Attenuation of foot pressure during running on four different surfaces: asphalt, concrete, rubber, and natural grass

The practice of running has consistently increased worldwide, and with it, related lower limb injuries. The type of running surface has been associated with running injury etiology, in addition other factors, such as the relationship between the amount and intensity of training. There is still controversy in the literature regarding the biomechanical effects of different types of running surfaces on foot-floor interaction. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of running on asphalt, concrete, natural grass, and rubber on in-shoe pressure patterns in adult recreational runners. Forty-seven adult recreational runners ran twice for 40 m on all four different surfaces at 12 +/- 5% km . h(-1). Peak pressure, pressure-time integral, and contact time were recorded by Pedar X insoles. Asphalt and concrete were similar for all plantar variables and pressure zones. Running on grass produced peak pressures 9.3% to 16.6% lower (P < 0.001) than the other surfaces in the rearfoot and 4.7% to 12.3% (P < 0.05) lower in the forefoot. The contact time on rubber was greater than on concrete for the rearfoot and midfoot. The behaviour of rubber was similar to that obtained for the rigid surfaces - concrete and asphalt - possibly because of its time of usage (five years). Running on natural grass attenuates in-shoe plantar pressures in recreational runners. If a runner controls the amount and intensity of practice, running on grass may reduce the total stress on the musculoskeletal system compared with the total musculoskeletal stress when running on more rigid surfaces, such as asphalt and concrete.

Weedy Hosts and Prevalence of Potential Leafhopper Vectors (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) of a Phytoplasma (16SrIX group) Associated With Huanglongbing Symptoms in Citrus Groves

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a severe citrus (Citrus spp.) disease associated with the bacteria genus Candidatus Liberibacter, detected in Brazil in 2004. Another bacterium was found in association with HLB symptoms and characterized as a phytoplasma belonging to the 16SrIX group. The objectives of this study were to identify potential leafhopper vectors of the HLB-associated phytoplasma and their host plants. Leafhoppers were sampled every other week for 12 mo with sticky yellow cards placed at two heights (0.3 and 1.5 m) in the citrus tree canopy and by using a sweep net in the ground vegetation of two sweet orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, groves infected by the HLB-phytoplasma in Sao Paulo state. Faunistic analyses indicated one Agalliinae (Agallia albidula Uhler) and three Deltocephalinae [Balclutha hebe (Kirkaldy), Planicephalus flavicosta (Stal), and Scaphytopius (Convelinus) marginelineatus (Stal)] species, as the most abundant and frequent leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Visual observations indicated an association of leafhopper species with some weeds and the influence of weed species composition on leafhopper abundance in low-lying vegetation. S. marginelineatus and P. flavicosta were more frequent on Sida rhombifolia L. and Althernantera tenella Colla, respectively, whereas A. albidula was observed more often on Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. and B. hebe only occurred on grasses. DNA samples of field-collected S. marginelineatus were positive by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing tests for the presence of the HLB-phytoplasma group, indicating it as a potential vector. The association of leafhoppers with their hosts may be used in deciding which management strategies to adopt against weeds and diseases in citrus orchards.

Evaluation of perforated steel plates as connection in glulam-concrete composite structures

This paper shows the results of an experimental investigation carried out on a connection element of glulam and concrete composite structures, through double-sided push-out shear tests. The connection system was composed of perforated steel plates glued with epoxy adhesive. Five specimens were made and tested under shear forces. This innovative connection system showed an average initial slip modulus equivalent to 339.4 kN/mm. In addition, the connection system was evaluated by means of numerical simulations and the software ANSYS was used for this purpose. The numerical simulations demonstrated good agreement with the experimental data, especially in the regime of elastic-linear behavior of materials. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Behavioral analysis of the interaction between the spitting spider Scytodes globula (Araneae: Scytodidae) and the harvestman Discocyrtus invalidus (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae)

Spitting spiders (Scytodidae) have a distinct predatory strategy in which they eject a sticky secretion from their cheliceral fangs to immobilize prey. This behavior could potentially allow the spider not only to avoid defensive secretions but also to bite specific vulnerable spots of a potential prey such as a harvestman. We used an ethogram, a fluxogram and an experiment to analyze the interaction between the harvestman Discocyrtus invalidus Piza 1938 (Arachnida: Opiliones) and the syntopic spider Scytodes globula (Nicolet 1849) (Arachnida: Araneae). These spiders, while readily taking crickets as prey, seldom spat at and never bit the harvestmen, which apparently did not exude repugnatorial secretions. We therefore tested, by clogging the glands and using appropriate controls, whether non-visible amounts of secretions could cause the rejection, but the harvestmen were still refused. This is the first detailed and quantified description of an interaction between a spitting spider and a harvestman. The general conclusions are that S. globula avoids preying on D. invalidus, S. globula behaves differently when attacking harvestmen and crickets and the scent gland secretions of D. invalidus do not play a direct role in this predator-prey interaction.

