Adaptive, Decentralized, And Real-Time Sampling Strategies For Resource Constrained Hydraulic And Hydrologic Sensor Networks

We discuss the development and performance of a low-power sensor node (hardware, software and algorithms) that autonomously controls the sampling interval of a suite of sensors based on local state estimates and future predictions of water flow. The problem is motivated by the need to accurately reconstruct abrupt state changes in urban watersheds and stormwater systems. Presently, the detection of these events is limited by the temporal resolution of sensor data. It is often infeasible, however, to increase measurement frequency due to energy and sampling constraints. This is particularly true for real-time water quality measurements, where sampling frequency is limited by reagent availability, sensor power consumption, and, in the case of automated samplers, the number of available sample containers. These constraints pose a significant barrier to the ubiquitous and cost effective instrumentation of large hydraulic and hydrologic systems. Each of our sensor nodes is equipped with a low-power microcontroller and a wireless module to take advantage of urban cellular coverage. The node persistently updates a local, embedded model of flow conditions while IP-connectivity permits each node to continually query public weather servers for hourly precipitation forecasts. The sampling frequency is then adjusted to increase the likelihood of capturing abrupt changes in a sensor signal, such as the rise in the hydrograph – an event that is often difficult to capture through traditional sampling techniques. Our architecture forms an embedded processing chain, leveraging local computational resources to assess uncertainty by analyzing data as it is collected. A network is presently being deployed in an urban watershed in Michigan and initial results indicate that the system accurately reconstructs signals of interest while significantly reducing energy consumption and the use of sampling resources. We also expand our analysis by discussing the role of this approach for the efficient real-time measurement of stormwater systems.

Criação e desenvolvimento do conhecimento organizacional com o auxílio da tecnologia de informação

In the last years, a number of enterprises ¿ each time greater ¿ have perceived the importance of the strategic management of the intellectual capital in its strategic planning. Factors like globalization of the economy and consequent awareness of specialized work value enclosed in organizational processes and routines, awareness of knowledge as factor of distinct production and low cost of data processing nets, point to a growing replacement of physical force for cerebral in our organizations and in our social lives. This work has the objective to analyze how the information technology, in its present stage, may contribute to creation and development of knowledge, or intellectual capital, in the organization of business. We will use for this purpose the methodology proposed by Nonaka and Takeuchi for creation of knowledge in the organizations. The model is based in two basic points: 1) the existence of two types of knowledge, the tacit and the explicit and its several processes of interaction wich generate operational knowledge (internalization), systematic knowledge (combination), shared knowledge (socialization) and conceptual knowledge (externalization); 2) the view that knowledge in principle is individual, belongs to each member of the organization and must be enlarged 'in an organization way'. Considering the characteristics of the methodology used, the proposal is the construction of a knowledge portal in the organization of business, so that it may be used as a tool for helping to create and develop organizational knowledge.

Mudanças de métodos de custeio e o impacto no sistema de informação gerencial: um estudo qualitativo

A presente pesquisa consiste em identificar os impactos causados no Sistema de Informações Gerenciais com a mudança de método de Custeio Variável para Unidade de Esforço de Produção (UEP), mediante a realização de um Estudo de Caso sobre a empresa Bistex Alimentos LTDA. A coleta de dados, viabilizada pela análise documental e pela aplicação de entrevista com dois diretores, tornou possível a análise de dados interpretativa dos indicadores de desempenho presentes nas principais alterações após o processo de migração, na forma de um estudo comparativo, levantando controles usados na organização antes e depois da troca de método. Autores como Johnson e Kaplan (1993), que abordam a contabilidade gerencial, Allora (1996), que introduz os custos e controle gerencial de produção, e Wernke (2008), que aborda a aplicação do Método UEP, deram consistência à aplicabilidade operacional desta proposta. Os principais resultados podem ser identificados no ordenamento de informações, fundamental pelo uso da UEP, o que causa alterações na cultura organizacional da empresa. O estudo demonstra que a implementação do método UEP trouxe alterações nos controles da organização, entretanto, ainda falta uma visão holística e a integração com a gestão estratégica

