Un gegant del cel en perill d'extinció : socialització i divulgació de la reintroducció del voltor negre a Catalunya

La interacció de l’home amb les diferents espècies amb les quals cohabita ha creat casos com el del Voltor Negre (Aegypius monachus), l’au necròfaga més gran d’Europa, que actualment es troba en perill d’extinció. La utilització del territori per a ús antropogènic (ramaderia, xarxes elèctriques, zones urbanes,...) ha fet disminuir la població d’aquesta espècie. Així com la incursió, de manera indirecta, en aquestes poblacions degut a l’acció de l’home podem destacar-ne’n dos, el més rellevant és la intoxicació per verí, degut a l’ús il·legal d’aquestes substàncies per al control de depredadors fa que els tòxics vagin pujant per la piràmide tròfica. La segona causa rellevant és la disminució d’aliment degut a la mixomatosis i a la normativa existent d’obligatorietat de retirada dels animals morts a muntanya per sota dels 1400m. Al fer l’anàlisi de problemàtiques, s’observa que la gran majoria són antròpiques, degudes a la desinformació i al desconeixement, per tant; per a realitzar un bon pla de reintroducció és necessari fer un treball previ de socialització de les poblacions de la zona per a que el projecte sigui eficient. El projecte consisteix en fer una conscienciació social als diferents grups implicats (turisme, escoles i població; ramaders i caçadors), mitjançant documents gràfics, material educatiu, material de suport i materials i mètodes de divulgació. Per a que la vall d’Alinyà i Boumort passin a ser destacades per la presencia establerta de les quatre aus necròfagues més rellevants d’Europa; l’Aufrany, el Trencalòs, el voltor comú i el nostre protagonista: el Voltor Negre.

Reconsidering the "policy gap":policy implementation and outcomes in Spain

By analysing entry policies and regularisation procedures in Spain from the 1990s to 2007, this article examines how the mismatch between very restrictive immigration policies and increasing foreign labour demands translated into a model of illegal migration, which in turn gave rise to the need to carry out periodical regularisation drives. This double 'policy gap' between legality and reality, and between entry policies and regularisation procedures, is explained as a policy in itself and as a way to solve in practice the apparently unsolvable dilemma between the demands for closure and the insatiable demands for foreign workers.

Traducción comentada de Guidelines Governing the Adoption of Children, 2011 in India

En este trabajo se analiza la variación discursiva y los diferentes criterios de estilo entre textos jurídicos normativos en inglés y español; se establecen fenómenos lingüísticos propios del discurso jurídico que generan problemas de traducción; y se comparan algunas diferencias entre sistemas jurídicos y políticos para analizar su repercusión en la traducción.

Dispensació d'antibiòtics sense recepta a les oficines de farmàcia

Introducció: L’ús indiscriminat d’antibiòtics, l’augment de les resistències i la mancança d’investigació en nous antibiòtics fa que ens trobem en un moment de crisi antibiòtica on cal prendre mesures. Objectiu: Quantificar el percentatge de farmàcies que venen antibiòtics sense recepta mèdica oficial per un dels tres casos següents: infecció d’orina, mal de coll o bronquitis aguda. Metodologia: Estudi prospectiu realitzat en el període gener-maig 2013 a la Regió Sanitària del Camp de Tarragona. Resultats: Es van visitar un total de 45 farmàcies. Es va vendre antibiòtic en 12 (80%) farmàcies on es va simular infecció d’orina, en 10 (66,7%) on es va simular mal de coll i en 5 (33,3%) on es va simular bronquitis aguda (p<0,05). Només en un 22,2% dels casos en què es va vendre un antibiòtic es va preguntar per les al·lèrgies de la pacient i també en un 22,2% l’argument per no dispensar l’antibiòtic va ser de tipus raonat. Conclusió: Aquests resultats mostren que tot i les campanyes que s’han fet per conscienciar la població sobre l’ús racional dels antibiòtics i el fet que vendre antibiòtics sense recepta és il·legal, se segueixen dispensant antibiòtics sense recepta.

El consum de drogues i cocaïna dels joves de l’IES Miquel Martí i Pol de Roda de Ter

En l’actualitat, l’ús i el consum de substàncies il·legals pels joves de l’IES Miquel Martí i Pol de Roda de Ter és un fenomen associat a l’oci, per tant es tracta d’un consum recreatiu per fer referència al consum que fan els joves que el que busquen és diversió i plaer, moltes vegades, sense percebre’n el risc. Pel que fa a les drogues legals, alcohol i tabac són les substàncies psicoactives de major consum. La cocaïna és pels joves la segona substància consumida, rere el cànnabis, que és la més estesa entre la població adolescent i joves de l’IES. Es pot dir que existeixen una sèrie de situacions de caràcter personal i social que poden predisposar certes persones a consumir drogues. Aquestes circumstàncies són els anomenats factors de risc, com són l’autoestima, absència de normes i límits, manca d’informació, manca de comunicació, entre d’altres. També hi ha d’altres situacions socioculturals i característiques individuals que fan que se’n redueixi la possibilitat de consum, aquests serien els anomenats factors de protecció com són l’economia, tenir aficions, disposar d’adults de referència, etc. Conèixer i comprendre aquests factors és fonamental per poder realitzar un abordatge educatiu i preventiu basat en la reducció de riscos i en la responsabilitat i l’autonomia de les persones usuàries de drogues.

Top manta: escenario actual y perspectiva de futuro [presentació associada a la ponència]

TOP MANTA = conseqüències socials (Informe Confecom febrer 2013) afirma que hi ha (1)Criminalitat organitzada (2)Competència deslleial per comerciants; (3) Pèrdua de llocs de treball als sectors corresponents; (4) Engany al consumidor; (5) Ocupació il·legal de via pública; (6) Frau fiscal; (7) Situació de privació dels venedors (majoritàriament Sudsaharians); (8) Incapacitat per desenvolupar altres feines; (9) Explotació venedors; (10) Vulneració de drets de propietat intelectual i industrial

Tobacco and cannabis smoking cessation can lead to intoxication with clozapine or olanzapine

Plasma levels of clozapine and olanzapine are lower in smokers than in nonsmokers, which is mainly due to induction of cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2) by some smoke constituents. Smoking cessation in patients treated with antipsychotic drugs that are CYP1A2 substrates may result in increased plasma levels of the drug and, consequently, in adverse drug effects. Two cases of patients who smoked tobacco and cannabis are reported. The first patient, who was receiving clozapine treatment, developed confusion after tobacco and cannabis smoking cessation, which was related to increased clozapine plasma levels. The second patient, who was receiving olanzapine treatment, showed important extrapyramidal motor symptoms after reducing his tobacco consumption. The clinical implication of these observations is that smoking patients treated with CYP1A2 substrate antipsychotics should regularly be monitored with regard to their smoking consumption in order to adjust doses in cases of a reduction or increase in smoking.

Cannabis and tobacco co-consumptions: can cannabis consumers quit cigarette smoking?

