Genotoxic effects of X-rays on keratinized mucosa cells during panoramic dental radiography

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic effects of X-rays on epithelial gingival cells during panoramic dental radiography using a differentiated protocol for the micronucleus test. Methods: 40 healthy individuals who underwent this procedure for diagnostic purposes on request from their dentists agreed to participate in this study. All of them answered a questionnaire before the examination. Epithelial gingival cells were obtained from the keratinized mucosa of the upper dental arcade by gentle scraping with a cervical brush immediately before exposure and 10 days later. Cytological preparations were stained according to the Feulgen-Rossenbeck reaction, counterstained with fast green 1% for 1 min and analysed under a light microscope. Micronuclei, nuclear projections (broken eggs) and degenerative nuclear alterations (pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis and condensed chromatin) were scored. Results: The frequency of micronuclei was significantly higher after exposure (P < 0.05), as were frequencies of nuclear alterations indicate of apoptosis (P < 0.001). Conclusions: These results indicate that X-ray radiation emitted during panoramic dental radiography induces a genotoxic effect on epithelial gingival cells that increases the frequency of chromosomal damage and nuclear alterations indicative of apoptosis.

Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) in the Development of Exercise-Induced Skeletal Muscle Fatigue and Changes in Biochemical Markers Related to Postexercise Recovery

STUDY DESIGN: Randomized crossover double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. OBJECTIVE: To investigate if low-level laser therapy (LLLT) can affect biceps muscle performance, fatigue development, and biochemical markers of postexercise recovery. BACKGROUND: Cell and animal studies have suggested that LLLT can reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in muscle tissue. But it remains uncertain whether these findings can translate into humans in sport and exercise situations. METHODS: Nine healthy male volleyball players participated in the study. They received either active LLLT (cluster probe with 5 laser diodes; A = 810 nm; 200 mW power output; 30 seconds of irradiation, applied in 2 locations over the biceps of the nondominant arm; 60 J of total energy) or placebo LLLT using an identical cluster probe. The intervention or placebo were applied 3 minutes before the performance of exercise. All subjects performed voluntary elbow flexion repetitions with a workload of 75% of their maximal voluntary contraction force until exhaustion. RESULTS: Active LLLT increased the number of repetitions by 14.5% (mean +/- SD, 39.6 +/- 4.3 versus 34.6 +/- 5.6; P = .037) and the elapsed time before exhaustion by 8.0% (P = .034), when compared to the placebo treatment. The biochemical markers also indicated that recovery may be positively affected by LLLT, as indicated by postexercise blood lactate levels (P<.01), creatine kinase activity (P = .017), and C-reactive protein levels (P = .047), showing a faster recovery with LLLT application prior to the exercise. CONCLUSION: We conclude that pre-exercise irradiation of the biceps with an LLLT dose of 6 J per application location, applied in 2 locations, increased endurance for repeated elbow flexion against resistance and decreased postexercise levels of blood lactate, creatine kinase, and C-reactive protein. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Performance enhancement, level 1b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(8):524-532. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3294

Fenofibrate and Pioglitazone Do Not Ameliorate the Altered Vascular Reactivity in Aorta of Isoproterenol-treated Rats

Chronic stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors with isoproterenol induces alteration of vascular reactivity and increases local proinflammatory cytokines. We investigated whether fenofibrate and pioglitazone, PPAR-alpha and -gamma agonists, respectively, improve the changes in vascular reactivity induced by isoproterenol. Wistar rats received isoproterenol (0.3 mg.kg(-1).day(-1), SC) or vehicle (CT) plus fenofibrate (alpha, 100 mg.kg(-1).day(-1), PO), pioglitazone (gamma, 2.5 mg.kg(-1).day(-1), PO), or water for 7 days. In aortas, isoproterenol treatment enhanced the maximal response (Rmax) to phenylephrine (10(-10) to 10(-4) M) compared to CT as previously demonstrated. The effects of endothelium removal (E-) or L-NAME incubation (100 mu M) on the phenylephrine response were smaller in isoproterenol-treated animals compared to CT while superoxide dismutase (SOD, 150 U/mL) significantly reduced the Rmax to phenylephrine to CT levels. Neither fenofibrate nor pioglitazone changed the effects induced by isoproterenol in aorta. E-, L-NAME, or SOD effects were similar between CT alpha and CT. However, pioglitazone per se increased Rmax to phenylephrine (CT: 59 +/- 4 versus CT gamma: 72 +/- 5 % of contraction to KCl). E- or L-NAME effects were reduced in CT gamma compared to CT, and SOD normalized the altered reactivity to phenylephrine in the CT gamma group. In conclusion, neither fenofibrate nor pioglitazone ameliorates the altered vascular reactivity present in aorta from isoproterenol-treated rats. Moreover, pioglitazone per se induced endothelial dysfunction and increased phenylephrine-induced contraction in aorta.

