Scurvy in the Great Irish Famine: Evidence of Vitamin C Deficiency From a Mid-19th Century Skeletal Population

Scurvy has increasingly been recognized in archaeological populations since the 1980s but this study represents the first examination of the paleopathological findings of scurvy in a known famine population. The Great Famine (1845–1852) was a watershed in Irish history and resulted in the death of one million people and the mass emigration of just as many. It was initiated by a blight which completely wiped out the potato—virtually the only source of food for the poor of Ireland. This led to mass starvation and a widespread occurrence of infectious and metabolic diseases. A recent discovery of 970 human skeletons from mass burials dating to the height of the famine in Kilkenny City (1847–1851) provided an opportunity to study the skeletal manifestations of scurvy—a disease that became widespread at this time due to the sudden lack of Vitamin C which had previously almost exclusively been provided by the potato. A three-scale diagnostic reliance approach has been employed as a statistical aid for diagnosing the disease in the population. A biocultural approach was adopted to enable the findings to be contextualized and the etiology and impact of the disease explored. The results indicate that scurvy indirectly influenced famine-induced mortality. A sex and stature bias is evident among adults in which males and taller individuals displayed statistically significantly higher levels of scorbutic lesions. The findings have also suggested that new bone formation at the foramen rotundum is a diagnostic criterion for the paleopathological identification of scurvy, particularly among juveniles. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Empowering the Shamed Self: Recognition and Critical Social Work

Summary: This article provides a review of the contribution of Axel Honneth’s model of recognition for critical social work. While Honneth’s tripartite conceptualisation of optimal identity-formation is positively appraised, his analysis of the link between misrecognition, the experience of shame and eventual sense of moral outrage, is contested. Drawing on a range of sources, including the sociology of shame, Honneth’s ideas about the emotional antecedents of emancipatory action are revised to guide critical social work with misrecognised service users.

Findings: The intellectual background to Honneth’s recognition model, emanating from leading German philosophers, is described and its application to social work set out. Even so, Honneth’s model is found to be deficient in one primary regard: its assumption about the emotional antecedents to quests for withheld recognition is misapprehended. In particular, the argument in this article is that the ubiquitous emotion of shame, which Honneth argues flows from misrecognition, must be carefully addressed through the medium of relationship, otherwise it might lead to repressed shame and frustrated attempts at social struggle. To this end, a social work process is delineated for dealing with shame, following episodes of misrecognition.

Applications: Honneth’s model of recognition, along with revised ideas about how to recognise and manage shame, is incorporated into a conceptual framework for critical social work practice. With this renewed understanding of the impact of shame, following misrecognition, social workers should be better equipped conceptually to enable service users to take action for empowerment.

'When I Look I am Seen, So I Exist to Change': Supplementing Honneth's Recognition Model for Social Work

The subject of identity continues to attract widespread interest and debate in the social sciences. The nature of who we are, our potential to be different, and our similarity with others, underpins many present-day social issues. This paper contributes to this debate by examining critically the work of Axel Honneth on optimal identity-formation. Although broadly supporting Honneth’s chief construct of inter-personal recognition, a gap in his thinking is highlighted and addressed through proffering a fourth dimension to his tripartite model. This additional dimension requires demonstrations of recognition that instil hope in the face of hardship and empower positive transformations in identity. The implications of this reworked model for social work are then considered in terms of a range of approaches that can be utilised to build flourishing identities characterised by self-esteem, self-confidence, self-respect and self-belief.

