic coupling in each case. We will argue that ferromagnetism is likely to be restricted to a very thin, nanometric layer at the grain surface. These findings reveal and give insight into the dramatic relevance of surface effects to the occurrence of ferromagnetism in ZnO-doped oxides.

Mass conservative three-dimensional water tracer distribution from Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion of time-lapse ground-penetrating radar data

Time-lapse geophysical measurements are widely used to monitor the movement of water and solutes through the subsurface. Yet commonly used deterministic least squares inversions typically suffer from relatively poor mass recovery, spread overestimation, and limited ability to appropriately estimate nonlinear model uncertainty. We describe herein a novel inversion methodology designed to reconstruct the three-dimensional distribution of a tracer anomaly from geophysical data and provide consistent uncertainty estimates using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. Posterior sampling is made tractable by using a lower-dimensional model space related both to the Legendre moments of the plume and to predefined morphological constraints. Benchmark results using cross-hole ground-penetrating radar travel times measurements during two synthetic water tracer application experiments involving increasingly complex plume geometries show that the proposed method not only conserves mass but also provides better estimates of plume morphology and posterior model uncertainty than deterministic inversion results.

MAR elements regulate the probability of epigenetic switching between active and inactive gene expression.

Gene expression often cycles between active and inactive states in eukaryotes, yielding variable or noisy gene expression in the short-term, while slow epigenetic changes may lead to silencing or variegated expression. Understanding how cells control these effects will be of paramount importance to construct biological systems with predictable behaviours. Here we find that a human matrix attachment region (MAR) genetic element controls the stability and heritability of gene expression in cell populations. Mathematical modeling indicated that the MAR controls the probability of long-term transitions between active and inactive expression, thus reducing silencing effects and increasing the reactivation of silent genes. Single-cell short-terms assays revealed persistent expression and reduced expression noise in MAR-driven genes, while stochastic burst of expression occurred without this genetic element. The MAR thus confers a more deterministic behavior to an otherwise stochastic process, providing a means towards more reliable expression of engineered genetic systems.

The European sugar regime new legislation and wto rules

[cat] El 20 de febrer de 2006 es va aprovar el Reglament núm. 318/2006 del Consell que reforma l'Organització Comuna de Mercats del sucre. L'article analitza els canvis introduïts en el nou règim europeu del sucre i valora la seva adequació a les normes i demandes internacionals de liberalització del comerç agrícola. Es conclou que la reforma ha estat el mínim necessari per fer front als reptes internacionals: la recent resolució de l'Òrgan de Solució de Diferències de l'Organització Mundial del Comerç i les demandes de liberalització plantejades en el marc de la Ronda de Doha.

Efeito de volumes de água de irrigação no regime hídrico de solo coeso dos tabuleiros e na produção de coqueiro

A formação dos solos dos tabuleiros está relacionada a sedimentos arenoargilosos e argilosos do grupo Barreiras do Terciário, que são, em geral, arenosos, pobres em nutrientes e em matéria orgânica, tipicamente cauliníticos e caracterizados por camadas adensadas (camadas coesas) localizadas, quase sempre, entre 20 e 60 cm de profundidade. Por apresentarem elevados níveis de adensamento e se situarem próximas à superfície do solo, as camadas coesas promovem alterações expressivas no movimento de água no solo, com repercussão negativa no desenvolvimento e na produtividade das plantas. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo comparar volumes de água de irrigação quanto ao movimento e distribuição de água em Argissolo Amarelo coeso dos Tabuleiros Costeiros e seu reflexo em variáveis de produção de coqueiro-anão-verde. Foram testados três volumes de água de irrigação: 50, 100 e 150 L d-1 em esquema experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições, sendo a planta considerada uma parcela. Na comparação do número de cachos e de frutos por planta e volume de água de coco por fruto, utilizou-se o mesmo esquema experimental inteiramente casualizado, porém com quatro repetições e nove plantas úteis por parcela. O monitoramento da umidade do solo foi feito com sondas TDR a partir de leituras semanais de sensores localizados a 0,15, 0,30, 0,60, 0,90 e 1,2 m de profundidade. Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que 100 e 150 L d-1 de água promoveram redução na expressão do adensamento na camada coesa, fato não observado no tratamento 50 L d-1. A produção média de frutos por planta e o volume de água de coco por fruto foram maiores no tratamento 150 L d-1. Os tratamentos testados, no entanto, mostraram-se insuficientes para promover a inflexão da curva de resposta das variáveis de produção, que apresentaram valores crescentes em função dos volumes de água de irrigação testados.

The European sugar regime new legislation and wto rules

[cat] El 20 de febrer de 2006 es va aprovar el Reglament núm. 318/2006 del Consell que reforma l'Organització Comuna de Mercats del sucre. L'article analitza els canvis introduïts en el nou règim europeu del sucre i valora la seva adequació a les normes i demandes internacionals de liberalització del comerç agrícola. Es conclou que la reforma ha estat el mínim necessari per fer front als reptes internacionals: la recent resolució de l'Òrgan de Solució de Diferències de l'Organització Mundial del Comerç i les demandes de liberalització plantejades en el marc de la Ronda de Doha.

T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 characteristics start to develop during T cell priming and are associated with an immediate ability to induce immunoglobulin class switching.

The respective production of specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G2a or IgG1 within 5 d of primary immunization with Swiss type mouse mammary tumor virus [MMTV(SW)] or haptenated protein provides a model for the development of T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 responses. The antibody-producing cells arise from cognate T cell B cell interaction, revealed by the respective induction of Cgamma2a and Cgamma1 switch transcript production, on the third day after immunization. T cell proliferation and upregulation of mRNA for interferon gamma in response to MMTV(SW) and interleukin 4 in response to haptenated protein also starts during this day. It follows that there is minimal delay in these responses between T cell priming and the onset of cognate interaction between T and B cells leading to class switching and exponential growth. The Th1 or Th2 profile is at least partially established at the time of the first cognate T cell interaction with B cells in the T zone. The addition of killed Bordetella pertussis to the hapten-protein induces nonhapten-specific IgG2a and IgG1 plasma cells, whereas the anti-hapten response continues to be IgG1 dominated. This indicates that a Th2 response to hapten-protein can proceed in a node where there is substantial Th1 activity.

Influence of litter layer removal on the soil thermal regime of a pine forest in a mediterranean climate

The removal of the litter layer in Portuguese pine forests would reduce fire hazard, but on the other hand this practice would influence the thermal regime of the soil, hence affecting soil biological activity, litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics. Temperature profiles of a sandy soil (Haplic Podzol) under a pine forest were measured with thermocouples at depths to 16 cm, with and without litter layer. The litter layer acted as a thermal insulator, reducing the amplitude of the periodic temperature variation in the mineral soil underneath and increasing damping depths, particularly at low soil water contents. At the mineral soil surface the reduction of amplitudes was about 2.5 ºC in the annual cycle and 5 to 6.7 ºC in the daily cycle, depending on the soil water content. When soil was both cold and wet, mean daily soil temperatures were higher (about 1 - 1.5 ºC) under the litter layer. Improved soil thermal conditions under the litter layer recommend its retention as a forest management practice to follow in general.