Direito de viver e dignidade da pessoa humana: breves reflexões sobre a eutanásia passiva (Um estudo do contexto jurídico brasileiro)

A morte descrita por Shakespeare, cujo fragmento se encontra supramencionado, é desejada por muitos no mundo contemporâneo, porquanto esta mudou seu caráter, não é mais uma morte domiciliar rodeada das pessoas queridas. Atualmente, a morte dá-se ora antes de termos um tratamento digno; ora em meio a tratamentos que gostaríamos de nos furtar. No contexto brasileiro, as pessoas menos afortunadas financeiramente, que, raramente têm acesso às modernas tecnologias, morrem, muitas vezes, na espera de uma chance de consultar um médico; é a “eutanásia social”, a mistanásia. Os mais privilegiados economicamente têm à sua disposição uma larga gama de tratamentos, que, por vezes, são extremamente úteis, outras, acarretam apenas a morte longe da família, longe dos amigos, longe do calor humano e próximo do frio das máquinas hospitalares. Esse paradoxo deve-se, em boa parte, ao progresso geométrico da ciência e tecnologia na área médica e das demais ciências da vida. Para muitas pessoas, a disponibilidade da medicina de alta tecnologia para “consertar” as marcas da vida é uma fonte de esperança e consolo. Para outras, são tratamentos fúteis que podem acarretar males maiores do que benefícios. Porém, é comum a recusa a abrir mão de tratamentos desproporcionais por parte de alguns médicos e familiares na busca incessante da “vida”. Essas pessoas agem como se a “vida” não fosse também morte. Vida é nascimento, desenvolvimento e morte; por vezes o desenvolvimento é menor do que esperávamos, e a morte chega antes do que almejávamos, mas ela também é parte da vida. A não consideração da morte como uma dimensão da existência humana e do conseqüente desafio de lidar com ela como um dos objetivos da medicina faz com que sejam introduzidos tratamentos agressivos que somente prolongarão o processo de morrer. A postura a ser pautada diante desse processo traz implicações éticas e jurídicas que deverão ser analisadas em cada caso, é uma exigência introduzida pelos novos paradigmas científicos, traduzindo a complexidade das interfaces da problemática da (in)admissibilidade de práticas eutanásicas. Todavia, em face da limitação espacial deste ensaio optamos por discorrer apenas sobre a modalidade passiva, a qual será diferenciada das outras modalidades para, posteriormente, serem analisadas as implicações no campo da bioética e do direito.

Susceptibilidade de Aedes aegypti aos inseticidas temephos e cipermetrina, Brasil

Realizaram-se bioensaios para detectar a susceptibilidade de Aedes aegypti aos inseticidas químicos, temefós e cipermetrina. Os resultados mostraram que esta espécie é suscetível a temefós e apresenta resistência a cipermetrinae.

Reducao do uso de acucar em escolas publicas: ensaio randomizado por conglomerados

OBJETIVO Analisar a eficácia de ações de educação nutricional com merendeiras na redução da adição de açúcar na alimentação escolar e no próprio consumo. MÉTODOS Ensaio randomizado por conglomerado, controlado, conduzido em 20 escolas municipais na cidade metropolitana de Niterói, RJ, de março a dezembro de 2007. Programa de educação nutricional foi implementado nas escolas de intervenção, junto a merendeiras, usando mensagens, atividades e material educativo que encorajassem a redução da adição de açúcar na alimentação escolar e no consumo. A redução da disponibilidade de açúcar pelas escolas foi analisada por planilhas com dados da utilização dos itens do estoque. O consumo individual das merendeiras foi avaliado pelo uso de questionário de frequência de consumo alimentar. As medidas antropométricas foram realizadas de acordo com técnicas padronizadas e a variação na mudança do peso foi medida ao longo do estudo. RESULTADOS A redução da disponibilidade de açúcar ocorreu mais acentuadamente nas escolas de intervenção quando comparadas às escolas controle (-6,0 kg versus 3,4 kg), sem diferença estatisticamente significante (p = 0,21), embora o poder do estudo tenha sido baixo. Houve redução do consumo de doces e bebidas açucaradas nos dois grupos, mas o consumo de açúcar não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre eles. Houve redução do peso e do consumo de energia total nos dois grupos, mas sem diferença estatisticamente significante entre eles e sem modificação dos percentuais de adequação dos macronutrientes em relação ao consumo de energia. CONCLUSÕES Não foi possível provar que a estratégia de redução da disponibilidade e do consumo de açúcar por merendeiras de escolas públicas se mostrou eficaz.

