925 resultados para Low-temperature part
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A CMOS low-voltage, wide-swing continuous-time current amplifier is presented. Exhibiting an open-loop architecture, the circuit is composed of transresistance and transconductance stages built upon triode-operating transistors. In addition to an extended dynamic range, the current gain can be programmed within good accuracy by a rapport involving only transistor geometries and tuning biases. Low temperature-drift on gain setting is then expected.In accordance with a 0.35 mum n-well CMOS fabrication process and a single 1.1 V-supply, a balanced current-amplifier is designed for a programmable gain-range of 6 - 34 dB and optimized with respect to dynamic range. Simulated results from PSPICE and Bsim3v3 models indicate, for a 100 muA(pp)-output current, a THD of 0.96 and 1.87% at 1 KHz and 100 KHz, respectively. Input noise is 120 pArootHz @ 10 Hz, with S/N = 63.2 dB @ 1%-THD. At maximum gain, total quiescent consumption is 334 muW. Measurements from a prototyped amplifier reveal a gain-interval of 4.8-33.1 dB and a maximum current swing of 120 muA(pp). The current-amplifier bandwidth is above 1 MHz.
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Parabolic quantum wells (PQWs) have been studied by temperature dependent photoluminescence (PL). Two kind of samples have been studied. Concerning the undoped sample, the dominant luminescences were the bulk GaAs and the fundamental transition of the PQW. The evolution on temperature of the energy position of both PL emissions follows the well known Varshing formula. For the doped samples strong radiative recombination of the electron gas with photogenerated holes was observed. At low temperature strong Fermi level enhancement occurs in the luminescence as a result of the multi-electron-hole scattering, which is smear out increasing the temperature.
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Aluminium Hydroxides were precipitated from Aluminium Nitrate and Ammonium Hydroxide, at the temperatures 64 degrees C (hot) and 25 degrees C (cold), under the pH conditions 5, 7 and 9. The samples were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). The hydroxide precipitated at pH 9 and 64 degrees C is built up by pseudoboehmite and a minor share of others apparently amorphous hydroxides. The crystallinity of the hot yielded pseudoboehmite diminishes with the pH. The crystallite size was evaluated as about 40 Angstrom for the best crystallized sample. The cold precipitated product is apparently composed by amorphous or very poorly crystallized hydroxides. Upon heating, the cold precipitated hydroxides, and the low pH and hot precipitated hydroxide, release their structural water before the occurrence, about 430 degrees C, of the transition of the pseudoboehmite to gamma-alumina, and exhibit a shifting (towards low temperature side) and a broadening in the peak of the transition to alpha-alumina, which occurs at 1200 degrees C in the pseudoboehmite pattern. The yielded pseudo-boehmite peptized by HNO3, addition and gelified by evaporation in a critical concentration approximately 0.17 gcm(-3).
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Bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I), from B. jararacussu venom, is a phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) homologue devoid of enzymatic activity. Besides inducing severe myonecrosis, BthTX-I promotes paralysis of both directly and indirectly evoked contractions in isolated neuromuscular preparations. We applied an experimental paradigm in order to characterize the steps involved in the toxic effects of BthTX-I on mouse neuromuscular junction. Myotoxicity was assessed by microscopic analysis of extensor digitorum longus muscles; paralyzing activity was evaluated through the recording of isolated contractions indirectly evoked in phrenic-diaphragm preparations. After 90 min at 35 degreesC, BthTX-I induced complete and irreversible paralysis, and damaged 30.3 +/- 2.7% of muscle fibers. In contrast, no effect was observed when tissues were incubated with BthTX-I at 10degreesC for 60 min and subsequently washed with toxin-free solution and maintained at 35 degreesC. These results indicate that the binding of BthTX-I to the cellular tissue surface is very weak at low temperature and that an additional factor is necessary. However, when tissues were submitted to BthTX-I (10degreesC for 60 min), and the temperature was elevated to 35 degreesC, omitting the washing step, it was observed muscle paralysis and damage in 39.04 +/- 4.2% of muscle fibers. These results indicate that a temperature-dependent step is necessary for BthTX-I to promote both its myotoxic and paralyzing activities. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.