Expressão das proteínas da matriz na discondroplasia da tíbia

A discondroplasia da tíbia (TD) em aves consiste numa anomalia do esqueleto onde existe uma falha nos processos normais da ossificação endocondral. Esta patologia é caracterizada pela formação de uma cartilagem não vascularizada e não mineralizada que se estende até à metáfise. Uma vez que existem várias anomalias do esqueleto em mamíferos com lesões semelhantes às apresentadas pela TD, este trabalho teve como objectivo a caracterização desta patologia em termos das moléculas que podem estar envolvidas no seu desenvolvimento. Assim, foi estudada a expressão das macromoléculas da matriz extracelular, das enzimas degradadoras da matriz (metaloproteinases da matriz: MMPs), bem como das moléculas envolvidas na proliferação e diferenciação celular, na angiogénese e apoptose. A expressão génica foi realizada, por PCR quantitativo em tempo real, em placas de crescimento normais e discondroplásicas obtidas a partir de frangos de carne (broilers) da estirpe Cobb. Os níveis proteicos de algumas MMPs foram analisados por immunoblotting e zimografia de gelatina. No presente estudo não se verificou alteração na expressão dos genes dos colagénios do tipo II, IX, X e XI, bem como do agrecano, nas lesões discondroplásicas. Observou-se uma redução acentuada nos níveis de mRNA da gelatinase-B (MMP-9), da colagenase-3 (MMP-13) e das estromalisinas -2 (MMP-10) e -3 (MMP-11), bem como nos níveis proteicos da gelatinase-A (MMP-2) e da MMP-13. Por outro lado, a MMP-7 aumentou drasticamente a expressão do seu gene. As moléculas envolvidas na proliferação e diferenciação dos condrócitos, tais como a PTHrP, o Ihh, o Cbfa-1 e o Sox-9, mantiveram a sua expressão génica nas lesões. Por outro lado, o TGF-β reduziu a sua expressão. A caspase-3 também dimimuiu a sua expressão na patologia. Em relação aos factores angiogénicos, o FGF manteve a sua expressão e o VEGF aumentou significativamente nas lesões. Este aumento do VEGF juntamente com o aumento da MMP-7 sugere um aumento da hipoxia nas lesões. Os nossos resultados sugerem que a acumulação da cartilagem observada na discondroplasia é devida a uma diminuição da proteólise da matriz, resultado de uma sub-expressão das MMPs, e não de um aumento da produção das macromoléculas da matriz. Desta forma, os nossos resultados sugerem que a falha na expressão e/ou activação das MMPs poderá estar associada ao desenvolvimento da discondroplasia da tíbia em aves. Finalmente, os nossos resultados vêm suportar os resultados anteriores que sugerem uma ligação entre a expressão das MMPs e anomalias no processo de ossificação endocondral.

Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the proliferation and extracellular matrix mineralization and gene expression of gilthead seabream skeletal cell lines

The aquaculture industry aims at replacing significant amounts of marine fish oil by vegetable oils in fish diet. Dietary lipids have been shown to alter the fatty acid composition of bone compartments, which would impact the local production of factors controlling bone formation. Knowledge on the mechanisms underlying the nutritional regulation of bone metabolism is however scarce in fish. Two in vitro bone-derived cell systems developed from seabream (an important species for aquaculture in the Mediterranean region) vertebra, capable of in vitro mineralization and exhibiting prechondrocyte (VSa13) and pre-osteoblast (VSa16) phenotype, were used to assess the effect of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids) on cell proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization and gene expression. While all PUFAs promoted morphological changes in both cell lines, VSa16 cell proliferation appeared to be stimulated by PUFAs in a dose dependent manner until 100M, whereas proliferation of VSa13 cells was impaired at concentrations above 10M. AA, EPA and DHA inhibited VSa13 ECM mineralization, alone and in combination, while VSa16 ECM mineralization was only inhibited by AA and EPA. DHA had the opposite effect, increasing mineralization almost by 2 fold. When EFAs were combined, DHA apparently compensated for the inhibitory effect of AA and EPA. Expression of marker genes for bone and lipid metabolisms has been investigated by qPCR and shown to be regulated in pre-osteoblasts exposed to individual PUFAs. Our results show that PUFAs are effectors of fish bone cell lines, altering cell morphology, proliferation and mineralization when added to culture medium. This work also demonstrates the suitability of our in vitro cell systems to get insights into mineralization-related effects of PUFAs in vivo and to evaluate the replacement of fish oils by vegetable oil sources in fish feeds.

Insights into molecular and cellular events involved in normal and pathological vertebral development and fusion using zebrafish as model organism

