999 resultados para Dodecil Sulfato de Sódio
Resumo:
Estudou-se o comportamento eletroquímico do ferro em solução aquosa, de acetato e benzoato de sódio em diferentes concentrações, pH 6, mantida constante a força iônica. Foram utilizados eletrodos rotatórios de Fe de tamanho convencional e microeletrodo, em condições estáticas e sob rotação. Medidas da variação do potencial de corrosão com o tempo de imersão e ensaios voltamétricos foram realizados. A forte interação do ânion benzoato com o ferro foi detectada nos ensaios com microeletrodos, onde o potencial de corrosão foi deslocado para valores correspondentes a região passiva do metal em curtos intervalos de tempo. Constatou-se o papel preponderante da concentração de benzoato no processo dissolução e passivação do ferro. A adição de 0,1M NaCl as soluções provoca o aparecimento de pites. O aumento da concentração de benzoato desloca o potencial de rompimento de filme e o potencial de repassivação para valores mais positivos. Vantagens decorrentes do uso de microeletrodos em estudos de corrosão foram evidenciadas.
Resumo:
Esse trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos através de ensaios realizados com diferentes tipos de efluentes tratados de diferentes formas de tratamento de esgotos. Foi selecionado um tipo de desinfetante, o Hipoclorito de Sódio para testar sua capacidade como agente desinfetante desses esgotos tratados e avaliar a sanidade das águas após sua aplicação. Foram avaliados quatro diferentes tipos de sistemas de tratamento de esgotos: lodos ativados de aeração extendida, lagoas de estabilização, reator anaeróbio de manto de lodos de fluxo ascendente e reator seqüencial em batelada. O experimento foi dividido basicamente em duas etapas; na primeira foram realizados testes de batelada em laboratório, tentado verificar os resultados quando os esgotos são submetidos à desinfecção na forma estática. A segunda etapa, constituiu-se no teste de desinfecção utilizando uma estação piloto tentando dessa forma simular a desinfecção quando o material é submetido a um regime hidrodinâmico. Foi mensurada a eficiência do desinfetante através do teste de coliformes fecais e totais nos diferentes tipos de esgotos e em variados tipos de dosagens. Simultaneamente verificou-se a formação de Trihalometanos, subproduto da Hipocloração. Eficiências de inativação de 99,99% foram obtidas em tempos de detenção e doses típicas de sistemas de tratamento em escala real. Nos tempos de detenção e dosagens adotadas não houve formação considerável de Trihalometanos.
Resumo:
As águas subterrâneas são significantemente afetadas pelo ambiente deposicional no Sistema Aqüífero Granular Cenozóico. Os sedimentos terciários e quaternários da Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul que ocorrem em Porto Alegre foram depositados em Sistemas de Laguna/Barreira que geraram depósitos de leques aluviais, fluviais, lacustres e deltáicos. O Sistema Aqüífero Granular Cenozóico na área estudada sofreu influência de transgressões e regressões marinhas iniciadas há 400 mil anos. No presente estudo foram analisadas 39 amostras de água subterrânea na região de Porto Alegre, que se destacam por possuir alto conteúdo de íons, em particular: cloreto (13 a 1680 mg/L), sulfato (4 a 500 mg/L), cálcio (0,9 a 125 mg/L), magnésio (0,7 a 154 mg/L) e sódio (17 a 740 mg/L), permitindo classificá-las como cloretada-cálcico-sódicas com elevados teores de sulfato. Os resultados físico-químicos foram tratados estatisticamente (análise fatorial e análise discriminante), o que permitiu identificar 4 grupos de águas, a partir dos parâmetros de maior correlação, que compreendem cloreto, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, sulfato, sódio, dureza e condutividade elétrica. A dissolução de sais de ambiente marinho ou mixohalino associada com condições hidrodinâmicas de fluxos de baixa velocidade e elevado tempo de residência, são fatores decisivos para a existência dos vários tipos hidroquímicos. O modelamento geoquímico indicou subsaturação em fluorita, halita e gipsita, enquanto calcita e dolomita tendem a saturação. Por outro lado, os cálculos indicam supersaturação em fluorapatita, gibsita, caolinita e goetita.