Total reaction cross-sections for light weakly bound systems

We have measured the elastic scattering cross-section for (8)Li + (9)Be and (8)Li + (51)V systems at 19.6 MeV and 18.5 MeV, respectively. We have also extracted total reaction cross sections from the elastic scattering analysis for several light weakly bound systems using the optical model with Woods-Saxon and double-folding-type potentials. Different reduction methods for the total reaction cross-sections have been applied to analyze and compare simultaneously all the systems.

OZONATION OF SEDIMENTS FROM AN URBAN LAKE: AN EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION

An exploratory investigation was conducted on the effects of application of ozone on the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants and the reduction of settleable solids in urban lake sediments. Homogenized sediment samples were treated in a batch reactor with an external recirculation loop and ozone feed from a Venturi injector. The ozone generating system was fed with ambient air with small footprint and operational simplicity. Ozone mass application (g/h) and contact time (min) were varied over wide ranges during testing. The effects of the ozone mass applied per unit time and the contact time on contaminant removal efficiencies were analyzed and a trade-off between the costs of ozonation and of solids treatment and disposal was proposed. The minimum ozone mass application required for total contaminant removal apparently depended on the type of organic contaminant present. An apparent influence of inorganic contaminant speciation on the removal efficiency was found and discussed.

Keratinocyte growth factor: a new mesothelial targeted therapy to reduce postoperative pericardial adhesions

Background: Several methods have been utilized to prevent pericardial and retrosternal adhesions, but none of them evaluated the mesothelial regenerative hypothesis. There are evidences that the mesothelial trauma reduces pericardial fibrinolytic capability and induces an adhesion process. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) has proven to improve mesothelial cells proliferation. This study investigated the influence of keratinocyte growth factor in reducing post-surgical adhesions. Methods: Twelve pigs were operated and an adhesion protocol was employed. Following a stratified randomization, the animals received a topical application of KGF or saline. At 8 weeks, intrapericardial adhesions were evaluated and a severity score was established. The time spent to dissect the adhesions and the amount of sharp dissection used, were recorded. Histological sections were stained with sirius red and morphometric analyses were assessed with a computer-assisted image analysis system. Results: The severity score was lower in the KGF group than in the control group (11.5 vs 17, p = 0.005). The dissection time was lower in the KGF group (9.2 +/- 1.4 min vs 33.9 +/- 9.2 min, p = 0.004) and presented a significant correlation with the severity score (r = 0.83, p = 0.001). A significantly less sharp dissection was also required in the KGF group. Also, adhesion area and adhesion collagen were significantly tower in the KGF group than in the control group. Conclusion: The simulation of pericardial cells with KGF reduced the intensity of postoperative adhesions and facilitated the re-operation. This study suggests that the mesothelial regeneration is the new horizon in anti-adhesion therapies. (C) 2008 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synergism Between Keratinocyte Growth Factor and Carboxymethyl Chitosan Reduces Pericardial Adhesions

Background. Mesothelial injury is the pivot in the development of adhesions. An increase in the proliferation of mesothelial cells was verified by in vitro studies with the use of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF). This study investigated the influence of KGF associated with thermo-sterilized carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCCts) in the reduction of pericardial adhesions. Methods. An induction model of pericardial adhesion was carried out in 24 pigs. Animals were randomly allocated to receive topical application of KGF, KGF + NOCCts, NOCCts, or saline (control). At 8 weeks, intra-pericardial adhesions were evaluated and a severity score was established. The time spent to dissect the adhesions and the amount of sharp dissection used, were recorded. Histologic sections were stained with sirius red for a morphometric evaluation using a computer-assisted image analysis system. Cytokeratin AE1/AE3 immunostaining were employed to identify mesothelial cells. Results. The severity score expressed in median (minimum to maximum), in relation to the control group (17 [15 to 18]), was lower in the KGF + NOCCts group (7 [6 to 9], p < 0.01) followed by the KGF group (11.5 [9 to 12], 0.01 < p < 0.05) and the NOCCts group (12 [9 to 14], p > 0.05). The dissection time was significantly lower in the KGF + NOCCts group (7.1 +/- 0.6 vs 33.9 +/- 9.2 minutes, p < 0.001). A significantly less sharp dissection was also required in the KGF + NOCCts group. In the adhesion segment, a decreased collagen proportion was found in the KGF + NOCCts group (p < 0.05). Mesothelial cells were present more extensively in groups in which KGF was delivered (p = 0.01). Conclusions. The use of KGF associated with NOCCts resulted in a synergic action that decreases postoperative pericardial adhesions in a highly significant way. (Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 90: 566-72) (C) 2010 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