The vertebral column and its units, the vertebrae, are fundamental features, characteristic of all vertebrates. Developmental segregation of the vertebral bodies as articulated units is an intrinsic requirement to guarantee the proper function of the spine. Whenever these units become fused either during development or postsegmentation, movement is affected in a more or less severe manner, depending on the number of vertebrae affected. Nevertheless, fusion may occur as part of regular development and as a physiological requirement, like in the tetrapod sacrum or in fish posterior vertebrae forming the urostyle. In order to meet the main objective of this PhD project, which aimed to better understand the molecular and cellular events underlying vertebral fusion under physiological and pathological conditions, a detailed characterization of the vertebral fusion occurring in zebrafish caudal fin region was conducted. This showed that fusion in the caudal fin region comprised 5 vertebral bodies, from which, only fusion between [PU1++U1] and ural2 [U2+] was still traceable during development. This involved bone deposition around the notochord sheath while fusion within the remaining vertebral bodies occur at the level of the notochord sheath, as during the early establishment of the vertebral bodies. A comparison approach between the caudal fin vertebrae and the remaining vertebral column showed conserved features such as the presence of mineralization related proteins as Osteocalcin were identified throughout the vertebral column, independently on the mineralization patterns. This unexpected presence of Osteocalcin in notochord sheath, here identified as Oc1, suggested that this gene, opposing to Oc2, generally associated with bone formation and mature osteoblast activity, is potentially associated with early mineralization events including chordacentrum formation. Nevertheless, major differences between caudal fin region and anterior vertebral bodies considering arch histology and mineralization patterns, led us to use RA as an inductive factor for vertebral fusion, allowing a direct comparison of equivalent structures under normal and fusion events. This fusion phenotype was associated with notochord sheath ectopic mineralization instead of ectopic perichordal bone formation related with increased osteoblast activity, as suggested in previous reports. Additionally, alterations in ECM content, cell adhesion and blood coagulation were discussed as potentially related with the fusion phenotype. Finally, Matrix gla protein, upregulated upon RA treatment and shown to be associated with chordacentrum mineralization sites in regular development, was further described considering its potential function in vertebral formation and pathological fusion. Therefore with this work we propose zebrafish caudal fin vertebral fusion as a potential model to study both congenital and postsegmentation fusion and we present candidate factors and genes that may be further explored in order to clarify whether we can prevent vertebral fusion.

Assessment of the mineralogenic toxicity of aquatic pollutants

In ecotoxicology a major focus is in the aquatic environment, not only because it presents a great economic value to man but it is an ecosystem widely affected by the growing anthropogenic pollution. Most of the studies performed relate to adverse effects in development, reproductive or endocrine disruption but little is known about the possible effects in bone formation and skeletal development. In this study, we set out to evaluate the effects of 8 aquatic pollutants on the skeletal development using an in vivo system, the zebrafish larvae aged 20 days post-fertilization, through chronic exposure. Several endpoints were considered such as the cumulative mortality, total length, occurrence of skeletal deformities and marker gene expression. We were able to establish LD50 values for some pollutants, like 3-methylcholanthrene, lindane, diclofenac, cobalt and vanadate and found that the total length was not affected by any of the pollutants tested. Cobalt was the most harmful chemical to affect hatching time, severely affecting the ability of the zebrafish embryos to hatch and overall the number of deformities increased upon exposure to tested chemicals but no patterns of deformities were identified. We also propose that 3-methylcholanthrene has an osteogenic effect, affecting osteoblast and osteoclast function and that op levels can act as a mediator of 3-methylcholanthrene toxic stress to the osteoblast. In turn we found naphthalene to probably have a chondrogenic effect. Our results provided new insights into the potential osteotoxicity of environmental pollutants. Future studies should aim at confirming these preliminary data and at determining mechanisms of osteotoxicity.

Evolution, gene regulation and functional analysis of BMP2 in fish

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional growth factors belonging to the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily with a central role in bone formation and mineralization. BMP2, a founding member of this family, has demonstrated remarkable osteogenic properties and is clinically used to promote bone repair and fracture healing. Lack of basic data on factors regulating BMP2 expression and activity have hampered a better understanding of its role in bone formation and bone-related diseases. The objective of this work was to collect new functional data and determine spatiotemporal expression patterns in a fish system aiming towards a better understanding of BMP2 function and regulation. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gilthead seabream BMP2 gene was inferred from luciferase reporter systems. Several bone- and cartilage-related transcription factors (e.g. RUNX3, MEF2c, SOX9 and ETS1) were found to regulate BMP2 transcription, while microRNA 20a was shown to affect stability of the BMP2 transcript and thus the mineralogenic capacity of fish bone-derived host cells. The regulation of BMP2 activity through an interaction with the matrix Gla protein (MGP) was investigated in vitro using BMP responsive elements (BRE) coupled to luciferase reporter gene. Although we demonstrated the functionality of the experimental system in a fish cell line and the activation of BMP signaling pathway by seabream BMP2, no conclusive evidence could be collected on a possible interaction beween MGP and BMP2. The evolutionary relationship among the members of BMP2/4/16 subfamily was inferred from taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses. BMP16 diverged prior to BMP2 and BMP4 and should be the result of an ancient genome duplication that occurred early in vertebrate evolution. Structural and functional data suggested that all three proteins are effectors of the BMP signaling pathway, but expression data revealed different spatiotemporal patterns in teleost fish suggesting distinct mechanisms of regulation. In this work, through the collection of novel data, we provide additional insight into the regulation, the structure and the phylogenetic relationship of BMP2 and its closely related family members.