Contribution to assessing the stiffness reduction of structural elements in the global stability analysis of precast concrete multi-storey buildings

This study deals with the reduction of the stiffness in precast concrete structural elements of multi-storey buildings to analyze global stability. Having reviewed the technical literature, this paper present indications of stiffness reduction in different codes, standards, and recommendations and compare these to the values found in the present study. The structural model analyzed in this study was constructed with finite elements using ANSYS® software. Physical Non-Linearity (PNL) was considered in relation to the diagrams M x N x 1/r, and Geometric Non-Linearity (GNL) was calculated following the Newton-Raphson method. Using a typical precast concrete structure with multiple floors and a semi-rigid beam-to-column connection, expressions for a stiffness reduction coefficient are presented. The main conclusions of the study are as follows: the reduction coefficients obtained from the diagram M x N x 1/r differ from standards that use a simplified consideration of PNL; the stiffness reduction coefficient for columns in the arrangements analyzed were approximately 0.5 to 0.6; and the variation of values found for stiffness reduction coefficient in concrete beams, which were subjected to the effects of creep with linear coefficients from 0 to 3, ranged from 0.45 to 0.2 for positive bending moments and 0.3 to 0.2 for negative bending moments.

Applications of High Speed Configurable Logic Devices in Modern Particle Physics Experiments

Several activities were conducted during my PhD activity. For the NEMO experiment a collaboration between the INFN/University groups of Catania and Bologna led to the development and production of a mixed signal acquisition board for the Nemo Km3 telescope. The research concerned the feasibility study for a different acquisition technique quite far from that adopted in the NEMO Phase 1 telescope. The DAQ board that we realized exploits the LIRA06 front-end chip for the analog acquisition of anodic an dynodic sources of a PMT (Photo-Multiplier Tube). The low-power analog acquisition allows to sample contemporaneously multiple channels of the PMT at different gain factors in order to increase the signal response linearity over a wider dynamic range. Also the auto triggering and self-event-classification features help to improve the acquisition performance and the knowledge on the neutrino event. A fully functional interface towards the first level data concentrator, the Floor Control Module, has been integrated as well on the board, and a specific firmware has been realized to comply with the present communication protocols. This stage of the project foresees the use of an FPGA, a high speed configurable device, to provide the board with a flexible digital logic control core. After the validation of the whole front-end architecture this feature would be probably integrated in a common mixed-signal ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). The volatile nature of the configuration memory of the FPGA implied the integration of a flash ISP (In System Programming) memory and a smart architecture for a safe remote reconfiguration of it. All the integrated features of the board have been tested. At the Catania laboratory the behavior of the LIRA chip has been investigated in the digital environment of the DAQ board and we succeeded in driving the acquisition with the FPGA. The PMT pulses generated with an arbitrary waveform generator were correctly triggered and acquired by the analog chip, and successively they were digitized by the on board ADC under the supervision of the FPGA. For the communication towards the data concentrator a test bench has been realized in Bologna where, thanks to a lending of the Roma University and INFN, a full readout chain equivalent to that present in the NEMO phase-1 was installed. These tests showed a good behavior of the digital electronic that was able to receive and to execute command imparted by the PC console and to answer back with a reply. The remotely configurable logic behaved well too and demonstrated, at least in principle, the validity of this technique. A new prototype board is now under development at the Catania laboratory as an evolution of the one described above. This board is going to be deployed within the NEMO Phase-2 tower in one of its floors dedicated to new front-end proposals. This board will integrate a new analog acquisition chip called SAS (Smart Auto-triggering Sampler) introducing thus a new analog front-end but inheriting most of the digital logic present in the current DAQ board discussed in this thesis. For what concern the activity on high-resolution vertex detectors, I worked within the SLIM5 collaboration for the characterization of a MAPS (Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor) device called APSEL-4D. The mentioned chip is a matrix of 4096 active pixel sensors with deep N-well implantations meant for charge collection and to shield the analog electronics from digital noise. The chip integrates the full-custom sensors matrix and the sparsifification/readout logic realized with standard-cells in STM CMOS technology 130 nm. For the chip characterization a test-beam has been set up on the 12 GeV PS (Proton Synchrotron) line facility at CERN of Geneva (CH). The collaboration prepared a silicon strip telescope and a DAQ system (hardware and software) for data acquisition and control of the telescope that allowed to store about 90 million events in 7 equivalent days of live-time of the beam. My activities concerned basically the realization of a firmware interface towards and from the MAPS chip in order to integrate it on the general DAQ system. Thereafter I worked on the DAQ software to implement on it a proper Slow Control interface of the APSEL4D. Several APSEL4D chips with different thinning have been tested during the test beam. Those with 100 and 300 um presented an overall efficiency of about 90% imparting a threshold of 450 electrons. The test-beam allowed to estimate also the resolution of the pixel sensor providing good results consistent with the pitch/sqrt(12) formula. The MAPS intrinsic resolution has been extracted from the width of the residual plot taking into account the multiple scattering effect.