Resumo:
Neste trabalho foram analisados os efeitos da adição de 0,125%, 0,25%, 0,375% e 0,5% de tripolifosfato de sódio sobre as contagens microbiológicas de Coliformes Totais, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium sulfito redutores, microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios, psicrotróficos aeróbios, nas características físico-químicas de oxidação lipídica e pH em lingüiças frescais de carne de frango, armazenadas sob refrigeração a 5ºC nos dias 0, 8, 15 e 22. O tripolifosfato de sódio não aumentou a segurança microbiológica das lingüiças de frango, pois verificou-se aumento progressivo nas contagens das bactérias presentes, como mesófilos aeróbios e psicrotróficos aeróbios não demonstrando diferença significativa com relação ao tratamento aplicado. Para os coliformes totais evidenciou-se variação nas contagens dos mesmos, no decorrer do experimento, não apresentando correlação com as concentrações de tripolifosfato de sódio adicionadas nas lingüiças de frango. Para os demais microrganismos pesquisados os resultados encontrados nas amostras no dia 0 foram: para Salmonella Spp. ausência em 25g das amostras, Staphylococcus aureus <1,0x103 UFC/g, Clostridium sulfito redutor <1,0x103 UFC/g, portanto, apresentaram-se dentro do padrão exigido pela legislação para todas as amostras de lingüiças. As lingüiças frescais de frango adicionadas de 0,5% de tripolifosfato de sódio apresentaram valores de TBA mais baixos que os demais tratamentos e que o grupo controle, porém este resultado não foi significativamente diferente Com relação aos dias de análises, estes revelaram diferença significativa para os números de TBA. Os valores foram de 0,93 = dia 0; 1,39 = dia 8; 4,09 = dia 15 e de 3,18 = dia 22, inicialmente os números de TBA foram baixos, os quais, apresentaram aumento progressivo ao longo da vida-de-prateleira das lingüiças, exceto nos tratamentos com 0,25% e 0,375% de tripolifosfato de sódio que apresentaram decréscimo destes números do dia 15 para o dia 22. Os valores do pH apresentaram diferença significativa para os dias de análise, tais como: dia 0 = 6,09; dia 8 = 6,25; dia 15 = 6,30; dia 22 = 6,47, estes valores demonstraram aumento do pH durante a vida-de-prateleira das amostras. Não houve diferença significativa entre os distintos tratamentos, porém evidenciou-se que os valores do pH dos tratamentos com adição de 0,5% de tripolifosfato de sódio apresentaram-se mais elevados do que o do grupo controle e também dos demais tratamentos. O tripolifosfato de sódio em diferentes concentrações não agiu prolongando a vida-de-prateleira das lingüiças frescais de frango.
Resumo:
Cápsulas resistentes ao trato gastrintestinal são freqüentemente usadas com diversos propósitos. Estas cápsulas promovem eficácia farmacológica e farmacocinética de substâncias que são instáveis, ou irritantes para a mucosa gástrica. O diclofenaco de sódio é um antiinflamatório não-esteróide, que, por ser muito utilizado, despertou o interesse do setor magistral para sua manipulação. Porém, o fármaco é irritante para a mucosa gástrica, havendo necessidade de se empregar substâncias capazes de proteger o meio gástrico da ação do medicamento e uma alternativa para o setor magistral é a manipulação de cápsulas gastro-resistentes. Estas cápsulas devem resistir, sem alteração, à ação do suco gástrico, mas desagregar-se rapidamente no suco intestinal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi preparar cápsulas na concentração de 50 mg/cápsula de diclofenaco de sódio formiladas ou revestidas com acetoftalato de celulose ou com Eudragit L100 na máquina de revestimento entérico “Enteric Coating Machine” PCCA ou manualmente. Foram analisados os resultados considerando o perfil de dissolução das formulações. Observou-se que as cápsulas revestidas na máquina com Eudragit L100 e com acetoftalato em acetona revestidas na máquina e manualmente mostraram bons resultados quanto à dissolução, porém, não apresentaram boa aparência no caso das cápsulas de cor vermelha. Quanto às cápsulas revestidas com formol, estas apresentam boa aparência, mas não deram bons resultados no teste de dissolução.