Local Structure and Photochromic Response in Ormosils Containing Dodecatungstophosphoric Acid

Two hybrid materials based on dodecatungstophosphoric acid (HPW) dispersed in ormosils modified with 3-aminopropiltrietoxysilane (APTS) or with N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyl)-ethylene-diamine (TSPEN) show reversible photochromic response induced by irradiation in the 200-390 nm UV range. A set of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques was used to analyze the structural properties of the main components of these hybrids (the HPW polyanion, the inorganic matrix, and the organic functionalities). For the ormosils, the use of (29)Si NMR, {(1)H}-(29)Si cross-polarization, and {(1)H}-(29)Si HETCOR revealed a homogeneous distribution of silicon species Q ``, T(2), and T(3) for the APTS hybrid, contrasting with the separation of T(3) species in the TSPEN hybrid. The combination of (31)P NMR, {(1)H}-(31)P cross-polarization and (31)P-{(1)H} spin-echo double resonance (SEDOR) revealed the dispersion of the HPW ions in the ormosil, occupying sites with a high number of close protons (>50). Differences in the molecular dynamics at room temperature, inferred from SEDOR experiments, indicate a state of restricted mobility of the HPW ion and the surrounding molecular groups in the TSPEN hybrid. This behavior is consistent with the presence of more amino groups in the TSPEN, acting as chelating groups to the HPW ion. This hybrid, with the strong chelate interaction of the diamine group, shows the most intense photochromic response, in agreement with the charge transfer models proposed to explain the photochromic effect. Electronic reflectance spectroscopy in irradiated samples revealed the presence of one-electron and two-electron reduced polyanions. The one-electron reduced species could be detected also by (31)P NMR spectroscopy immediately after UV irradiation.

Characterization by Fluorescence of Organic Matter from Oxisols under Sewage Sludge Applications

Sewage sludge from wastewater treatment contains organic matter and plant nutrients that can play an important role in agricultural production and the maintenance of soil fertility, The present study has aimed to evaluate the degree of humification following sewage sludge application of soil organic matter by laser-induced fluorescence and humic acids using ultraviolet-visible fluorescence, and including comparison with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Sewage sludge applications to the soil caused a decrease in the degree of humification of the soil organic matter and humic acids for both a Typic Eutrorthox (clayey) soil and a Typic Haplorthox (sandy) soil of around 14 and 27%, respectively. This effect is probably clue to incorporation of newly formed humic substances from the sewage sludge into the characteristics of less humified material, and to the indigenous soil humic substances. The minor alterations observed in the clay soil probably occurred due to both the greater mineral association, which better stabilized the indigenous soil organic matter, and the higher microbial activity in this soil, which accelerated sewage sludge mineralization. Sewage sludge applications increased the C content for the clay and sandy soils by 7.4 and 15.4 g kg(-1), respectively, suggesting a positive effect on these two soils.

A construção da paternidade desde a gestação até o primeiro ano do bebê

A paternidade é um tema que vem merecendo atenção crescente nas últimas décadas. O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar o processo de construção da paternidade, desde a gestação até o primeiro ano do bebê, com pais adultos que esperavam o seu primeiro filho. Foi realizado um estudo de caso coletivo com seis casais, selecionados de um total de 114, que fazem parte de um projeto longitudinal maior (GIDEP, 1998). Pais e mães, ambos com mais de 20 anos, foram entrevistados individual e conjuntamente, durante o último trimestre da gravidez, e após o terceiro e o décimo segundo meses do bebê. O foco de análise do estudo foi o envolvimento paterno, categorizado segundo os critérios propostos por Lamb (1996), em engajamento, acessibilidade e responsabilidade. Consideramos 5 aspectos que, de acordo com a revisão da literatura, poderiam estar relacionados ao envolvimento paterno: os modelos de paternidade, a matriz de apoio familiar, o desenvolvimento do bebê e as representações do pai e da mãe sobre o envolvimento. A análise dos dados apontou para os modelos familiares como sendo os fatores mais influentes sobre o envolvimento paterno. Verificamos que a ausência de uma matriz de apoio exerce influência mas não determina, por si só, um maior engajamento do pai. Da mesma forma, a representação da mãe sobre o desempenho do marido como pai, não pareceu determinar um maior engajamento, embora influenciasse no clima de satisfação familiar. Quanto ao desenvolvimento do bebê, não identificamos diferenças quanto ao sexo, mas quanto à idade: os pais revelavam maior satisfação quanto ao engajamento com bebês maiores do que com os recém-nascidos. Finalmente, pode-se concluir que os pais continuam seguindo modelos tradicionais quanto à acessibilidade e a responsabilidade. Já em relação ao engajamento, embora exista uma expectativa em ser diferente dos modelos familiares, percebemos que os pais apresentam um maior engajamento em atividades lúdicas - brincadeiras e passeios, do que em atividades de cuidado, para as quais podemos supor que faltam modelos efetivos.

Um filho com Síndrome de Down : uma análise do entendimento da síndrome e do planejamento reprodutivo futuro em seus genitores

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A relação conjugal na transição para a parentalidade : da gestação ao segundo ano de vida do bebê

Segundo o referencial teórico familiar sistêmico, a transição para a parentalidade demarca uma das mais intensas mudanças do ciclo de vida da família. O presente estudo teve como objetivo central analisar a relação conjugal, durante a transição para a parentalidade, a partir de dois enfoques: a avaliação que cada casal faz de sua relação nos diferentes momentos da transição e a interação comunicacional que estabelece durante as entrevistas conjuntas. Foi realizado um estudo de casos coletivo (Stake, 1994), longitudinal, que abrangeu cinco etapas: o último trimestre de gestação e o terceiro, o oitavo, o décimo-segundo e o décimo-oitavo mês de vida do bebê. Em cada etapa, foram realizadas entrevistas conjuntas com os casais. A amostra foi composta por cinco casais adultos, com idades entre 20-40 anos, que esperavam seu primeiro filho. A análise dos dados foi realizada a partir das análises qualitativa e quantitativa de conteúdo (Laville & Dionne, 1999). Os resultados deste estudo apontam que um fator central para a compreensão da conjugalidade na transição para a parentalidade é a qualidade da relação conjugal estabelecida antes da transição. Constatou-se que os três casais que apresentavam um envolvimento afetivo antes do nascimento do primeiro filho mantiveram esta condição após a transição. Esses casais mencionaram aspectos positivos da transição e conseguiram organizar sua rotina de forma a preservar um tempo para estarem a sós. Os pais mostraram-se envolvidos com sua função paternal, bem como as mães com sua função maternal. A interação comunicacional teve um aumento das categorias de apoio e uma diminuição das de não-apoio e de conflito à medida que a transição se desenrolou. Diferentemente, os dois casais que mostraram um distanciamento afetivo antes mostraram também um distanciamento depois da transição. Eles referiram apenas mudanças negativas em função da transição e não conseguiram dedicar um tempo para ficarem a sós. Nesses casais, os homens mostraram-se ausentes e pouco envolvidos com a paternidade, o que não ocorreu com as mulheres. A interação comunicacional compreendeu uma diminuição das trocas de fala de apoio, e um aumento das de conflito e de não-apoio à medida que as entrevistas se desenrolaram. As conclusões deste estudo, apesar de não serem passíveis de generalização, mostram-se relevantes tanto para a área da Psicologia do Desenvolvimento, como para a da Psicologia Clínica, no atendimento a casais.

O envolvimento paterno com o bebê na gestação e aos doze meses de idade

O momento de transição para a paternidade traz consigo implicações que podem ser diferentes daquelas que ocorrem nas famílias onde o pai já possui outros filhos. Outro fato relevante é o de que o pai vai conferir diferentes significados a sua função como pai, e esta significação conferida à paternidade poderá influenciar o envolvimento do pai com seu bebê. Modelos de paternidade também são considerados, uma vez que estes parecem influenciar nas expectativas e no tipo de envolvimento que o pai terá em relação ao seu bebê. O presente estudo tem como objetivo examinar o envolvimento paterno com o bebê em dois momentos desenvolvimentais, focalizando as expectativas de envolvimento do pai com seu bebê durante a gestação, e o tipo de envolvimento do pai com seu bebê, aos doze meses de idade. São estudados dois grupos, com quatro participantes cada: pais de primeiro filho, e pais que já possuem outro filho. O envolvimento é analisado a partir de três dimensões propostas por Lamb e cols. (1985, 1987): acessibilidade, engajamento e responsabilidade. No tocante às expectativas de envolvimento do pai com seu filho, observou-se que todos os pais de primeiro filho mostraram expectativas de acessibilidade, além de engajamento, enquanto que os pais que já possuem outro filho mostraram predominantemente expectativas de engajamento. Quanto ao real envolvimento do pai com o bebê aos doze meses deste último, observou-se que todos os pais participantes, de ambos os grupos, disseram-se engajados com seus bebês, o que significa participar ativamente da vida do bebê e interagir diretamente com o mesmo. No entanto, quanto aos cuidados com o bebê, a mãe apareceu como referência principal. Conclui-se que afirmações sobre mudanças atuais relativas ao envolvimento paterno com o bebê devem ser vistas com cautela.