Effect of infill panels on the seismic response of a typical R.C. frame

Three structural typologies has been evaluated based on the nonlinear dynamic analysis (i.e. Newmark's methods for MDFs: average acceleration method with Modified Newton-Raphson iteration). Those structural typologies differ each other only for the infills presence and placement. In particular, with the term BARE FRAME: the model of the structure has two identical frames, arranged in parallel. This model constitutes the base for the generation of the other two typologies, through the addition of non-bearing walls. Whereas with the term INFILLED FRAME: the model is achieved by adding twelve infill panels, all placed in the same frame. Finally with the term PILOTIS: the model has been generated to represent structures where the first floor has no walls. Therefore the infills are positioned in only one frame in its three upper floors. All three models have been subjected to ten accelerograms using the software DRAIN 2000.

Time-dependent behaviour of reinforced concrete slabs

In this thesis is studied the long-term behaviour of steel reinforced slabs paying particular attention to the effects due to shrinkage and creep. Despite the universal popularity of using this kind of slabs for simply construction floors, the major world codes focus their attention in a design based on the ultimate limit state, restraining the exercise limit state to a simply verification after the design. For Australia, on the contrary, this is not true. In fact, since this country is not subjected to seismic effects, the main concern is related to the long-term behaviour of the structure. Even if there are a lot of studies about long-term effects of shrinkage and creep, up to date, there are not so many studies concerning the behaviour of slabs with a cracked cross section and how shrinkage and creep influence it. For this reason, a series of ten full scale reinforced slabs was prepared and monitored under laboratory conditions to investigate this behaviour. A wide range of situations is studied in order to cover as many cases as possible, as for example the use of a fog room able to reproduce an environment of 100% humidity. The results show how there is a huge difference in terms of deflections between the case of slabs which are subjected to both shrinkage and creep effects soon after the partial cracking of the cross section, and the case of slabs which have already experienced shrinkage effects for several weeks, when the section has not still cracked, and creep effects only after the cracking.

Utilizzo di dispositivi isteretici per l'isolamento di piano: strategie per una progettazione sismica di tipo multi-prestazionale

Con la presente tesi si è inteso studiare le possibilità applicative di una particolare tipologia strutturale dotata di isolamento sismico “di piano”, intendendosi con ciò una struttura in cui l'intero piano terra, tramite l'inserimento di opportuni elementi dissipativi isteretici ed in analogia al consueto isolamento sismico di base, agisce da “strato” di protezione passiva per i piani sovrastanti. A riguardo, fra le possibili soluzioni per realizzare effettivamente tale isolamento "di piano" è stata considerata la disposizione di particolari elementi dissipativi isteretici di controvento detti Crecent-Shaped Braces, caratterizzati da una forma bilatera o curva, tale comunque da presentare un'eccentricità non nulla fra l'asse del controvento stesso e la linea congiungente gli estremi.