Identification of novel molecular determinants of tissue mineralization in fish

The identification of genes involved in signaling and regulatory pathways, and matrix formation is paramount to the better understanding of the complex mechanisms of bone formation and mineralization, and critical to the successful development of therapies for human skeletal disorders. To achieve this objective, in vitro cell systems derived from skeletal tissues and able to mineralize their extracellular matrix have been used to identify genes differentially expressed during mineralization and possibly new markers of bone and cartilage homeostasis. Using cell systems of fish origin and techniques such as suppression subtractive hybridization and microarray hybridization, three genes never associated with mechanisms of calcification were identified: the calcium binding protein S100-like, the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase sdr-like and the betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase bhmt3. Analysis of the spatial-temporal expression of these 3 genes by qPCR and in situ hybridization revealed: (1) the up-regulation of sdr-like transcript during in vitro mineralization of gilthead seabream cell lines and its specificity for calcified tissues and differentiating osteoblasts; (2) the up-regulation of S100-like and the down-regulation of bhmt3 during in vitro mineralization and the central role of both genes in cartilaginous tissues undergoing endo/perichondral mineralization in juvenile fish. While expression of S100-like and bhmt3 was restricted to calcified tissues, sdr-like transcript was also detected in soft tissues, in particular in tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. Functional analysis of gene promoters revealed the transcriptional regulation of the 3 genes by known regulators of osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation/mineralization: RUNX2 and RAR (sdr-like), ETS1 (s100-like; bhmt3), SP1 and MEF2c (bhmt3). The evolutionary relationship of the different orthologs and paralogs identified within the scope of this work was also inferred from taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses and revealed novel protein subfamilies (S100-like and Sdr-like) and the explosive diversity of Bhmt family in particular fish groups (Neoteleostei). Altogether our results contribute with new data on SDR, S100 and BHMT proteins, evidencing for the first time the role for these three proteins in mechanisms of mineralization in fish and emphasized their potential as markers of mineralizing cartilage and bone in developing fish.

O impacto do excesso de gordura corporal sobre a remodelação óssea de adolescentes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Assessment by doppler ultrasound of entheseal lesions in spondyloarthritis : a longitudial study to determine structural damage and disease activity lesions

