1000 resultados para Equações diferenciais Parciais


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O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da temperatura de armazenamento e condições de atmosfera controlada sobre a manutenção da qualidade da maçã cv. Royal Gala. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, arranjado em um esquema bifatorial, com 4 repetições e a amostra composta por 25 frutos. Os oito tratamentos originaram-se da combinação de dois níveis do fator temperatura (-0.5ºC e 0ºC) com quatro níveis do fator condição de atmosfera controlada (1kPa O2/2kPa CO2, 1,2kPa O2/2kPa CO2, 1kPa de O2/3kPa CO2 e 1,2kPa O2/3kPa CO2). As avaliações foram realizadas após nove meses de armazenamento, na abertura das câmaras, e após sete dias de exposição dos frutos à temperatura de 20ºC. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, as temperaturas testadas não diferiram estatisticamente com relação à acidez titulável na saída da câmara, sendo que a melhor combinação de gases foi 1,2 kPa de O2 e 2 kPa de CO2. Já após sete dias de armazenamento a 0ºC, não houve diferença estatística com relação à concentração de gases. A temperatura de 0ºC apresentou maior firmeza de polpa, menor incidência de frutos com polpa farinhenta e degenerescência da polpa após sete dias a 20ºC. A combinação de gases 1,0kPa de O2 e 2 e 3 kPa de CO2 apresentou melhor manutenção da acidez titulável e menores valores de ocorrência de podridões e distúrbios fisiológicos. Concluiu-se que a melhor temperatura de armazenamento para a cv. Royal Gala é de 0(0)C e a melhor combinação de gases é de 1kPa de O2 e 2 e 3 kPa de CO2.

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A series of experiments were performed in order to demonstrate to undergraduate students or users of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), that several factors can influence the qualitative and quantitative aspects of DSC results. Saccharin, an artificial sweetner, was used as a probe and its thermal behavior is also discussed on the basis of thermogravimetric (TG) and DSC curves.

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Adopting the perspective of human health risk assessment, an interdisciplinary research group has been investigating since 1998 the quality of mussels and oysters cultivated in coastal zones of Santa Catarina State. Evaluation of physico-chemical parameters considered relevant in measuring the degree of eutrophication showed values compatible with the dynamics of well balanced environmental systems. Concentrations of metallic and semi-metallic elements in seawater and bivalves were found to be similar to or lower than those found in Chile, Greenland and the USA. Further investigations focusing upon sediments will provide new and useful data for the management of sustainable mariculture strategies in Brazil.

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In this work a fast method for the determination of the total sugar levels in samples of raw coffee was developed using the near infrared spectroscopy technique and multivariate regression. The sugar levels were initially obtained using gravimety as the reference method. Later on, the regression models were built from the near infrared spectra of the coffee samples. The original spectra were pre-treated according to the Kubelka-Munk transformation and multiplicative signal correction. The proposed analytical method made possible the direct determination of the total sugar levels in the samples with an error lower by 8% with respect to the conventional methodology.

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We treat some subtleties concerning the First Law of Thermodynamics and discuss the inherent difficulties, namely the interpretation of the heat and the work differentials. By proposing a new differential equation for the First Law, which is written using both system and neighborhood variables, we overcome the mentioned difficulties and establish a criterion for the definition of heat and work.

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In this work an analytical methodology for the determination of relevant physicochemical parameters of prato cheese is reported, using infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT) and partial least squares regression (PLS). Several multivariate models were developed, using different spectral regions and preprocessing routines. In general, good precision and accuracy was observed for all studied parameters (fat, protein, moisture, total solids, ashes and pH) with standard deviations comparable with those provided by the conventional methodologies. The implantation of this multivariate routine involves significant analytical advantages, including reduction of cost and time of analysis, minimization of human errors, and elimination of chemical residues.

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This work evaluated the chemical quality of organic matter (OM) of a Brazilian Oxisol cultivated with coffee plants, under organic and conventional managements. Total organic C (TOC), light fraction C (LF-C) and C in humic (HA-C) and fulvic (FA-C) acids fractions was measured. Amongst the evaluated indexes, TOC and LF-C discriminated better OM attributes as a function of management. The stratification ratio (TOC5-10cm/TOC10-20cm) did not show differences between the systems studied. The organic system can contribute to the sustainability of coffee plantations in Brazil, because it maintains the chemical attributes of OM closer to the indexes verified under forest conditions.

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The main objective of the present work is represented by the characterization of the physical properties of industrial kraft paper (i.e. transversal and longitudinal tear resistance, transversal traction resistance, bursting or crack resistance, longitudinal and transversal compression resistance (SCT (Compressive Strength Tester) and compression resistance (RCT-Ring Crush Test)) by near infrared spectroscopy associated to partial least squares regression. Several multivariate models were developed, many of them with high prevision capacity. In general, low prevision errors were observed and regression coefficients that are comparable with those provided by conventional standard methodologies.

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The Michaelis-Menten equation is used in many biochemical and bioinorganic kinetic studies involving homogeneous catalysis. Otherwise, it is known that determination of Michaelis-Menten parameters K M, Vmax, and k cat by the well-known Lineweaver-Burk double reciprocal linear equation does not produce the best values for these parameters. In this paper we present a discussion on different linear equations which can be used to calculate these parameters and we compare their results with the values obtained by the more reliable nonlinear least-square fit.

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In this work, we applied the free open source SCILAB software for the numerical integration of differential rate law equations to obtain the concentration profiles of chemical species involved in the kinetics of some complex reactions. An automated method was applied to construct the system of ordinary differential equations (ODE) from the postulated chemical models. The solutions of the ODEs were obtained numerically by standard SCILAB functions. We successfully simulated even complex chemical systems such as pH oscillators. This communication opens up the possibility of using SCILAB in simulations and modeling by our chemistry undergraduate students.

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The aim of this paper was to present a simple and fast way of simulating Nuclear Magnetic Resonance signals using the Bloch equations. These phenomenological equations describe the classical behavior of macroscopic magnetization and are easily simulated using rotation matrices. Many NMR pulse sequences can be simulated with this formalism, allowing a quantitative description of the influence of many experimental parameters. Finally, the paper presents simulations of conventional sequences such as Single Pulse, Inversion Recovery, Spin Echo and CPMG.

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AbstractAlternative considerably simpler ways of obtaining the Hartree and Hartree-Fock equations are presented. These alternatives do not replace the formal demonstrations, which should be introduced in undergraduate or graduate courses according to the required level of student training. However, the use of the present approaches allows a student-friendlier introduction of the basic principles of electronic structure calculations as a prior teaching resource to the formal demonstrations. General implications and comparisons between the Hartree and Hartree-Fock energies are discussed.

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Wood is an extremely complex biological material, which can show macroscopic similarities that make it difficult to discriminate between species. Discrimination between similar wood species can be achieved by either anatomic or instrumental methods, such as near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Although different spectroscopy methods are currently available, few studies have applied them to discriminate between wood species. In this study, we applied a partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model to evaluate the viability of using direct fluorescence measurements for discriminating between Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urograndis, and Cedrela odorata. The results show that molecular fluorescence is an efficient technique for discriminating between these visually similar wood species. With respect to calibration and the validation samples, we observed no misclassifications or outliers.

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Neste trabalho foram conduzidos testes preliminares sobre o uso do método altura relativa, desenvolvido originalmente por Andrade & Leite (1997), para condução de inventário florestal. O método proposto foi comparado com um dos métodos usuais, que consiste em medir o diâmetro de todas as árvores, a altura de cerca de 15 árvores e a altura de cerca de cinco árvores dominantes por parcela. Para processamento desses dados são utilizadas equações hipsométricas e volumétricas, sendo estas últimas geradas com dados de cubagem de árvores no povoamento. No método da altura relativa são utilizados apenas dados obtidos nas parcelas, não sendo necessário cubar árvores no povoamento. Os dados de quatro parcelas e de 277 árvores-amostra foram utilizados para comparação das duas metodologias (usual e altura relativa). Os volumes estimados pelos dois métodos foram iguais (156,21 e 156,19 m³/ha). Portanto, pode-se concluir que o método alternativo é promissor, resultando ainda em algumas vantagens, como: redução do número de alturas medidas nas parcelas e eliminação das atividades de cubagem de árvores-amostra e de ajuste de modelos volumétricos e, ou, de taper.

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Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de ajustar equações que permitem estimar com precisão a quantidade de carbono presente na parte aérea das árvores de eucalipto, na região de Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Após as análises constatou-se que: a) o fuste é o componente da parte aérea da árvore com a maior quantidade de carbono estocado, seguido dos galhos, da casca e das folhas; b) existe uma relação exponencial positiva entre a quantidade de carbono presente nas diferentes partes das árvores (Yi) e as dimensões dos fustes das árvores, expressa pelo dap e altura total (Ht), que pode ser descrita pela seguinte relação alométrica: Yi = a.dap b.Ht c; e c) a variável dap foi significativa, a 95% de probabilidade, nas equações que estimam a quantidade de carbono de todos os componentes da parte aérea das árvores de eucalipto. Contudo, a variável altura foi significativa apenas nas equações para o fuste e para os galhos.