Strukturbildung durch Selbstorganisation von Oligonukleotiden

Die DNA-Doppelhelix ist eine relativ dicke (Ø ≈ 2 nm), kompakte und dadurch auf kurzen Längenskalen relativ steife Verbindung (lp[dsDNA] ≈ 50-60 nm), mit einer klar definierten Struktur, die durch biologische Methoden sehr präzise manipuliert werden kann. Die Auswirkungen der primären Sequenz auf die dreidimensionale Strukturbildung ist gut verstanden und exakt vorhersagbar. Des Weiteren kann DNA an verschiedenen Stellen mit anderen Molekülen verknüpft werden, ohne dass ihre Selbsterkennung gestört wird. Durch die helikale Struktur besteht außerdem ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Lage und der räumlichen Orientierung von eingeführten Modifikationen. Durch moderne Syntheseverfahren lassen sich beliebige Oligonukleotidsequenzen im Bereich bis etwa 150-200 Basen relativ preiswert im Milligrammmaßstab herstellen. Diese Eigenschaften machen die DNA zu einem idealen Kandidaten zur Erzeugung komplexer Strukturen, die durch Selbsterkennung der entsprechenden Sequenzen gebildet werden. In der hier vorgelegten Arbeit wurden einzelsträngige DNA-Abschnitte (ssDNA) als adressierbare Verknüpfungsstellen eingesetzt, um verschiedene molekulare Bausteine zu diskreten nicht periodischen Strukturen zu verbinden. Als Bausteine dienten flexible synthetische Polymerblöcke und semiflexible Doppelstrang-DNA-Abschnitte (dsDNA), die an beiden Enden mit unterschiedlichen Oligonukleotidsequenzen „funktionalisiert“ sind. Die zur Verknüpfung genutzten Oligonukleotidabschnitte wurden so gewählt (n > 20 Basen), dass ihre Hybridisierung zu einer bei Raumtemperatur stabilen Doppelstrangbildung führt. Durch Kombination der Phosphoramiditsynthese von DNA mit einer festkörpergestützten Blockkopplungsreaktion konnte am Beispiel von Polyethylenoxiden ein sehr effektiver Syntheseweg zur Herstellung von ssDNA1-PEO-ssDNA2-Triblockcopolymeren entwickelt werden, der sich problemlos auf andere Polymere übertragen lassen sollte. Die Längen und Basenabfolgen der beiden Oligonukleotidsequenzen können dabei unabhängig voneinander frei gewählt werden. Somit wurden die Voraussetzungen geschaffen, um die Selbsterkennung von Oligonukleotiden durch Kombination verschiedener Triblockcopolymere zur Erzeugung von Multiblockcopolymeren zu nutzen, die mit klassischen Synthesetechniken nicht zugänglich sind. Semiflexible Strukturelemente lassen sich durch die Synthese von Doppelstrangfragmenten mit langen überstehenden Enden (sticky-ends) realisieren. Die klassischen Ansätze der molekularen Genetik zur Erzeugung von sticky-ends sind in diesem Fall nicht praktikabel, da sie zu Einschränkungen im Bezug auf Länge und Sequenz der überhängenden Enden führen. Als Methode der Wahl haben sich zwei verschiedene Varianten der Polymerase Kettenreaktion (PCR) erwiesen, die auf der Verwendung von teilkomplementären Primern beruhen. Die eigentlichen Primersequenzen wurden am 5´-Ende entweder über ein 2´-Desoxyuridin oder über einen kurzen Polyethylenoxid-Spacer (n = 6) mit einer frei wählbaren „sticky-end-Sequenz“ verknüpft. Mit diesen Methoden sind sowohl 3´- als auch 5´-Überhänge zugänglich und die Länge der Doppelstrangabschnitte kann über einen breiten Molmassenbereich sehr exakt eingestellt werden. Durch Kombination derartiger Doppelstrangfragmente mit den biosynthetischen Triblockcopolymeren lassen sich Strukturen erzeugen, die als Modellsysteme zur Untersuchung verschiedener Biomoleküle genutzt werden können, die in Form eines mehrfach gebrochenen Stäbchens vorliegen. Im letzten Abschnitt wurde gezeigt, dass durch geeignete Wahl der überstehenden Enden bzw. durch Hybridisierung der Doppelstrangfragmente mit passenden Oligonukleotiden verzweigte DNA-Strukturen mit Armlängen von einigen hundert Nanometern zugänglich sind. Im Vergleich zu den bisher veröffentlichten Methoden bietet diese Herangehensweise zwei entscheidende Vorteile: Zum einen konnte der Syntheseaufwand auf ein Minimum reduziert werden, zum anderen ist es auf diesem Weg möglich die Längen der einzelnen Arme, unabhängig voneinander, über einen breiten Molmassenbereich zu variieren.