Allergic asthma exhaled breath metabolome: a challenge for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

Allergic asthma represents an important public health issue, most common in the paediatric population, characterized by airway inflammation that may lead to changes in volatiles secreted via the lungs. Thus, exhaled breath has potential to be a matrix with relevant metabolomic information to characterize this disease. Progress in biochemistry, health sciences and related areas depends on instrumental advances, and a high throughput and sensitive equipment such as comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC–ToFMS) was considered. GC × GC–ToFMS application in the analysis of the exhaled breath of 32 children with allergic asthma, from which 10 had also allergic rhinitis, and 27 control children allowed the identification of several hundreds of compounds belonging to different chemical families. Multivariate analysis, using Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis in tandem with Monte Carlo Cross Validation was performed to assess the predictive power and to help the interpretation of recovered compounds possibly linked to oxidative stress, inflammation processes or other cellular processes that may characterize asthma. The results suggest that the model is robust, considering the high classification rate, sensitivity, and specificity. A pattern of six compounds belonging to the alkanes characterized the asthmatic population: nonane, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane, decane, 3,6-dimethyldecane, dodecane, and tetradecane. To explore future clinical applications, and considering the future role of molecular-based methodologies, a compound set was established to rapid access of information from exhaled breath, reducing the time of data processing, and thus, becoming more expedite method for the clinical purposes.

Avaliação genética de touros da raça Gir para produção de leite no dia do controle e em 305 dias de lactação

Dados de 32.779 controles mensais, de 3.605 lactações em 305 dias (PL305), de 2.082 vacas Gir, filhas de 281 touros, com partos ocorridos de 1987 a 1999 em 11 rebanhos, foram usados com o objetivo de verificar a viabilidade de utilização da produção de leite no dia do controle (PLDC) em avaliações genéticas de touros da raça Gir. Foram realizadas análises univariadas das PLDC1 a PLDC10 e da PL305 pelo método de máxima verossimilhança restrita, sob modelo animal, incluindo as três primeiras lactações como medidas repetidas de um mesmo animal, diferenciados conforme o grupo contemporâneo de rebanho-ano-estação, de acordo com a idade da vaca ao parto e, do intervalo parto-primeiro controle na PLDC1. As médias observadas e os respectivos desvios-padrão (kg) para PLDC1 a PLDC10 e PL305 foram: 11,97±4,64; 11,93±4,68; 10,98±4,40; 10,18±4,12; 9,66±3,88; 9,20±3,69; 8,63±3,51; 8,08±3,33; 7,59±3,27; 7,22±3,15 e 2.746,17±1.299,90. As estimativas de herdabilidade para as PLDC1 a PLDC10 foram de 0,26; 0,19; 0,18; 0,20; 0,15; 0,13; 0,14; 0,10; 0,11 e 0,10, respectivamente; para a PL305 foi de 0,18. As correlações de ordem dos valores genéticos preditos de 281 touros, obtidos entre as PLDC e a PL305, foram altas, oscilando de 0,85 a 0,94. O percentual de coincidência de touros que seriam selecionados pelos valores genéticos preditos das PLDC2 a PLDC5 foram acima de 80%, a partir de 5% dos melhores classificados pela PL305. em algumas PLDC o nível de coincidência de classificação dos touros com a PL305 foi muito baixo.

Estimativa de parâmetros genéticos, fenotípicos e ambientes para as produções de leite no dia do controle e em 305 dias de lactação de vacas da raça Gir

Dados de 32.779 controles mensais, de 3.605 lactações em 305 dias (PL305), de 2.082 vacas Gir, filhas de 281 touros, com partos ocorridos de 1987 a 1999, em 11 rebanhos, foram usados com o objetivo de verificar a viabilidade de utilização da produção de leite no dia do controle (PLDC1 a PLDC10) em avaliações genéticas da raça Gir. Foram realizadas análises bivariadas entre as PLDC1 a PLDC10 e PL305, usando para estimar os componentes de (co)variâncias o método de máxima verossimilhança restrita, sob modelo animal, incluindo as três primeiras lactações como medidas repetidas de uma mesma vaca, diferenciadas conforme o grupo contemporâneo de rebanho-ano-estação, de acordo com a idade da vaca ao parto e o intervalo parto-primeiro controle na PLDC1. As médias observadas e os respectivos desvios-padrão (kg) para PLDC1 a PLDC10 e PL305 foram: 11,97±4,64; 11,93±4,68; 10,98±4,40; 10,18±4,12; 9,66±3,88; 9,20±3,69; 8,63±3,51; 8,08±3,33; 7,59±3,27; 7,22±3,15 e 2.746,17±1.299,90. A duração de lactação foi de 273,72±48,95 dias. As estimativas de herdabilidade variaram nas PLDC de 0,24 a 0,14, sendo maior no primeiro controle e decrescendo até o décimo. A herdabilidade da PL305 foi de 0,19. As estimativas de correlações genéticas entre as PLDC e PL305 variaram de 0,85 a 1,00. As correlações genéticas entre PLDC1 a PLDC9 com PLDC6 a PLDC10 foram acima de 0,80, à exceção entre PLDC9 com PLDC1 e PLDC10 com PLDC1, PLDC2, PLDC3 e PLDC6, que foram inferiores. As correlações fenotípicas tiveram valores intermediários entre as correlações genéticas e as residuais (menores). Considerando a eficiência relativa de seleção, esta mostrou que se baseada nas PLDC2 a PLDC4 ocorrerá a mesma ou melhor resposta que se praticada na PL305.

Novas ferramentas para monitoramento ambiental usando SIG Web

The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has becoming very important in fields where detailed and precise study of earth surface features is required. Applications in environmental protection are such an example that requires the use of GIS tools for analysis and decision by managers and enrolled community of protected areas. In this specific field, a challenge that remains is to build a GIS that can be dynamically fed with data, allowing researchers and other agents to recover actual and up to date information. In some cases, data is acquired in several ways and come from different sources. To solve this problem, some tools were implemented that includes a model for spatial data treatment on the Web. The research issues involved start with the feeding and processing of environmental control data collected in-loco as biotic and geological variables and finishes with the presentation of all information on theWeb. For this dynamic processing, it was developed some tools that make MapServer more flexible and dynamic, allowing data uploading by the proper users. Furthermore, it was also developed a module that uses interpolation to aiming spatial data analysis. A complex application that has validated this research is to feed the system with data coming from coral reef regions located in northeast of Brazil. The system was implemented using the best interactivity concept provided by the AJAX model and resulted in a substantial contribution for efficiently accessing information, being an essential mechanism for controlling events in the environmental monitoring

Comparação entre planejamento estatístico experimental e análise dimensional em operações de mistura e separação para sistema óleo-água

This work aims to determine a better methodology to help predicting some operational parameters to a new design of mixer-settler on treating wastewater produced by petroleum industry, called MDIF (Misturador-Decantador à Inversão de Fases/ Mixer-Settler based on Phase Inversion MSPI). The data from this research were obtained from the wastewater treatment unit, called MSPI-TU, installed on a wastewater treatment plant (WTP) of PETROBRAS/UO-RNCE. The importance in determining the better methodology to predict the results of separation and extraction efficiency of the equipment, contributes significantly to determine the optimum operating variables for the control of the unit. The study was based on a comparison among the experimental efficiency (E) obtained by operating MSPI-TU, the efficiency obtained by experimental design equation (Eplan) from the software Statistica Experimental Design® (version 7.0), and the other obtained from a modeling equation based on a dimensional analysis (Ecalc). The results shows that the experimental design equation gives a good prediction of the unit efficiencies with better data reliability, regarding to the condition before a run operation. The average deviation between the proposed by statistic planning model equation and experimental data was 0.13%. On the other hand, the efficiency calculated by the equation which represents the dimensional analysis, may result on important relative deviations (up 70%). Thus, the experimental design is confirmed as a reliable tool, with regard the experimental data processing of the MSPI-TU

Optimal Conditions for Biomass and Recombinant Glycerol Kinase Production Using the Yeast Pichia pastoris

The extracellular glycerol kinase gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (GUT]) was cloned into the expression vector pPICZ alpha. A and integrated into the genome of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris X-33. The presence of the GUT1 insert was confirmed by PCR analysis. Four clones were selected and the functionality of the recombinant enzyme was assayed. Among the tested clones, one exhibited glycerol kinase activity of 0.32 U/mL, with specific activity of 0.025 U/mg of protein. A medium optimized for maximum biomass production by recombinant Pichia pastoris in shaker cultures was initially explored, using 2.31 % (by volume) glycerol as the carbon source. Optimization was carried out by response surface methodology (RSM). In preliminary experiments, following a Plackett-Burman design, glycerol volume fraction (phi(Gly)) and growth time (t) were selected as the most important factors in biomass production. Therefore, subsequent experiments, carried out to optimize biomass production, followed a central composite rotatable design as a function of phi(Gly) and time. Glycerol volume fraction proved to have a significant positive linear effect on biomass production. Also, time was a significant factor (at linear positive and quadratic levels) in biomass production. Experimental data were well fitted by a convex surface representing a second order polynomial model, in which biomass is a function of both factors (R(2)=0.946). Yield and specific activity of glycerol kinase were mainly affected by the additions of glycerol and methanol to the medium. The optimized medium composition for enzyme production was: 1 % yeast extract, 1 % peptone, 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH=6.0, 1.34 % yeast nitrogen base (YNB), 4.10(-5) % biotin, 1 %, methanol and 1 %, glycerol, reaching 0.89 U/mL of glycerol kinase activity and 14.55 g/L of total protein in the medium after 48 h of growth.

Automatic detection of thermal damage in grinding process by artificial neural network

Esse trabalho tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema inteligente para detecção da queima no processo de retificação tangencial plana através da utilização de uma rede neural perceptron multi camadas, treinada para generalizar o processo e, conseqüentemente, obter o limiar de queima. em geral, a ocorrência da queima no processo de retificação pode ser detectada pelos parâmetros DPO e FKS. Porém esses parâmetros não são eficientes nas condições de usinagem usadas nesse trabalho. Os sinais de emissão acústica e potência elétrica do motor de acionamento do rebolo são variáveis de entrada e a variável de saída é a ocorrência da queima. No trabalho experimental, foram empregados um tipo de aço (ABNT 1045 temperado) e um tipo de rebolo denominado TARGA, modelo ART 3TG80.3 NVHB.

Caracterização dos sedimentos superficiais de fundo do complexo recifal de Maracajaú

The study carried out in the environment of Maracajaú reef an São Roque channel, had as main objective to analyze the characteristics of sediments active locally expressed in the grains, through collections of sediments in the field, technical processing and data analyzes of sediments. Data processing were made on three main aspects: biotic composition, concentration of calcium carbonate and particle size of the sediment. Differences between the sediments of the reefs and channel were observed. It was emphasized the contribution of algae limestone in the production of carbonate, with some influence of foraminifera near the coast. The particle size distribution presented significant results for the understanding of locally sedimentary deposits. The results showed an environment of carbonate, with predominance of algae limestone, associated to unconsolidated sediments with gross granularity, besides the presence of rhodoliths in all samples.The fragmentation of biotic components and the prevalence of elliptical rhodoliths with little or no branch, indicate an environment of high energy hydrodynamics. This work is a further contribution to the understanding of sedimentology active locally in reef environments, in particular the of Maracajaú reef, by virtue of their complex ecosystem composed of a diversity of wild fauna and flora that still little studied in Brazil comparing to accelerated growth of teeth extractions and usufructs of natural resources causing often irreversible impacts to the environment

Efeito de diferentes sais de ferro sobre as características sensoriais do iogurte de soja

The soy-yogurt was used as food vehicle due to its therapeutic and nutritionalproperties and lower cost. The aim of this work was to develop an enriched soy-yogurt with 12 mg of elementary iron/1, with suitable sensory and technological properties. Four iron sources were tested: FeSO 4.7H 2O, NaFeEDTA, Ferrochel® and microencapsulated FeSO 4.7H 2O. The products were evaluated by fermentation time, pH, titratable acidity, viscosity, consistency, iron concentration and sensory properties (difference from the control and acceptance tests). Viscosity and consistency data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's test. Difference from the control data was evaluated by analysis of variance and Dunnett's test and the acceptance test was evaluated by analysis of variance and Tukey's test. For all iron salts used in the enrichment process, only the FeSO 4JH 2O did not work out because of the undesirable sensorial characteristics of the final products. The others sources used in the enrichment process (NaFeEDTA, Ferrochel® and microencapsulated FeSO 4.7H 2O) did not alter the fermentation time, titratable acidity and sensory and reologics properties of the soy-yogurt.

Common architecture for discrete wavelet transform analysis and synthesis with sequential and constant processing elements

This paper adresses the problem on processing biological data such as cardiac beats, audio and ultrasonic range, calculating wavelet coefficients in real time, with processor clock running at frequency of present ASIC's and FPGA. The Paralell Filter Architecture for DWT has been improved, calculating wavelet coefficients in real time with hardware reduced to 60%. The new architecture, which also processes IDWT, is implemented with the Radix-2 or the Booth-Wallace Constant multipliers. Including series memory register banks, one integrated circuit Signal Analyzer, ultrasonic range, is presented.

Identification of structural damage in flexible structures using system norm and neural networks

Nowadays there is great interest in damage identification using non destructive tests. Predictive maintenance is one of the most important techniques that are based on analysis of vibrations and it consists basically of monitoring the condition of structures or machines. A complete procedure should be able to detect the damage, to foresee the probable time of occurrence and to diagnosis the type of fault in order to plan the maintenance operation in a convenient form and occasion. In practical problems, it is frequent the necessity of getting the solution of non linear equations. These processes have been studied for a long time due to its great utility. Among the methods, there are different approaches, as for instance numerical methods (classic), intelligent methods (artificial neural networks), evolutions methods (genetic algorithms), and others. The characterization of damages, for better agreement, can be classified by levels. A new one uses seven levels of classification: detect the existence of the damage; detect and locate the damage; detect, locate and quantify the damages; predict the equipment's working life; auto-diagnoses; control for auto structural repair; and system of simultaneous control and monitoring. The neural networks are computational models or systems for information processing that, in a general way, can be thought as a device black box that accepts an input and produces an output. Artificial neural nets (ANN) are based on the biological neural nets and possess habilities for identification of functions and classification of standards. In this paper a methodology for structural damages location is presented. This procedure can be divided on two phases. The first one uses norms of systems to localize the damage positions. The second one uses ANN to quantify the severity of the damage. The paper concludes with a numerical application in a beam like structure with five cases of structural damages with different levels of severities. The results show the applicability of the presented methodology. A great advantage is the possibility of to apply this approach for identification of simultaneous damages.

The Brazilian Seismographic Integrated Systems (BRASIS): Infrastructure and data management

In geophysics and seismology, raw data need to be processed to generate useful information that can be turned into knowledge by researchers. The number of sensors that are acquiring raw data is increasing rapidly. Without good data management systems, more time can be spent in querying and preparing datasets for analyses than in acquiring raw data. Also, a lot of good quality data acquired at great effort can be lost forever if they are not correctly stored. Local and international cooperation will probably be reduced, and a lot of data will never become scientific knowledge. For this reason, the Seismological Laboratory of the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of São Paulo (IAG-USP) has concentrated fully on its data management system. This report describes the efforts of the IAG-USP to set up a seismology data management system to facilitate local and international cooperation. © 2011 by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. All rights reserved.