Resumo:
Apresenta um teste de laboratório para determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM ou MIC, em inglês). Como agentes inibitórios são utilizados o sulfito de sódio e o sulfato de cobre, em cinco concentrações diferentes para cada um em uma bactéria contaminante da fermentação. É preparado o inóculo da bactéria, que é misturado ao caldo com nutrientes, água destilada e a solução do antimicrobiano, sendo uma amostra para cada concentração. É feita a leitura da absorbância inicial e, após o tempo de incubação, é feita a leitura da absorbância final. Como exercício, calcular a variação de absorbância para cada concentração. A concentração de antimicrobiano que causou a menor variação de absorbância é a concentração mínima inibitória deste antimicrobiano.
Resumo:
This work studies the involved enzymatic way in the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans sulfateds in the mollusc Pomacea sp. Had been identified endoglycosidases and exoglycosidases in the enzymatic extract of the mollusc Pomacea sp by means of hydrolysis activity in condroitim sulphate of whale cartilage and of the p-Nitrofenil-β-glucuronide, respectively. The enzymatic extracts qere obtained of Pomacea sp. being used of 0.1 sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0 and later centrifugated the 8,000 x g and the presents proteins in the sobrenadante were submitted to the fractionament with two crescents ammonium sulphate concentrations, the visualized activity biggest in the F2 fraction (50-80%). The β-glucuronidase (F3) was isolated in gel chromatography filtration Biogel 1.5m, the purification degree was ratified in Chromatography Liquid of high efficiency (HPLC). The enzyme was purificated 6.362,5 times with 35,6% yield. The β -glucuronidase isolated in this work showed a molecular mass of 100 kDa, determined for eletroforese in poliacrilamida gel . The determination of the ideal kinetic parameters for the catalysis of the p-nitrofenil- β -glucuronide for β-glucuronidase, showed excellent activity in pH 5,0 and temperature 65ºC for 6 hours and apparent Km of 72 x 10-2 mM. It is necessary for the total degradation of 3mM of p-N-β-glucoronide, the amount of 1,2μg of ss-glucuronidase. The BaCl2 increased the activity of ss-glucuronidase, and the activity was inhibited completely by the composites SDS and NaH2PO4
Resumo:
Heparan sulfate (HS) and Heparin (Hep) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous and highly charged polysaccharides. HS is structurally related to Hep but is much less substituted with sulfo groups than heparin and has a more varied structure (or sequence). Because of structural similiarities between these two polymers, they have been described together as heparinoids . Both chains bind a variety of proteins and mediate various physiologically important processes including, blood coagulation, cell adhesion and growth factor regulation. Heparinoids with structural characteristics similar to these described from HS and/or Hep from mammalian tissues have been isolated from different species of invertebrates, although only a few heparinoids from unusual sources have been characterized. The present study describes the presence of unusual heparinoids population from Artemia franciscana, isolated after proteolysis and fractionation by ion exchange resin and named, F-3.0M. The study model in vivo were hemostasis (rat tail scarification) and inflamatoty activity. The tests in vitro were used for coagulations assays (PT and APTT). The analyse of the heparinoids eluted with 3,0M NaCl showed electrophoretic migration in different buffer systems a single band with a behaviour intermediate between those of mammalian HEP and HS. The main products obtained from Artemia heparinoids after enzymatic degradation with heparitinases I and II from F. heparinum were N-sulphated disaccharides (∆U-GlcNS,6S/ ∆U,2S-GlcNS and ∆U-GlcNS) and N-acetylated disaccharides (∆U, GlcNAc). This heparinoid had a lower hemorrhagic effect (400μg/ml) when compared to unfractiionated heparins(25μg/ml).The results also suggest a negligible APTT activity of this heparinoid (62.2s). No action was observed on PT indicating that F-3.0M haven t action on the extrinsic pathway. The results showed that the fraction F- 3.0M have inhibitory effect on migration of leukocytes, 64.5% in the concentration of 10 μg/ml (P<0.001). The search for new heparin and/or heparan sulphates analogs devoid of anticoagulant activity is an atractive alternative and may open up a wide variety of new therapeutic applications
Resumo:
The oil wells cementing is a critical step during the phase of well drilling, because problems during the operation of slurry pumping and an incomplete filling of the annular space between the metal casing and the formation can cause the slurry loss. Therefore, the slurry adopted in primary cementing an oil well must be properly dosed so that these problems are avoided during its pumping. When you drill a well in a weak rock formation requires even more careful, because should be a limit of hydrostatic pressure exerted during cementation, that does not occur rock collapse. With the objective of performing the cementing of a well whose formation is weak or unconsolidated are employed lighter slurries. Thus, this study used slurries with sodium silicate and nano silica in concentrations of 0,1; 0,4; 0,7 e 1,0 gpc, in which the slurries with nano silica showed the rheological parameters higher concentrations of up to 0.7 gpc and for concentration of 1.0 the slurry with sodium silicate obtained the highest values, remaining above the limits for application in fields, mainly wells with low fracture gradient, because a significant increase in viscosity may result in an increase in pressure pumping in operations of secondary cementations. Furthermore, there was no decrease in strength with increasing concentration of additive. Then, it is possible use of these additives to formulate Lighter slurry
Resumo:
The coatings mortars are essential elements of building structures because they execute an important role in protecting walls and are particularly exposed to aggressive action responsible for its degradation over time. The importance of wall coverings has been the subject of discussion and analysis in the conservation and rehabilitation of old buildings. Are sometimes removed and replaced with inappropriate solutions of constructive point of view or architecture. The most commonly used coatings on walls of old buildings is based on traditional hydraulic lime mortars. The present study aims at the formulation of new lime- based mortars and aerial fine aggregate, in order to contribute to a better field of conservation and restoration mortar coating of old buildings. Residue was used for polishing porcelain as fine aggregate, replacing the aggregate (sand), in percentages 05-30% by mass. We conducted a thorough evaluation of the mortar properties in fresh and hardened state by comparing the performance of the same with a reference mortar. The residue used was characterized as the density, bulk density, and particle size laser, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence. Formulations were produced 7, 6 with residue and one commonly used formulation, which served as a reference. In the formulations of lime mortars air (hydrated lime powder CH-I) has been adopted a stroke volume (1:3) with constant binder, was varied and the water / binder and aggregate and waste. For evaluation of mortars fresh, proceeded to consistency analysis, specific gravity, water retention and air content embedded. In the hardened state assays were performed in specific gravity, water retention, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength in bending, compressive strength, water absorption by capillary action, adhesion, tensile strength, resistance to shrinkage and salts by of crystallization trials with resources chloride solution, nitrate and sulfate all sodium in prismatic at 90 days of age, in addition to the micro structural analysis of mortars. Based on the results we can see that the mortar formulated with 10% content of waste and the reference free retraction feature more stable closer to neutrality. The composition of 10% was obtained better performance against the action of the salt crystallization. The mortar with 15% residue obtained better density, lower air content embedded and high capacity for water retention developing good workability. The replacement of 20% of waste generates a satisfactory utilization of resistance to compression, flexion and traction grip the base. And, finally, it can be seen that the mortar with 10, 15 and 20% residual show, in principle, good suitability as coatings, thus enabling a final result consistent with durability, workability and aesthetics developing therefore a material with better performance to repair or replace existing mortars in old buildings
Resumo:
The development of activities in the oil and gas sector has been promoting the search for materials more adequate to oilwell cementing operation. In the state of Rio Grande do Norte, the cement sheath integrity tend to fail during steam injection operation which is necessary to increase oil recovery in reservoir with heavy oil. Geopolymer is a material that can be used as alternative cement. It has been used in manufacturing of fireproof compounds, construction of structures and for controlling of toxic or radioactive waste. Latex is widely used in Portland cement slurries and its characteristic is the increase of compressive strength of cement slurries. Sodium Tetraborate is used in dental cement as a retarder. The addition of this additive aim to improve the geopolymeric slurries properties for oilwell cementing operation. The slurries studied are constituted of metakaolinite, potassium silicate, potassium hydroxide, non-ionic latex and sodium tetraborate. The properties evaluated were: viscosity, compressive strength, thickening time, density, fluid loss control, at ambient temperature (27 ºC) and at cement specification temperature. The tests were carried out in accordance to the practical recommendations of the norm API RP 10B. The slurries with sodium tetraborate did not change either their rheological properties or their mechanical properties or their density in relation the slurry with no additive. The increase of the concentration of sodium tetraborate increased the water loss at both temperatures studied. The best result obtained with the addition of sodium tetraborate was thickening time, which was tripled. The addition of latex in the slurries studied diminished their rheological properties and their density, however, at ambient temperature, it increased their compressive strength and it functioned as an accelerator. The increase of latex concentration increased the presence of water and then diminished the density of the slurries and increased the water loss. From the results obtained, it was concluded that sodium tetraborate and non-ionic latex are promising additives for geopolymer slurries to be used in oilwell cementing operation
Resumo:
The human activities responsible for the ambient degradation in the modern world are diverse. The industrial activities are preponderant in the question of the impact consequences for brazilian ecosystems. Amongst the human activities, the petroliferous industry in operation in Potiguar Petroliferous Basin (PPB) displays the constant risk of ambient impacts in the integrant cities, not only for the human populations and the environment, but also it reaches the native microorganisms of Caatinga ground and in the mangrove sediment. Not hindering, the elaboration of strategies of bioremediation for impacted areas pass through the knowledge of microbiota and its relations with the environment. Moreover, in the microorganism groups associated to oil, are emphasized the sulfate-reducing prokaryotes (SRP) that, in its anaerobic metabolism, these organisms participate of the sulfate reduction, discharging H2S, causing ambient risks and causing the corrosion of surfaces, as pipelines and tanks, resulting in damages for the industry. Some ancestries of PRS integrate the Archaea domain, group of microorganisms whose sequenced genomes present predominance of extremophilic adaptations, including surrounding with oil presence. This work has two correlated objectives: i) the detection and monitoring of the gene dsrB, gift in sulfate-reducing prokaryotes, through DGGE analysis in samples of mDNA of a mangrove sediment and semiarid soil, both in the BPP; ii) to relate genomic characteristics to the ecological aspects of Archaea through in silico studies, standing out the importance to the oil and gas industry. The results of the first work suggest that the petrodegraders communities of SRP persist after the contamination with oil in mangrove sediment and in semiarid soil. Comparing the populations of both sites, it reveals that there are variations in the size and composition during one year of experiments. In the second work, functional and structural factors are the probable cause to the pressure in maintenance of the conservation of the sequences in the multiple copies of the 16S rDNA gene. Is verified also the discrepancy established between total content GC and content GC of the same gene. Such results relating ribosomal genes and the ambient factors are important for metagenomic evaluations using PCR-DGGE. The knowledge of microbiota associated to the oil can contribute for a better destination of resources by the petroliferous industry and the development of bioremediation strategies. Likewise, search to lead to the best agreement of the performance of native microbiota in biogeochemical cycles in Potiguar Petroliferous Basin ecosystem
Resumo:
O desvio gástrico em Y de Roux é a técnica cirúrgica mais utilizada no tratamento da obesidade mórbida. Esta operação reduz o volume do estômago e o comprimento do intestino delgado, gerando alterações estruturais e metabólicas que podem influenciar no resultado de exames cintilográficos de pacientes operados. Com o objetivo de avaliar a biodistribuição pós-operatória do pertecnetato de sódio (Na99mTc) em órgãos de ratos Wistar submetidos à técnica do bypass (desvio) gástrico em Y de Roux (BGYR), foram utilizados 12 ratos distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupo tratado (n=6), submetido à cirurgia do BGYR e o grupo controle (C; n=6). No 15º dia de pós-operatório foi administrado 0,1 mL via plexo orbital de Na99mTc aos animais dos dois grupos, com atividade radioativa média de 0,66MBq. Após 30 minutos, os ratos foram mortos e retirados fragmentos de tireóide, coração, pulmão, fígado, estômago, rim e fêmur. As amostras foram lavadas com solução salina 0,9%, pesadas e submetidas ao Contador Gama 1470, WizardTM Perkin-Elmer-Finlândia para determinação do percentual de atividade radioativa total por grama (%ATI/g) de cada órgão. Empregou-se o teste t de Student para análise estatística, considerando-se significantes as diferenças das médias quando p<0,05. Redução significante na média de %ATI/g foi observada no fígado, estômago e fêmur dos animais submetidos à cirurgia de BGYR comparada ao grupo controle (p<0,05). Nos demais órgãos não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. Em conclusão, a cirurgia BGYR em ratos modificou a biodistribuição do Na99mTc em alguns órgãos, podendo ter implicações clínicas na interpretação de exames cintilográficos. Este estudo xi teve um caráter multidisciplinar com a participação de pesquisadores das áreas de Cirurgia Experimental, Farmácia, Radiobiologia, Medicina Nuclear e Estatística
Resumo:
Radionuclides have been used in Nuclear Medicine for diagnostic and treatment. In basic research, cellular and molecular structures are labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) and used as radiobiocomplexes. Some natural or synthetic drugs are capable to alter the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc, as well as in the biodistribution of radiobiocomplexes. Arctium lappa (Bardana) has been used to treat inflammatory processes. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of an extract of Bardana on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc, on the morphology of red blood cells, on the perimeter/area ratio of red blood cells and on the biodistribution of radiophamaceutical sodium pertechnetate in Wistar rats. Extract of Bardana was capable to alter the labeling of cellular compartment with 99mTc. Plasma and cellular proteins did not present alteration on the percentage of radioactivity (%ATI). Extract of Bardana was also capable to alter the morphology and the perimeter/area ratio of red blood cells. On the biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate in animals treated with the extract of Bardana, it was observed a small and significant uptake in liver, tooth and tongue, and a high and a significant uptake in stomach, lung and testis (p<0.05). In conclusion, these findings could be justified due to the effects of some chemical compounds in the Bardana extract. This study was a multidisciplinary experimental research. It was developed with the contribution of the different Departments and Services of the Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto of the Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro
Resumo:
Blood constituents labelled with technetium-99m (99mTc) has been used with radiobiocomplexes in several procedures in nuclear medicine. Some natural and sintetic drugs are capable to interfere on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc, on the morphology of red blood cells (RBC) and on the biodistribution of radiobiocomplexes. The aim of this study was evaluate the effect of an extract of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa on the labeling of blood constituints with 99mTc, on the morphology of RBC and on the biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical sodium perthecnetate in Wistar rats. On the in vitro studies the Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa decreased significantly (p<0.05) the %ATI on plasma proteins and on the in vitro morhology of RBC, the passion fruit peel flour altered the shape and the perimeter/área ratio. On the in vivo estudies the extract did not altered the %ATI in blood constituents, and did not altered the shape of RBC. Although, on the biodistribution of the radiobiocomplex sodium perthecnetate (Na99mTcO4) this extract decreased significantly (p<0.05) the uptake in duodenum, spleen, pâncreas and blood, and increased the uptake in stomach. It can be suggested that the effects presented by this extract could be a result of some substances contained in this extract that could alter the binding of 99mTc to plasma proteins, the morphology of RBC and the biodistribution of the radiobiocomplex sodium perthecnetate. This study was multidisciplinary experimental research. It was developed with the contribution of different Departments and Services of the Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto of the Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro