Justiça penal autoritária e consolidação do estado punitivo no Brasil

The Brazilian democratic transition, still underway today, has run up against enormous difficulty in incorporating penal action. Or, put in yet stronger terms, we could say that the boundaries of democratization processes, delineated through the action of that sector of the State, reveal the possibility that the juridical field remains immune to democratizing change. Although prevailing discourse among law professionals asserts that Penal Justice is undergoing democratization, what we have observed in practice is a strong resistance within the juridical field to assuming political responsibilities within the consolidation of democracy. This article reports analyses and conclusions formulated through observation of the Brazilian penal justice system that gave origin to the thesis entitled Penal Justice in Brazil today: democratic discourse, authoritarian practice. The research sought to reflect on contemporary criminal justice policy, which has been guided by the widening of repression and the continued use of incarceration. Such policy, carried out in Brazil since the beginning of the 1985 political opening has adjusted itself to the liberal project that is also currently underway in the country, as well as in almost the entire Western capitalist world. As we can observe, Penal Justice, even during the execution of sentences, operates in authoritarian and exclusive ways, suppressing the rights guaranteed by law to those who have been sentenced and adopting extremely repressive forms as demonstrated by the extremely sparse benefits that it concedes. Thus, in Brazil, criminality has generally been responded through severe sentences, reflected in the absence of guarantees of constitutional rights and ample recourse to incarceration. In this vein, our contemporary democratic governments have frequently adopted a punitive stance that seeks to reaffirm the State's aptitudes for punishing and controlling criminality. © 2009 Revista de Sociologia e Política.

The right to an identity: birth registration in Latin America and the Caribbean

A disturbing token of child and adolescent vulnerability in Latin America and the Caribbean is that so many are deprived of any legal identity by failure to report their birth. This bars them from exercising basic citizen rights and can hinder their access to productive employment, social benefits and the justice system and deny them recognition as full citizens and the right to well-being, capacity development and political participation.

A Casa dos Días: a vida no cárcere feminino

O presente trabalho aborda, no âmbito das ciências sociais, as percepções que as mulheres sentenciadas a regime fechado no Centro de Reeducação Feminino (CRF), presídio feminino localizado no estado do Pará, constroem sobre o sistema penal no qual estão inseridas, partindo do que as mesmas se referem/representam como sendo crime, justiça e liberdade ― categorias básicas para a pesquisa que, afinal, serviram, principalmente, para revelar um mundo maior de correlações dentro do espaço pesquisado. A discussão apresentada é proveniente do trabalho de campo realizado no ano de 2010 e no primeiro semestre de 2011, com um grupo de doze interlocutoras, duas agentes prisionais e dois policiais que foram entrevistados no intuito de evidenciar as diferentes relações instituídas a partir da vida no cárcere. Nesta perspectiva, os dados relativos à pesquisa aludem para o fato de que o presídio feminino não é simples espaço onde as interlocutoras estão pela obrigatoriedade do cumprimento da pena; ele é reelaborado e ressignificado cotidianamente, marcando as mudanças de valores, concepções e condutas das mulheres sentenciadas, transformando as certezas da vida anterior ao cárcere em dúvidas recorrentes e que também criam oportunidades de novos arranjos sociais.

Atuação da Defensoria Pública da União na Amazônia Legal em conflitos de natureza coletiva: período de 2004 a 2010

As instituições do sistema de justiça ao redor do mundo têm ocupado importantes espaços no cenário político-institucional, atuando como verdadeiros atores políticos dotados de recursos de poder. Esse fenômeno de judicialização da vida pública tem ocorrido no Brasil, sobejamente após a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988. Os atores do sistema de justiça passaram a exercer importante influência sobre a vida social, econômica e política do país, atuando na afirmação de novos direitos e na construção da agenda pública. À luz deste contexto a presente dissertação analisa a judicialização da política na realidade político-institucional brasileira, delimitando, todavia, o seu campo de estudo à atuação das unidades da Defensoria Pública da União nos Estados que integram a Amazônia Legal em conflitos de natureza coletiva, buscando compreender fundamentalmente as formas judiciais e extrajudiciais de resolução de conflitos, os critérios de atuação da instituição neste tipo de controvérsias, bem como os resultados das ações e relações com o judiciário. A ideia central é a de que os mecanismos que proporcionam inclusão no sistema de justiça podem desempenhar um papel importante na afirmação de direitos e na construção da agenda pública.