DNA-Polymer-Hybride als molekulare Bausteine

Die DNA hat sich durch die herausstechende Eigenschaft zur Selbstorganisation in den Naturwissenschaften zu einem beliebten Werkzeug entwickelt. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Oligonukleotidselbsterkennung zum Aufbau komplexer Multiblockcopolymere genutzt. Dabei dienten komplementäre einzelsträngige Oligonukleotidsequenzen (ssDNA) als adressierbare Verbindungsstücke zwischen synthetischen Blöcken. Als Bausteine wurden asymmetrische Dreiblockcopolymere der Form DNA1-Polymer-DNA2 aus einer flexiblen Polymereinheit (PEO bzw. PPO) die an beiden Enden mit unterschiedlichen Oligonukleotidsequenzen „funktionalisiert“ ist, verwendet. Diese Bausteine konnten durch die Kombination von Festphasensynthese der Oligonukleotide und Blockkopplung dargestellt werden. Die Oligonukleotidsequenzen wurden so gewählt, dass deren Hybridisierung zu einer bei Raumtemperatur stabilen Verbindung führt. Durch die Verwendung dieser Bausteine erhält man ein modulares System, dass sich durch seine hohe Flexibilität auszeichnet. Aus den dargestellten Dreiblockcopolymeren konnten verschiedene alternierende Multiblockcopolymere aufgebaut werden, wobei die Anzahl der Blöcke (von 11 bis 15) und das PEO / PPO- Verhältnis variiert wurden. Derartige Strukturen sind auf der Grundlage chemischer Synthesen unerreichbar. Die Flexibilität dieses modularen Systems konnte gezeigt werden, indem einzelne Blockbausteine zur Strukturaufklärung einfach ausgetauscht oder weggelassen werden konnten. Durch geeignete Wahl der DNA-Sequenzen konnte zusätzlich das Polymerisationsverhalten dieser Bauelemente untersucht werden. Die Integration längerer kettensteifer DNA-Abschnitte in die Multiblockstrukturen erfolgte durch die Verwendung teilkomplementärer Oligonukleotide. Diese bieten den Vorteil, dass bis zu einer Größe von etwa 150 bp sowohl die Länge als auch die Sequenz der Doppelstrangabschnitte und sticky-ends frei variiert werden können. Die biosynthetischen Dreiblockcopolymere dienten hier als Linkermoleküle zwischen den einzelnen dsDNA-Blöcken. Nach diesem Konzept wurde ein Nonamer als Modellsystem eines mehrfach gebrochenen Stäbchens synthetisiert. Außerdem wurden mit Hilfe der Polymerase Kettenreaktion (PCR) semiflexible DNA Abschnitte erzeugt. Durch die Wahl des Synthesewegs konnte sowohl die Länge der semiflexiblen Einheit als auch die Länge und die Sequenz des sticky-ends variiert werden. Anhand dieser Modellverbindungen wurde dann das Hybridisierungsverhalten in Abhängigkeit der Linker- und Segmentlängen untersucht.

Per un atlante dell'architettura storica bolognese. Caratteri costruttivi e conservazione consapevole

La ripresa degli studi sulla manualistica del recupero ha contribuito, attraverso una lettura tecnica vista in prospettiva storica, a diffondere sensibilità conoscitiva e consapevolezza del patrimonio premoderno. Tuttavia l’esigenza di superare il tracciato delineato dall’uso dei manuali di recupero – da molti intesi, semplicisticamente, come cataloghi per soluzioni architettoniche di ripristino e ricostruzione – ha reso indispensabile una riflessione sul reale bisogno di questi strumenti e sulle loro ripercussioni operative. Se i manuali, spesso, esprimono una visione statica e totalizzante dell’edilizia storica, l’atlante dichiara una concezione dinamica e “sempre aperta”, in cui ogni elemento rilevato è caso a sé. L’atlante fa, quindi, riferimento ad una concezione “geografica” in cui la catalogazione non è esaustiva e dogmatica ma, contrariamente, dà luogo ad un repertorio di casi criticamente analizzati nell’ottica della conoscenza e della conservazione. L’obiettivo della ricerca non è consistito, pertanto, nel descrivere la totalità dei caratteri costruttivi e delle loro combinazioni, ma nell’individuare casi singoli che sono letti ed interpretati all’interno del loro contesto storico-costruttivo e che valgono quale monito per un’azione progettuale consapevole, orientata al minimo intervento e alla compatibilità fisico-meccanica, figurativa e filologica. Nello specifico la ricerca, collocata in un riferimento temporale compreso tra il XIII e il XIX secolo, ha approfondito i seguenti caratteri: solai lignei, appartato decorativo in cotto e portali. Attraverso un approccio interdisciplinare lo studio si è proposto di contribuire alla costituzione di una metodologia di ricerca sulle tecniche costruttive storiche, ravvisando nel momento conoscitivo la prima fase del progetto di conservazione. È indiscusso, infatti, il solido legame che esiste tra conoscenza, progetto ed operatività. Solo attraverso la consapevolezza storica e architettonica del manufatto è possibile individuare scelte conservative criticamente vagliate ed operare in funzione della specificità del caso in esame e delle sue reali necessità.