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Fibrinolysis is a basic defense mechanism of the organism designed to control the deposition of fibrin in the vascular system and elsewhere. Fibrinolytic activity was measured by the fibrin plate method for three groups of rats (N = 6) that were maintained at room temperature, 20-25 degrees C, 3 degrees C or 38 degrees C for 4 h before testing. Based on measurement of fibrinolytic activity, the level of plasminogen activator released from isolated aortic segments of rats maintained at room temperature (24-28 degrees C) differed significantly from that of the 38 degrees C group. The animals maintained at 3 degrees C did not release plasminogen activator, suggesting that the fibrinolytic response was impaired at low temperature.
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LiNbO3 thin films were prepared from polymeric precursor method by dip coating. The precursor films, deposited on Si(111) substrates, were heat-treated from 400°C to 900°C in order to study the heat treatment influence on the crystallinity and microstructure of the final film. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed, in particular, that these films crystallize at low temperature (450°C) and present no preferential orientation. The scanning electron microscopy studies showed that the film microstructure is strongly influenced by the annealing temperature. © 1997 Trans Tech Publications.
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Coffea arabica L. is considered to be sensitive to low temperatures throughout its life cycle. In some Brazilian regions, seedling production occurs under shade conditions and during the winter, with average temperatures of around 10 °C. The formation and functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus are strongly controlled by temperature. This study aimed to assess the changes that occurred in pigment contents, lipid peroxidation and variables of chlorophyll a fluorescence during the greening process of coffee seedlings submitted to chilling. Results indicate that saturation of the photosynthetic activity of coffee seedlings occurred before saturation of the accumulation of chloroplastid pigments. Pigment accumulation during the greening process is far beyond the metabolic needs for the maintenance of photosynthetic activity, more specifically of photosystem II. Coffee seedlings attained a quantum yield equivalent to that of the control with approximately half the chlorophyll a and b contents and around 40% of the carotenoid. Low temperature decreases the metabolism of seedlings, consequently reducing free radical production and lipid peroxidation. The chilling temperature (10 °C) used inhibited the accumulation of chloroplast pigments, in turn altering the capacity of the photosynthetic tissue of etiolated coffee seedlings to capture and transfer photon energy to the photosystem II reaction centre. These alterations were better demonstrated by O-J-I-P chlorophyll a fluorescence transients, rather than F v/F m and F v/F 0 ratios. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FMVZ
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Central é um depósito aurífero do campo mineralizado do Cuiú-Cuiú, Província Aurífera do Tapajós, Cráton Amazônico. A zona mineralizada está hospedada em falha e compreende 800m de comprimento na direção NW-SE, seguindo o trend regional da província Tapajós, com largura entre 50 e 70m e profundidade vertical de pelo menos 450m. A mineralização está hospedada em monzogranito datado em 1984±3 Ma e atribuído à Suíte Intrusiva Parauari. Os recursos auríferos preliminarmente definidos são de 18,6t de ouro. A alteração hidrotermal é predominantemente fissural. Sericitização, cloritização, silicificação, carbonatação e sulfetação foram os tipos de alteração identificados. Pirita é o sulfeto principal e os demais sulfetos (calcopirita, esfalerita e galena) estão em fraturas ou nas bordas da pirita. O ouro preenche fraturas da pirita e análises semi-quantitativas detectaram Ag associada ao ouro. Foram identificados três tipos de inclusões fluidas hospedados em veios e vênulas de quartzo. O tipo 1 é o menos abundante e consiste em inclusões fluidas compostas por uma (CO2vapor) ou duas fases (CO2liq-CO2vapor), o tipo 2 tem abundância intermediária e é formado por inclusões fluidas compostas por duas (H2Oliq-CO2liq) ou