Sobre alguns problemas do Permo-Carbónico Continental português

1 - The author presents a synopsis about the non-marine Carboniferous formations represented in the sheets 9A (Póvoa de Varzim), 9C (Porto), 13B (Castelo de Paiva) and, still in preparation, 9D (Penafiel) of the 1/50,000 Geological Map of Portugal. 2 - Conclusions of the detailed petrological research conducted on the Douro Coalfield peranthracites and, also, a new geological interpretation, which originates from those investigations, are presented. 3 - It is discussed how the elements reported and 2 necessitate the revision of some concepts stilt prevailing, namely about the Carboniferous of São Felix de Laundos (Póvoa de Varzim), Ervedosa (Valongo), and their lengthenings. 4 - The geological history of the region since the deposition of the Coblenzian until the end of the Paleozoic is sketched.

Impact of long-stay beds on the performance of a tertiary hospital in emergencies

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of implementing long-stay beds for patients of low complexity and high dependency in small hospitals on the performance of an emergency referral tertiary hospital. METHODS For this longitudinal study, we identified hospitals in three municipalities of a regional department of health covered by tertiary care that supplied 10 long-stay beds each. Patients were transferred to hospitals in those municipalities based on a specific protocol. The outcome of transferred patients was obtained by daily monitoring. Confounding factors were adjusted by Cox logistic and semiparametric regression. RESULTS Between September 1, 2013 and September 30, 2014, 97 patients were transferred, 72.1% male, with a mean age of 60.5 years (SD = 1.9), for which 108 transfers were performed. Of these patients, 41.7% died, 33.3% were discharged, 15.7% returned to tertiary care, and only 9.3% tertiary remained hospitalized until the end of the analysis period. We estimated the Charlson comorbidity index – 0 (n = 28 [25.9%]), 1 (n = 31 [56.5%]) and ≥ 2 (n = 19 [17.5%]) – the only variable that increased the chance of death or return to the tertiary hospital (Odds Ratio = 2.4; 95%CI 1.3;4.4). The length of stay in long-stay beds was 4,253 patient days, which would represent 607 patients at the tertiary hospital, considering the average hospital stay of seven days. The tertiary hospital increased the number of patients treated in 50.0% for Intensive Care, 66.0% for Neurology and 9.3% in total. Patients stayed in long-stay beds mainly in the first 30 (50.0%) and 60 (75.0%) days. CONCLUSIONS Implementing long-stay beds increased the number of patients treated in tertiary care, both in general and in system bottleneck areas such as Neurology and Intensive Care. The Charlson index of comorbidity is associated with the chance of patient death or return to tertiary care, even when adjusted for possible confounding factors.

ERICA: prevalence of asthma in Brazilian adolescents

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of asthma and physician-diagnosed asthma in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional, national, school-based study with adolescents from 12 to 17 years old, participants in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA). The study stratified the sample by region and grouped according to schools and classes with representativeness to the set of cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants of the Country, macro-regions, capitals, and Federal District. A questionnaire collected data through a self-filled in method. We calculated the prevalences and their confidence intervals of 95% (95%CI) according to sex, age group, type of school and skin color. RESULTS Between 2013 and 2014, 74,589 adolescents were evaluated, 55.3% of the female sex. The total prevalence of active asthma was of 13.1% (95%CI 12.1-13.9), being higher in girls (14.8%; 95%CI 13.7-16.0) when compared to boys (11.2%; 95%CI 10.3-12.2) in all geographical strata examined. It was also higher between students of private schools (15.9%; 95%CI 14.2-17.7) when compared to public ones (12.4%; 95%CI 11.4-13.4). It was higher in the Southeast region (14.5%; 95%CI 12.9-16.1), and in the city of Sao Paulo (16.7%; 95%CI 14.7-18.7). The lowest prevalence was observed in North region (9.7%; 95%CI 9.7-10.5), and in Teresina (6.3%; 95%CI 4.9-7.7). The prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma was of 8.7% (95%CI 8.2-9.1); higher in the North region (13.5%; 95%CI 12.7-14.2), and in Porto Alegre (19.8%; 95%CI 17.5-22.3). It was lower in the Midwest (6.9%; 95%CI 6.0-7.8), and in Cuiaba (4.8%; 95%CI 3.8-5.9). We found no significant difference in the expression of this rate between the sexes, as well as in other variables evaluated by the study. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of asthma in Brazilian adolescents is high. Rates of active asthma and physician-diagnosed asthma vary widely in different regions and capitals evaluated by the ERICA. These results may assist in the preparation of preventive programs and policies on health and a better understanding of the factors associated with asthma in this age group.

Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) rangeli Tejera, 1920: intracellular amastigote stages of reproduction in white mice

The method, site, and stage of multiplication of Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) rangeli Tejera, 1920 has not hitherto been known. "We have now observed many intracellular nests or pseudocysts, containing amastigotes and trypomastigotes of this parasite in the heart, liver, and spleen of suckling (5.0 g) male white mice (NMRI strain) inoculated i.p. with 9 x 10(4) metatrypomastigotes/g body weight from a 12-day-old culture of the "Dog-82" strain of T. rangeli. At the peak of parasitemia (1.9 x 10(6) trypomastigotes/ml blood, 3 days post-inoculation) various tissues were taken for sectioning and staining. The heart was most intensely parasitized. The amastigotes were rounded or ellipsoidal, with a rounded nucleus and the kinetoplast in the form of a straight or curved bar; the average maximum diameter of 50 measured amastigotes was 4.2 p. Binary fission was seen in the nucleus and kinetoplast of some amastigotes; no blood trypomastigotes were seen in division. The above characteristics, as well as the location of the pseudocysts in the tissues, are similar to T. cruzi. Comparison of these results with those reported for other Herpetosoma suggest study of the taxonomic position of T. rangeli.

Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) rangeli Tejera, 1920: nota prévia sobre a histopatologia em camundongos infectados experimentalmente

Male mice (NMRI strain) of 3 and 5 g were inoculated i. p. with 8 x 10(6) and 9 x 10(4) metatrypomastigotes/g harvested from a 12-day-old LIT culture of Trypanosoma rangeli of the "Dog-82" strain. At regular intervals after inoculation, the animals were sacrificed and portions of heart, liver, spleen, lung, thigh, kidney, stomach, intestine, brain, sternum, and vertebral column were embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with haematoxylin-eosin and Giemsa colophonium. Pathology was encountered in the first five tissues cited above. The subcutaneous, periosteal, interstitial, and peribronchial connective tissues, and later the muscle cells of the heart, were heavily parasitized by amastigotes and trypomastigotes. The possible reasons for the decrease in tissue parasitosis at the same time that the parasitemia is reaching its peak, and for the low level of inflammation in the parasitized tissues, are discussed. The observations of other workers, as well as the results described here, indicate that certain strains of T. rangeli under certain conditions may well cause pathological alterations in mammals.

Esophageal manometry and vectorcardiography study of asymptomatic patients with Chagas' disease

The indeterminate form of Chagas' disease is characterized by positive serology for the disease in the absence of clinical findings and in the presence of both normal esophagogram and electrocardiogram. When more sensitive methods were used, abnormalities have been described either in the esophagus or in the heart. The authors have studied simultaneously the esophagus and the heart in the same subjects. In thirteen adults with diagnosis of indeterminate form and nine adult controls, the esophageal manometry both in basal conditions and after stimulus (bethanecol) and vectorcardiogram were performed. In the control group none of the subjects presented concomitant esophageal and cardiac alterations while in the chagasic group 92,3% of the patients presented results simultaneously altered. It is concluded that the studied patients showed indications of parasympathetic denervation manifested by simultaneously esophageal and heart alterations.

Antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica in individuals with intestinal amoebiasis presenting cysts and/or trophozoites in the feces

Serum samples were obtained from 154 individuals infected with Entamoeba histolytica (78 symptomatic and 76 asymptomatic). Twelve had trophozoites in the feces whereas 142 had only cysts. The sera were used to test the existence of antibodies anti-Entamoeba histolytica employing the Indirect Hemagglutination (IHA), Indirect Immunofluoresccnce (IFAT), Complement Fixation Reaction (CFR) and Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). For those individuals with trophozoites in their feces, 75.0 were positive by IHA and IFAT, 83.0 by CFR and 41.7 by CIEP. In individuals who had only cysts, positive results by the same tests were respectively, 5.6%, 12.0%, 19.0% and 5.6%. The difference in relation to the tilers of antibodies detected through IHA, IFAT, CFR and CIEP and in relation to the presence of trophozoites or cysts in the feces was significative for four immunological reactions when X², was employed (P < 0.05).

Towards a flexible and transparent database evolution

Applications refactorings that imply the schema evolution are common activities in programming practices. Although modern object-oriented databases provide transparent schema evolution mechanisms, those refactorings continue to be time consuming tasks for programmers. In this paper we address this problem with a novel approach based on aspect-oriented programming and orthogonal persistence paradigms, as well as our meta-model. An overview of our framework is presented. This framework, a prototype based on that approach, provides applications with aspects of persistence and database evolution. It also provides a new pointcut/advice language that enables the modularization of the instance adaptation crosscutting concern of classes, which were subject to a schema evolution. We also present an application that relies on our framework. This application was developed without any concern regarding persistence and database evolution. However, its data is recovered in each execution, as well as objects, in previous schema versions, remain available, transparently, by means of our framework.

Isoenzyme profile as parameter to differentiate pathogenic strains of Entamoeba histolytica in Brazil

The isoenzyme profiles (IP) of 33 strains of Entamoeba histolytica isolated from patients and carriers of two regions in Brazil (Amazonia and Southeast) were determined. The enzymes phosphoglucomutase, glucose-phosphate isomerase, hexokinase and malic enzyme were considered. IP of the strains was correlated with culture conditions, time of maintenance in laboratory and clinical history of patients. The strains were maintained under polyxenic, monoxenic and axenic culture conditions: 27 polyxenic, 1 polyxenic and monoxenic, 1 polyxenic, monoxenic and axenic and 4 axenic only. The patients were symptomatic and asymptomatic. The symptomatic patients presented either non dysenteric (NDC) or dysenteric colitis (DC), associated or not with hepatic abscess (HA). One patient presented anal amoeboma (AM). The analysis of IP for isolates maintained in polyxenic culture showed non pathogenic IP (I) for strains from carriers and patients with NDC, while the strains isolated from patients presenting DC, HA and AM resulted in isolates II or XIX pathogenic IP. This parameter was not able to differentiate strains from carriers from symptomatic patients when these strains were found in axenic or monoxenic culture. All these strains displayed pathogenic IP (II), demonstrating the inability of this parameter to classifying for virulence since it showed identical IP for strains isolated from carriers or symptomatic patients.

Projecto de Estruturas Metálicas e Mistas de acordo com os Eurocódigos

Este trabalho pretende ilustrar o dimensionamento dos vários elementos constituintes de uma estrutura metálica e mista, e das ligações entre os mesmos, de acordo com a legislação europeia, denominados, Eurocódigos (EN1990; EN1991-1-1; EN1991-1-4; EN1992-1-1; EN1993-1-1; EN1993- 1-8; EN1994-1-1). Trata-se de um edifício “open space” de 3 pisos, sendo o primeiro piso uma zona comercial e os dois pisos acima escritórios, situado no Porto, tendo sido efectuada a modelação da sua estrutura através de um programa de cálculo automático (SAP2000).

Antero de Quental e a geração de 50

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