Purpose: To assess the relation between cannabis and tobacco consumption among adolescents in Switzerland and whether cannabis and tobacco co-users can quit cigarette smoking. Methods: Based on individual interviews and focus groups, 22 youths aged 15-20 discussed cannabis consumption behaviours. Twenty (14 males) were cannabis consumers - of which 18 also smoked tobacco and 2 quit tobacco smoking - and 2 were former cannabis consumers (both females and daily smokers). Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Atlas.ti qualitative analysis software. Results: Among the co-consumers, 9 started with tobacco, 7 with cannabis, and 2 with both. The main consumption mode among all cannabis consumers is joints, while other ways of consuming such as food preparations and water pipes are rare and experimental. Joints always mix cannabis with tobacco for 3 reasons: to burn correctly, pure cannabis is too strong, and smoking cannabis alone is too expensive. Two cannabis consumers - one former tobacco smoker and one occasional tobacco smoker - consider rolling tobacco less addictive than cigarette tobacco alone, and hence use it in their joints. Overall cannabis is considered 'natural' and less harmful to health than tobacco. Thus, many users describe their wish, in the longer term, to quit tobacco consumption without excluding occasional cannabis consumption. Nonetheless, all coconsumers declare that they smoke cigarettes as a substitute for cannabis: For example, "If I don't have a joint, I need fags; if I don't have fags, I need joints; and if I don't have anything, I go crazy!" or "About 20 minutes after smoking a joint we feel like smoking something again, because in the joint there is pure tobacco without a filter as in cigarettes, and that creates a crazy dependency!". Finally, all co-consumers state that the consumption of one of the substances increases when trying to diminish the other: "A few months ago I stopped smoking joints for a month. Well I was smoking more than a pack [of cigarettes] a day." Similarly, the 2 former cannabis consumers increased their cigarette use since quitting cannabis. Conclusions: The majority of cannabis users co-consume tobacco as a way of compensating for one substance or the other. Using tobacco within joints implies that there is a risk that even occasional joints can revive nicotine addiction. Consequently, health professionals wishing to help adolescents in substance use cessation and prevention efforts should consider both substances in a global perspective. Sources of Support: Dept. of Public Health of the canton of Vaud.

06031-014 City of Carpenter Sewage Treatment System Project Final Report

The Mitchell County Soil and Water Conservation District is applying on behalf of the incorporated community of Carpenter to construct a wastewater collection and treatment system to assist in the environmental cleanup and protection of Deer Creek. IDNR water monitoring of the community tile line has shown consistently elevated levels of fecal coliform bacteria indicating the presence of untreated sewage water. These are obvious health threats to the downstream users and wildlife in Deer Creek and the Cedar River. A new sewer system for the community of Carpenter will eliminate illegal discharges into the creed and be the first step in the overall protection of the stream.

05021-008 Clear Creek Watershed Final Report Report

The Iowa County Soil and Water Conservation District is applying on behalf of the unincorporated community of Conroy to construct a wastewater collection and treatment system to assist in the cleanup and protection of the Clear Creek Watershed. Conroy sits at the headwaters of Clear Creek. Monitoring of the watershed has shown consistently high levels of E.coli bacteria and chloride near the upper end of the creek. In addition, toilet paper and fecal material have been observed on numerous occasions. These are obvious health threats to the residents of the watershed. The monitoring of the watershed, coupled with lab analysis, suggest septic inputs are negatively impacting the headwaters of Clear Creek. A new sewer system for the community of Conroy will eliminate illegal discharges into the creek and be the first step in the overall protection of the watershed and the water quality therein.

Survey of prenatal screening policies in Europe for structural malformations and chromosome anomalies, and their impact on detection and termination rates for neural tube defects and Down's syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To 'map' the current (2004) state of prenatal screening in Europe. DESIGN: (i) Survey of country policies and (ii) analysis of data from EUROCAT (European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies) population-based congenital anomaly registers. SETTING: Europe. POPULATION: Survey of prenatal screening policies in 18 countries and 1.13 million births in 12 countries in 2002-04. METHODS: (i) Questionnaire on national screening policies and termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly (TOPFA) laws in 2004. (ii) Analysis of data on prenatal detection and termination for Down's syndrome and neural tube defects (NTDs) using the EUROCAT database. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Existence of national prenatal screening policies, legal gestation limit for TOPFA, prenatal detection and termination rates for Down's syndrome and NTD. RESULTS: Ten of the 18 countries had a national country-wide policy for Down's syndrome screening and 14/18 for structural anomaly scanning. Sixty-eight percent of Down's syndrome cases (range 0-95%) were detected prenatally, of which 88% resulted in termination of pregnancy. Eighty-eight percent (range 25-94%) of cases of NTD were prenatally detected, of which 88% resulted in termination. Countries with a first-trimester screening policy had the highest proportion of prenatally diagnosed Down's syndrome cases. Countries with no official national Down's syndrome screening or structural anomaly scan policy had the lowest proportion of prenatally diagnosed Down's syndrome and NTD cases. Six of the 18 countries had a legal gestational age limit for TOPFA, and in two countries, termination of pregnancy was illegal at any gestation. CONCLUSIONS: There are large differences in screening policies between countries in Europe. These, as well as organisational and cultural factors, are associated with wide country variation in prenatal detection rates for Down's syndrome and NTD.

Financial Exploitation

Financial exploitation is the unauthorized and illegal use of an individual’s funds, property or resources and includes identity theft. Financial exploitation can be committed by a family member, friend, neighbor or a complete stranger.

Weed or wheel! FMRI, behavioural, and toxicological investigations of how cannabis smoking affects skills necessary for driving.

Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug, however its effects on cognitive functions underling safe driving remain mostly unexplored. Our goal was to evaluate the impact of cannabis on the driving ability of occasional smokers, by investigating changes in the brain network involved in a tracking task. The subject characteristics, the percentage of Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol in the joint, and the inhaled dose were in accordance with real-life conditions. Thirty-one male volunteers were enrolled in this study that includes clinical and toxicological aspects together with functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and measurements of psychomotor skills. The fMRI paradigm was based on a visuo-motor tracking task, alternating active tracking blocks with passive tracking viewing and rest condition. We show that cannabis smoking, even at low Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol blood concentrations, decreases psychomotor skills and alters the activity of the brain networks involved in cognition. The relative decrease of Blood Oxygen Level Dependent response (BOLD) after cannabis smoking in the anterior insula, dorsomedial thalamus, and striatum compared to placebo smoking suggests an alteration of the network involved in saliency detection. In addition, the decrease of BOLD response in the right superior parietal cortex and in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex indicates the involvement of the Control Executive network known to operate once the saliencies are identified. Furthermore, cannabis increases activity in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, suggesting an increase in self-oriented mental activity. Subjects are more attracted by intrapersonal stimuli ("self") and fail to attend to task performance, leading to an insufficient allocation of task-oriented resources and to sub-optimal performance. These effects correlate with the subjective feeling of confusion rather than with the blood level of Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol. These findings bolster the zero-tolerance policy adopted in several countries that prohibits the presence of any amount of drugs in blood while driving.

Cannabidiol protects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating inflammatory signaling and response, oxidative/nitrative stress, and cell death.

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a pivotal mechanism of liver damage after liver transplantation or hepatic surgery. We have investigated the effects of cannabidiol (CBD), the nonpsychotropic constituent of marijuana, in a mouse model of hepatic I/R injury. I/R triggered time-dependent increases/changes in markers of liver injury (serum transaminases), hepatic oxidative/nitrative stress (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, nitrotyrosine content/staining, and gp91phox and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA), mitochondrial dysfunction (decreased complex I activity), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase 2, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α/2, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 mRNA levels; tissue neutrophil infiltration; nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation), stress signaling (p38MAPK and JNK), and cell death (DNA fragmentation, PARP activity, and TUNEL). CBD significantly reduced the extent of liver inflammation, oxidative/nitrative stress, and cell death and also attenuated the bacterial endotoxin-triggered NF-κB activation and TNF-α production in isolated Kupffer cells, likewise the adhesion molecule expression in primary human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells stimulated with TNF-α and attachment of human neutrophils to the activated endothelium. These protective effects were preserved in CB(2) knockout mice and were not prevented by CB(1/2) antagonists in vitro. Thus, CBD may represent a novel, protective strategy against I/R injury by attenuating key inflammatory pathways and oxidative/nitrative tissue injury, independent of classical CB(1/2) receptors.