três fases (H2Oliq-CO2liq-CO2vapor) e o tipo 3 é o mais abundante e consiste em inclusões fluidas compostas por duas fases (H2Oliq- H2Ovapor). O CO2 representa o volátil nas inclusões com CO2 e essas (tipo 1 e 2) foram geradas pelo processo de separação de fases oriundo de um fluido aquo-carbônico. A densidade global (0,33 - 0,80 g/cm³) e a salinidade (11,15 - 2,42 % em peso equivalente de NaCl) desse fluido são baixas a moderadas e a temperatura de homogeneização mostra um máximo em 340ºC. Quanto ao tipo 3, o NaCl é o principal sal, a densidade global está no intervalo de 0,65 a 1,11 g/cm³, a salinidade compreendida entre 1,16 e 13,3 % em peso equivalente de NaCl e a temperatura de homogeneização é bimodal, com picos em 120-140ºC e 180ºC. A composição isotópica das inclusões fluidas presentes no quartzo e do quartzo, calcita e clorita mostram valores de δ18O e δD de +7,8 a +13,6 ‰ e -15 a -35 ‰, respectivamente. Os valores de δ34S na pirita são de +0,5 a +4,0 ‰ e δ13C na calcita e CO2 de inclusões fluidas de -18 a -3,7 ‰. Os valores de δ18OH2O e de δDH2O no quartzo e inclusões fluidas, respectivamente, plotam no campo das águas metamórficas, com um desvio em direção à linha da água meteórica. Considerando a inexistência de evento metamórfico na região do Tapajós à época da mineralização, o sistema hidrotermal responsável pela mineralização no Central, inicialmente, deu-se a partir de fluidos aquo-carbônicos magmático-hidrotermais, exsolvidos por magma félsico relacionado com a fase mais tardia de evolução da Suíte Intrusiva Parauari. As inclusões aquo-carbônicas e carbônicas formaram-se nessa etapa, predominantemente em torno de 340°C. A contínua exsolução de fluido pelo magma levou ao empobrecimento em CO2 nas fases mais tardias e, com o resfriamento do fluido, as inclusões aquosas passaram a predominar. A partir daí o sistema pode ter interagido com água meteórica, responsável pelo aprisionamento da maior parte das inclusões aquosas de mais baixa temperatura. É possível que parte das inclusões aquosas (as de maior temperatura) represente a mistura local dos fluidos de origens distintas. Essas observações e interpretações permitem classificar Central como um depósito de ouro magmático-hidrotermal relacionado à fase final da formação da Suíte Intrusiva Parauari.
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This study focuses on metasedimentary rocks from the Passos Nappe in São Sebastião do Paraíso, southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. These rocks belong to the Internal Domain (Araxa Group) of the Southern Brasilia Belt, a Neproterozoic orogenic belt associated to the formation of the Gondwana Supercontinent. Rocks from the studied area are characterized by an inverted metamorphic gradient. Previously calculated metamorphic conditions show an increasing from geenschist facies at the base (450°C, 6 kbar), to upper amphibolite facies (750°C, 11 Kbar) at the top of the sequence. However, most of these estimates are based on Fe-Mg exchange thermometers and peak temperatures may be underestimated due to Fe-Mg exchange from cooling after peak metamorphism. In this study, we present new PT results for these rocks, based on metamorphic mineral assemblage LA-ICP-MS analyses. In the studied area, rocks from the top of the sequence have a typical granulite facies mineral assemblage: Grt+Ky+Kfs+/-Pl+liq. These rocks lack muscovite and have only minor amounts of Ti-rich, dark brown biotite. In a simplified NaKFMASH system the stability field for this mineral assemblage is bounded by the reactions Sil = Ky on the low pressure side, Ms+Ab = Ky+Kfs+liq on the low temperature side and for high-Mg bulk compositions Bt + Grt = Opx + Ky + liq on the high-temperature side. Minimum temperatures (considering post-peak reequilibration) of ca. 750°C are obtained by Fe/(Fe+Mg) values of 0.7 in garnets from a Grt+Ky+Kfs bearing sample. LA-ICP-MS results obtained for three samples show that rutiles included in garnets have up to 1847 ppm of Zr, which would translate into temperatures up to 830°C for a pressure between 12 to 15 kbar. Also for retroeclogite sample, the results indicate the contents of Zr in the garnet 537 ppm at a temperature of 708 ° C. It is noteworthy that several occurrences of retroeclogites occur in the upper part of the sequence and pressures...
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)