Entre as urnas e as togas: Justiça Eleitoral e competição política no Pará (1982/1986)

Neste trabalho, analisamos a governança eleitoral exercida pelo TRE/PA, especialmente o seu nível de isenção no contencioso eleitoral (rule adjudication) concernente aos pleitos majoritários (governador e senador) de 1982 e 1986, com retrospecto no período de 1945 a 1965 - o primeiro momento de atuação contínua e prolongada da Justiça Eleitoral num contexto democrático, isto é, antes do Golpe Militar de 1964. Partimos do pressuposto segundo o qual, dada a peculiar composição da Justiça Eleitoral, que funciona tomando de empréstimo magistrados da justiça comum - sendo os TRE‟s compostos, em sua maioria, por membros dos tribunais de justiça estaduais -, somado ao padrão de relacionamento executivo-judiciário estadual, em que, historicamente, constatamos uma hipertrofia do primeiro em relação ao segundo poder, estimamos existir uma grande probabilidade de favorecimento do TRE aos candidatos majoritários do partido governamental. Esta circunstância seria agravada no período histórico em tela, em vista da enorme ingerência do executivo estadual sobre o respectivo poder judiciário, verificada anteriormente à promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988. Com efeito, encontramos fortes indícios a corroborar esta hipótese no período 1945-65, mas não encontramos evidências suficientes para sustentá-la por ocasião dos pleitos de 1982 e 1986. No pleito de 1982, o TRE manifestou razoável grau de isenção e coerência em seus acórdãos, exceto em dois processos semelhantes: um deles provocado pelo PDS e o outro pelo PMDB, ambos envolvendo um número expressivo de votos. O PMDB, partido então patrocinado pelo governador, venceu a lide, enquanto o PDS, o partido oposicionista, foi derrotado. No tocante, ao pleito de 1986, observamos uma disposição da Corte para denegar os pedidos propostos pelas legendas oposicionistas, sobretudo o PT e o extinto PMB, ainda que não tenha sido possível demonstrar um claro favorecimento ao partido governamental.

Psicologia e direito: um diálogo possível nos casos de abuso sexual na infância

Pós-graduação em Psicologia - FCLAS

Um dos desafios da questão social: adolescentes em cumprimento de medida sócioeducativa em Araraquara-SP

Pós-graduação em Serviço Social - FCHS

A intersecção da psicologia com a lei: problematizando a psicologia jurídica na prática profissional dos psicólogos

Pós-graduação em Psicologia - FCLAS

O papel da escola no processo de formação de sujeitos sociais em situação prisional

Since the beginning of the first prisions, they were proposed to solely for custody of offenders while waiting for capital punishment. With the evolution of the society, also evolves to the form of the punishment of convicts, going to be adopted custodial sentences instead of tortured bodies, then came up a greater concern with the most suitable sites for this new purpose. This study aim to reflect and analyze the relationship between education and rehabilitation in the Brazilian criminal justice system, aiming to give the efficiency of these programs in the country and the emergence of the first forms of punishment and deprivation of liberty, presupposing the role that education presents in the social reintegration process, in a situation of deprivation of liberty and the existing public policies. Characterize and show the attempts made by the state of São Paulo in accomplishing new models of prisons, which since 2000 are called resocialization centers representing this new structure and proposed social work in relation to so-called traditional prisons

La tutela penale ambientale e la nozione di rifiuto fra istanze soprannazionali ed approdi nostrani

Fighting corruption with pyramids: A Law and Economics approach to combating corruption in post-socialist countries