Detection and landing behavior of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis, at low population density

The exotic emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), was first discovered in North America in southeastern Michigan, USA, and Windsor, Ontario, Canada in 2002. Significant ash (Fraxinus spp.) mortality has been caused in areas where this insect has become well established, and new infestations continue to be discovered in several states in the United States and in Canada. This beetle is difficult to detect when it invades new areas or occurs at low density. Girdled trap tree and ground surveys have been important tools for detecting emerald ash borer populations, and more recently, purple baited prism traps have been used in detection efforts. Girdled trap trees were found to be more effective than purple prism traps at detecting emerald ash borer as they acted as sinks for larvae in an area of known low density emerald ash borer infestation. The canopy condition of the trap trees was not predictive of whether they were infested or not, indicating that ground surveys may not be effective for detection in an area of low density emerald ash borer population. When landing rates of low density emerald ash borer populations were monitored on non-girdled ash trees, landing rates were higher on larger, open grown trees with canopies that contain a few dead branches. As a result of these studies, we suggest that the threshold for emerald ash borer detection using baited purple prism traps hung at the canopy base of trees is higher than for girdled trap trees. In addition, detection of developing populations of EAB may be possible by selectively placing sticky trapping surfaces on non-girdled trap trees that are the larger and more open grown trees at a site.

Assortative mating among Lake Malawi cichlid fish populations is not simply predictable from male nuptial colour

Background: Research on the evolution of reproductive isolation in African cichlid fishes has largely focussed on the role of male colours and female mate choice. Here, we tested predictions from the hypothesis that allopatric divergence in male colour is associated with corresponding divergence in preference. Methods: We studied four populations of the Lake Malawi Pseudotropheus zebra complex. We predicted that more distantly-related populations that independently evolved similar colours would interbreed freely while more closely-related populations with different colours mate assortatively. We used microsatellite genotypes or mesh false-floors to assign paternity. Fisher's exact tests as well as Binomial and Wilcoxon tests were used to detect if mating departed from random expectations. Results: Surprisingly, laboratory mate choice experiments revealed significant assortative mating not only between population pairs with differently coloured males, but between population pairs with similarly-coloured males too. This suggested that assortative mating could be based on nonvisual cues, so we further examined the sensory basis of assortative mating between two populations with different male colour. Conducting trials under monochromatic (orange) light, intended to mask the distinctive male dorsal fin hues (blue v orange) of these populations, did not significantly affect the assortative mating by female P. emmiltos observed under control conditions. By contrast, assortative mating broke down when direct contact between female and male was prevented. Conclusion: We suggest that non-visual cues, such as olfactory signals, may play an important role in mate choice and behavioural isolation in these and perhaps other African cichlid fish. Future speciation models aimed at explaining African cichlid radiations may therefore consider incorporating such mating cues in mate choice scenarios.

Integrating structured and unstructured data in a business-intelligence-system

The recent liberalization of the German energy market has forced the energy industry to develop and install new information systems to support agents on the energy trading floors in their analytical tasks. Besides classical approaches of building a data warehouse giving insight into the time series to understand market and pricing mechanisms, it is crucial to provide a variety of external data from the web. Weather information as well as political news or market rumors are relevant to give the appropriate interpretation to the variables of a volatile energy market. Starting from a multidimensional data model and a collection of buy and sell transactions a data warehouse is built that gives analytical support to the agents. Following the idea of web farming we harvest the web, match the external information sources after a filtering and evaluation process to the data warehouse objects, and present this qualified information on a user interface where market values are correlated with those external sources over the time axis.