Corruption is, in the last two decades, considered as one of the biggest problems within the international community, which harms not only a particular state or society but the whole world. The discussion on corruption in law and economics approach is mainly run under the veil of Public choice theory and principal-agent model. Based on this approach the strong international initiatives taken by the UN, the OECD and the Council of Europe, provided various measures and tools in order to support and guide countries in their combat against corruption. These anti-corruption policies created a repression -prevention-transparency model for corruption combat. Applying this model, countries around the world adopted anti-corruption strategies as part of their legal rules. Nevertheless, the recent researches on the effects of this move show non impressive results. Critics argue that “one size does not fit all” because the institutional setting of countries around the world varies. Among the countries which experience problems of corruption, even though they follow the dominant anti-corruption trends, are transitional, post-socialist countries. To this group belong the countries which are emerging from centrally planned to an open market economy. The socialist past left traces on institutional setting, mentality of the individuals and their interrelation, particularly in the domain of public administration. If the idiosyncrasy of these countries is taken into account the suggestion in this thesis is that in public administration in post-socialist countries, instead of dominant anti-corruption scheme repression-prevention-transparency, corruption combat should be improved through the implementation of a new one, structure-conduct-performance. The implementation of this model is based on three regulatory pyramids: anti-corruption, disciplinary anti-corruption and criminal anti-corruption pyramid. This approach asks public administration itself to engage in corruption combat, leaving criminal justice system as the ultimate weapon, used only for the very harmful misdeeds.

La prova penale nelle indagini difensive. Analisi comparata degli strumenti processuali concessi alla difesa nei sistemi italiano e statunitense.

L’elaborato si occupa di fare il punto in materia di indagini difensive a tre lustri dall’entrata in vigore della legge n. 397/2000, epilogo di un lungo processo evolutivo che ha visto da un lato, una gestazione faticosa e travagliata, dall’altro, un prodotto normativo accolto dagli operatori in un contesto di scetticismo generale. In un panorama normativo e giurisprudenziale in continua evoluzione, i paradigmi dettati dagli artt. 24 e 111 della Costituzione, in tema di diritto alla difesa e di formazione della prova penale secondo il principio del contraddittorio tra le parti, in condizioni di parità, richiedono che il sistema giustizia offra sia all’indagato che all’imputato sufficienti strumenti difensivi. Tenuto conto delle diversità che caratterizzano naturalmente i ruoli dell’accusa e della difesa che impongono asimmetrie genetiche inevitabili, l’obiettivo della ricerca consiste nella disamina degli strumenti idonei a garantire il diritto alla prova della difesa in ogni stato e grado del procedimento, nel tentativo di realizzare compiutamente il principio di parità accusa - difesa nel processo penale. La ricerca si dipana attraverso tre direttrici: l’analisi dello statuto sulle investigazioni difensive nella sua evoluzione storica sino ai giorni nostri, lo studio della prova penale nel sistema americano e, infine, in alcune considerazioni finali espresse in chiave comparatistica. Le suggestioni proposte sono caratterizzate da un denominatore comune, ovvero dal presupposto che per contraddire è necessario conoscere e che solo per tale via sia possibile, finalmente, riconoscere il diritto di difendersi indagando.

Pratiche istituzionali di reclutamento di interpreti in ambito giuridico-giudiziario: Il caso del regno unito.

Il percorso del riconoscimento legislativo del diritto all’equo processo affonda le sue radici nel 1215, anno di promulgazione della Magna Charta Libertatum, e culmina, in ambito europeo, nel 1950, con la firma della Convenzione europea per la salvaguardia dei Diritti dell’Uomo e delle Libertà fondamentali (CEDU). In questo documento viene sancito che un prerequisito essenziale per garantire a tutti gli individui il diritto al fair trial è il servizio di assistenza linguistica gratuita, le cui specificità vengono descritte nella direttiva 2010/64/EU.Nel Regno Unito, già nei primi anni ’90 furono introdotte le prime misure per garantire la qualità e la competenza degli interpreti e dei traduttori in ambito giuridico-giudiziario: nel 1994 fu istituito il National Register for Public Service Interpreters (NRPSI), il registro nazionale a cui erano iscritti tutti gli interpreti per i servizi pubblici che erano in possesso di determinate qualifiche. Per assicurare che solo gli interpreti del NRPSI fossero impiegati in ambito penale, nel 1997 fu introdotto il National Agreement, un accordo non vincolante che regolava l’uso dei servizi linguisti nel Criminal Justice System. La prima versione fu modificata nel 2002 e nel 2007. In seguito ad alcune revisioni per conto del Ministero della Giustizia, nel 2010 fu avviato il processo di esternalizzazione dei servizi linguistici, che si concluse nel 2011 con la stipula del National Framework Agreement tra il Ministero della Giustizia e l’azienda Applied Language Solutions (ALS), che poco prima dell’avvio fu acquisita da un’azienda più grande, CAPITA TI. La scarsa esperienza del Ministero in questo settore, unita alle promesse poco realistiche e alla mancanza di trasparenza di ALS furono le cause principali dei numerosi problemi all’avvio del nuovo contratto che si ripercossero notevolmente sul funzionamento del sistema di giustizia. Dopo l’avvio di un piano di emergenza e un monitoraggio del Ministero, la situazione ha iniziato a ristabilirsi, senza raggiungere però i livelli pre-riforma. A Novembre 2015 è stata indetta la nuova gara di appalto: le minacce di nuovi tagli ai tariffari degli interpreti da una parte, e la partecipazione del NRPSI alla gara d’appalto come candidato al ruolo di ente supervisore della qualità dei servizi linguistici dall’altra, ci pongono di fronte a due scenari futuri molto diversi. L’elaborato è strutturato in quattro capitoli: il primo tratterà del percorso storico che ha portato al riconoscimento del diritto al processo equo, e degli strumenti comunitari a garanzia dell’assistenza linguistica gratuita. Nel secondo capitolo parleremo della situazione inglese, quindi la nascita del NRPSI e del National Agreement e le varie revisioni. Nel terzo prenderemo in esame la riforma del 2011 del Ministero della Giustizia britannico, analizzando diversi documenti: il rapporto della Commissione giustizia della Camera dei comuni 2013, quello del National Audit Office 2012, il sondaggio Involvis 2013, il rapporto indipendente OPTIMITY-MATRIX 2014.

Youth and Young Adult Homelessness in Worcester, Massachusetts:

Supporting Worcester’s ongoing effort to understand and address youth and young adult homelessness, the Community Roundtable on Youth Homelessness in conjunction with the Compass Project and Clark University conducted the fourth annual Point-in-Time Survey during October of 2012. Young people were surveyed at city shelters, youth programs, outside of schools, in parks, and on the streets of Worcester. Out of the 753 young people (ages 13to 25) surveyed, 120 (16%) dentified as homeless. We define homeless to include young people in shelters, staying with others temporarily (i.e. couch surfing) or on the streets. In addition to these 120 young people, another 220 youth who were housed reported that they had a friend who was homeless. As in prior years, when compared to their housed counterparts in the study, homeless youth: Have experienced more residential instability and family conflict; Have more precarious income situations; Are more likely to have children; Are more likely to have had involvement with the foster care and/or juvenile justice systems; and Have faced more barriers accessing services.

Past is Prologue: Montana’s Historic Women’s Movement Re-emerges in the Progressive 1970s -- Dorothy Bradley, Marilyn Wessel & Jane Jelinski “In the Crucible of Change”

One-hundred years ago, in 1914, male voters in Montana (MT) extended suffrage (voting rights) to women six years before the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution was ratified and provided that right to women in all states. The long struggle for women’s suffrage was energized in the progressive era and Jeanette Rankin of Missoula emerged as a leader of the campaign; in 1912 both major MT political party platforms supported women suffrage. In the 1914 election, 41,000 male voters supported woman suffrage while nearly 38,000 opposed it. MT was not only ahead of the curve on women suffrage, but just two years later in 1916 elected Jeanette Rankin as the first woman ever elected to the United States Congress. Rankin became a national leader for women's equality. In her commitment to equality, she opposed US entry into World War I, partially because she said she could not support men being made to go to war if women were not allowed to serve alongside them. During MT’s initial progressive era, women in MT not only pursued equality for themselves (the MT Legislature passed an equal pay act in 1919), but pursued other social improvements, such as temperance/prohibition. Well-known national women leaders such as Carrie Nation and others found a welcome in MT during the period. Women's role in the trade union movement was evidenced in MT by the creation of the Women's Protective Union in Butte, the first union in America dedicated solely to women workers. But Rankin’s defeat following her vote against World War I was used as a way for opponents to advocate a conservative, traditionalist perspective on women's rights in MT. Just as we then entered a period in MT where the “copper collar” was tightened around MT economically and politically by the Anaconda Company and its allies, we also found a different kind of conservative, traditionalist collar tightened around the necks of MT women. The recognition of women's role during World War II, represented by “Rosie the Riveter,” made it more difficult for that conservative, traditionalist approach to be forever maintained. In addition, women's role in MT agriculture – family farms and ranches -- spoke strongly to the concept of equality, as farm wives were clearly active partners in the agricultural enterprises. But rural MT was, by and large, the bastion of conservative values relative to the position of women in society. As the period of “In the Crucible of Change” began, the 1965 MT Legislature included only three women. In 1967 and 1969 only one woman legislator served. In 1971 the number went up to two, including one of our guests, Dorothy Bradley. It was only after the Constitutional Convention, which featured 19 women delegates, that the barrier was broken. The 1973 Legislature saw 9 women elected. The 1975 and 1977 sessions had 14 women legislators; 15 were elected for the 1979 session. At that time progressive women and men in the Legislature helped implement the equality provisions of the new MT Constitution, ratified the federal Equal Rights Amendment in 1974, and held back national and local conservatives forces which sought in later Legislatures to repeal that ratification. As with the national movement at the time, MT women sought and often succeeded in adopting legal mechanisms that protected women’s equality, while full equality in the external world remained (and remains) a treasured objective. The story of the re-emergence of Montana’s women’s movement in the 1970s is discussed in this chapter by three very successful and prominent women who were directly involved in the effort: Dorothy Bradley, Marilyn Wessel, and Jane Jelinski. Their recollections of the political, sociological and cultural path Montana women pursued in the 1970s and the challenges and opposition they faced provide an insider’s perspective of the battle for equality for women under the Big Sky “In the Crucible of Change.” Dorothy Bradley grew up in Bozeman, Montana; received her Bachelor of Arts Phi Beta Kappa from Colorado College, Colorado Springs, in 1969 with a Distinction in Anthropology; and her Juris Doctor from American University in Washington, D.C., in 1983. In 1970, at the age of 22, following the first Earth Day and running on an environmental platform, Ms. Bradley won a seat in the 1971 Montana House of Representatives where she served as the youngest member and only woman. Bradley established a record of achievement on environmental & progressive legislation for four terms, before giving up the seat to run a strong second to Pat Williams for the Democratic nomination for an open seat in Montana’s Western Congressional District. After becoming an attorney and an expert on water law, she returned to the Legislature for 4 more terms in the mid-to-late 1980s. Serving a total of eight terms, Dorothy was known for her leadership on natural resources, tax reform, economic development, and other difficult issues during which time she gained recognition for her consensus-building approach. Campaigning by riding her horse across the state, Dorothy was the Democratic nominee for Governor in 1992, losing the race by less than a percentage point. In 1993 she briefly taught at a small rural school next to the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation. She was then hired as the Director of the Montana University System Water Center, an education and research arm of Montana State University. From 2000 - 2008 she served as the first Gallatin County Court Administrator with the task of collaboratively redesigning the criminal justice system. She currently serves on One Montana’s Board, is a National Advisor for the American Prairie Foundation, and is on NorthWestern Energy’s Board of Directors. Dorothy was recognized with an Honorary Doctorate from her alma mater, Colorado College, was named Business Woman of the Year by the Bozeman Chamber of Commerce and MSU Alumni Association, and was Montana Business and Professional Women’s Montana Woman of Achievement. Marilyn Wessel was born in Iowa, lived and worked in Los Angeles, California, and Washington, D.C. before moving to Bozeman in 1972. She has an undergraduate degree in journalism from Iowa State University, graduate degree in public administration from Montana State University, certification from the Harvard University Institute for Education Management, and served a senior internship with the U.S. Congress, Montana delegation. In Montana Marilyn has served in a number of professional positions, including part-time editor for the Montana Cooperative Extension Service, News Director for KBMN Radio, Special Assistant to the President and Director of Communications at Montana State University, Director of University Relations at Montana State University and Dean and Director of the Museum of the Rockies at MSU. Marilyn retired from MSU as Dean Emeritus in 2003. Her past Board Service includes Montana State Merit System Council, Montana Ambassadors, Vigilante Theater Company, Montana State Commission on Practice, Museum of the Rockies, Helena Branch of the Ninth District Federal Reserve Bank, Burton K. Wheeler Center for Public Policy, Bozeman Chamber of Commerce, and Friends of KUSM Public Television. Marilyn’s past publications and productions include several articles on communications and public administration issues as well as research, script preparation and presentation of several radio documentaries and several public television programs. She is co-author of one book, 4-H An American Idea: A History of 4-H. Marilyn’s other past volunteer activities and organizations include Business and Professional Women, Women's Political Caucus, League of Women Voters, and numerous political campaigns. She is currently engaged professionally in museum-related consulting and part-time teaching at Montana State University as well as serving on the Editorial Board of the Bozeman Daily Chronicle and a member of Pilgrim Congregational Church and Family Promise. Marilyn and her husband Tom, a retired MSU professor, live in Bozeman. She enjoys time with her children and grandchildren, hiking, golf, Italian studies, cooking, gardening and travel. Jane Jelinski is a Wisconsin native, with a BA from Fontbonne College in St. Louis, MO who taught fifth and seventh grades prior to moving to Bozeman in 1973. A stay-at-home mom with a five year old daughter and an infant son, she was promptly recruited by the Gallatin Women’s Political Caucus to conduct a study of Sex-Role Stereotyping in K Through 6 Reading Text Books in the Bozeman School District. Sociologist Dr. Louise Hale designed the study and did the statistical analysis and Jane read all the texts, entered the data and wrote the report. It was widely disseminated across Montana and received attention of the press. Her next venture into community activism was to lead the successful effort to downzone her neighborhood which was under threat of encroaching business development. Today the neighborhood enjoys the protections of a Historic Preservation District. During this time she earned her MPA from Montana State University. Subsequently Jane founded the Gallatin Advocacy Program for Developmentally Disabled Adults in 1978 and served as its Executive Director until her appointment to the Gallatin County Commission in 1984, a controversial appointment which she chronicled in the Fall issue of the Gallatin History Museum Quarterly. Copies of the issue can be ordered through: http://gallatinhistorymuseum.org/the-museum-bookstore/shop/. Jane was re-elected three times as County Commissioner, serving fourteen years. She was active in the Montana Association of Counties (MACO) and was elected its President in 1994. She was also active in the National Association of Counties, serving on numerous policy committees. In 1998 Jane resigned from the County Commission 6 months before the end of her final term to accept the position of Assistant Director of MACO, from where she lobbied for counties, provided training and research for county officials, and published a monthly newsletter. In 2001 she became Director of the MSU Local Government Center where she continued to provide training and research for county and municipal officials across MT. There she initiated the Montana Mayors Academy in partnership with MMIA. She taught State and Local Government, Montana Politics and Public Administration in the MSU Political Science Department before retiring in 2008. Jane has been married to Jack for 46 years, has two grown children and three grandchildren.