RESUMO: Enthesitis is the hallmark of spondyloarthritis (SpA), and is observed in all subtypes. Wide information on SpA abnormalities, including synovitis, tendinitis and enthesitis, can be efficiently perceived by Doppler ultrasound. Furthermore, several studies on imaging of enthesis showed that imaging techniques are better than clinical examination to detect enthesis alterations; and vascularized enthesitis detected by Doppler ultrasound appears to be a valuable diagnostic tool to confirm SpA diagnosis. However, data published until now concerning entheseal elementary alterations that characterize SpA enthesitis (enthesis inflammatory activity) or enthesopathy (permanent structural changes) reflect rather the authors’ empiric opinion than a methodological validation process. In this sense it seems crucial to identify elementary entheseal lesions associated with activity or damage, in order to improve monitoring and treatment response in SpA patients. The development of better assessment tools is today a challenge and a need in SpA. The first study of this thesis focused on the analysis of the reliability of inter-lector and inter-ultrasonography equipment of Madrid sonography enthesitis index (MASEI). Fundamental data for the remaining unrolling project validity. In the second and third studies we concerned about two entheseal elemental lesions: erosions and bursa. In literature erosions represent a permanent structural damage, being useful for monitoring joint injury, disease activity and therapeutic response in many rheumatic diseases; and to date, this concept has been mostly applied in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Unquestionably, erosion is a tissue-related damage and a structural change. However, the hypothesis that we decided to test was if erosions represent a permanent structural change that can only grow and worsen over time, as occurs in RA, or a transitory alteration. A longitudinal study of early SpA patients was undertaken, and the Achilles enthesis was used as a model. Our results strongly suggested that previously detected erosions could disappear during the course of the disease, being consistent with the dynamic behavior of erosion over time. Based on these striking results it seems reasonable to suggest that the new-bone formation process in SpA could be associated with the resolution of cortical entheseal erosion over time. These results could also be in agreement with the apparent failure of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapies to control bone proliferation in SpA; and with the relation of TNF-α, Dickkopf-related protein 1 (Dkk-1) and the regulatory molecule of the Wnt signaling pathway in the bone proliferation in SpA. In the same model, we then proceeded to study the enthesis bursa. Interestingly, the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials (OMERACT) enthesopathy definition does not include bursa as an elementary entheseal lesion. Nonetheless, bursa was included in 46% of the enthesis studies in a recently systematic literature review, being in agreement with the concept of “synovio-entheseal complex” that includes the link between enthesitis and osteitis in SpA. It has been clarified in recent data that there is not only a close functional integration of the enthesis with the neighboring bone, but also a connection between enthesitis and synovitis. Therefore, we tried to assess the prevalence and relevance of the bursa-synovial lesion in SpA. Our findings showed a significant increase of Achilles bursa presence and thickness in SpA patients compared to controls (healthy/mechanical controls and RA controls). These results raise awareness to the need to improve the enthesopathy ultrasonographic definition. In the final work of this thesis, we have explored new perspectives, not previously reported, about construct validity of enthesis ultrasound as a possible activity outcome in SpA. We performed a longitudinal Achilles enthesis ultrasound study in patients with early SpA. Achilles ultrasound examinations were performed at baseline, six- and twelve-month time periods and compared with clinical outcome measures collected at basal visit. Our results showed that basal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are higher in patients with Doppler signal in enthesis, and even that higher basal ESR, CRP and Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) predicted a higher Doppler signal (an ultrasound alteration accepted as representative of inflammation) six months later. Patients with very high disease activity assessed by ASDAS (>3.5) at baseline had significantly higher Achilles total ultrasound score verified at the same time; and ASDAS <1.3 predicted no Doppler signal at six and twelve months. This seems to represent a connection between classical biomarkers and clinical outcomes associated with SpA activity and Doppler signal, not only at the same time, but also for the following months. Remarkably, patients with inactive disease (ASDAS < 1.3) at baseline had no Doppler signal at six and twelve months. These findings reinforce the potential use of ultrasound related techniques for disease progression assessment and prognosis purposes. Intriguingly, Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) didn’t show significant differences between different cut-offs concerning ultrasound lesions or Doppler signal, while verified with ASDAS. These results seem to indicate that ASDAS reflects better than BASDAI what happens in the enthesis. The work herein discussed clearly shows the potential utility of ultrasound in enthesis assessment in SpA patients, and can be important for the development of ultrasound activity and structural damage scores for diagnosis and monitoring purposes. Therefore, local promotion of this technique constitutes a medical intervention that is worth being tested in SpA patients for diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis purposes.

The role of teriparatide in sequential and combination therapy of osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis is complicated by the occurrence of fragility fractures. Over past years, various treatment options have become available, mostly potent antiresorptive agents such as bisphosphonates and denosumab. However, antiresorptive therapy cannot fully and rapidly restore bone mass and structure that has been lost because of increased remodelling. Alternatively recombinant human parathyroid hormone (rhPTH) analogues do increase the formation of new bone material. The bone formation stimulated by intermittent PTH analogues not only increases bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mass but also improves the microarchitecture of the skeleton, thereby reducing incidence of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. Teriparatide, a recombinant human PTH fragment available in Switzerland, is reimbursed as second-line treatment in postmenopausal women and men with increased fracture risk, specifically in patients with incident fractures under antiresorptive therapy or patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and intolerance to antiresorptives. This position paper focuses on practical aspects in the management of patients on teriparatide treatment. Potential first-line indications for osteoanabolic treatment as well as the benefits and limitations of sequential and combination therapy with antiresorptive drugs are discussed.

Étude des récepteurs aux estrogènes dans les ostéoblastes de patients atteints de Scoliose Idiopathique de l'Adolescent

Plusieurs éléments de la pathogenèse de la scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescent indiquent que les estrogènes pourraient intervenir dans le développement et la progression de cette maladie. Ce projet avait donc pour but d’explorer l’expression et la fonctionnalité des récepteurs aux estrogènes ERα et ERβ ainsi que leurs isoformes dans les ostéoblastes de patients scoliotiques et sains. L’induction des gènes de facteurs influençant la minéralisation et la différenciation des ostéoblastes par les estrogènes a également été étudié. Par immunofluorescence, nous avons remarqué une augmentation de la présence protéique de ERβ dans les ostéoblastes de patients SIA comparé aux sujets contrôles. Les récepteurs aux estrogènes provenant des ostéoblastes des patients sont fonctionnels tout comme ceux des contrôles et aucune différence dans l'interaction ADN-protéine n’a été observée. Il y a également une augmentation de l’expression génique de l’ostéopontine, l’ostéocalcine, le collagène de type I, la phosphatase alkaline et BMP2 dans les ostéoblastes des patients SIA. Un début de minéralisation in vitro a été observé dans les ostéoblastes de patients SIA et contrôles. ERα et ERβ sont présents et fonctionnels dans les ostéoblastes des patients SIA et sains. Leur expression est variable, mais ces variations existent chez les patients SIA et les contrôles. L’implication des estrogènes dans la SIA ne serait donc pas au niveau des récepteurs aux estrogènes mais au niveau de l’interactions des estrogènes avec d’autres facteurs étiologiques tels que la mélatonine, la formation/résorption osseuse ou autres facteurs neuro-endocriniens.

L’effet des différents facteurs de croissance sur la viabilité et la prolifération des ostéoblastes scoliotiques

Résumé: La Scoliose Idiopathique de l’Adolescent (SIA) est une condition débilitante qui peut avoir comme résultat une douleur importante, une altération du fonctionnement quotidien et une détérioration de la qualité de vie. Pour les patients qui ne répondent pas au traitement conservateur, la fusion vertébrale, en utilisant des greffes osseuses, est devenue un traitement de choix pour stabiliser la colonne. Des connaissances plus pointues à propos des facteurs impliqués dans l’ostéogénèse et la formation de l’os peuvent raccourcir le processus de guérison et permettre aux patients de réintégrer leurs activités dans un laps de temps plus court. Les plaquettes peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la première étape de la guérison des fractures car elles sont une source autologue de plusieurs facteurs de croissance qui soutiennent la prolifération et la différenciation des ostéoblastes in vivo et in vitro. Au cours des dernières années, plusieurs tentatives ont été réalisées afin de trouver des traitements additionnels pour : 1) Raccourcir le temps de guérison des fractures relativement long ; 2) Obtenir une plus courte période de convalescence pour les patients qui ont besoin de prothèses ; 3) Corriger plus facilement plusieurs maladies congénitales; 4) Améliorer le processus de fusion vertébrale et 5) Développer de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques, notamment au niveau des processus régularisant le remodelage osseux et la régénération des tissus osseux. Dans le cadre de la présente étude, j’ai étudié la contribution possible du facteur de croissance de l’insuline (IGF) et du facteur vasculaire endothélial de croissance (VEGF) sur la maturation de l’ostéoblaste scoliotique dans des cultures cellulaires in vitro et j’ai comparé les résultats avec celles obtenues dans les mêmes conditions mais en stimulant les ostéoblastes avec de la mélatonine. Cette étude préliminaire a été réalisée sur des échantillons d’os récoltés de quatre patients atteints par la Scoliose Idiopathique de l‘Adolescent (SIA), ainsi que sur des échantillons d’os issus de quatre sujets témoins (cas traumatiques). Les résultats montrent que l’IGFs et le VEGFs possèdent une action d’inhibition sur la prolifération d’ostéoblastes scoliotiques et non scoliotiques, et que cette action est proportionnelle à la concentration de ces facteurs. Les ostéoblastes scoliotiques tendent à avoir une prolifération cellulaire plus rapide et plus élevée que les témoins non scoliotiques. De façon générale les ostéoblastes provenant de patients scoliotiques ont une ostéogénèse in vitro plus accélérée que le sujet non scoliotique. De plus, il semble que la mélatonine joue un rôle physiologique dans la différenciation de l’ostéoblaste scoliotique et elle semble aider à avoir une différenciation plus précoce que chez les non traités. Les ostéoblastes scoliotiques expriment un défaut d’expression de l’IGF 1 et d’IGF 1R en présence de la mélatonine. En conclusion, le VEGF A et l’IGF 1 peuvent également promouvoir la différenciation et la prolifération des ostéoblastes humains scoliotiques en culture primaire.

Étude des effets du phénotype de sénescence des cellules stromales de la moelle osseuse sur les fonctions hématopoïétiques

L’irradiation (IR) est utilisée dans le traitement de plusieurs cancers et désordres hématologiques, en particulier dans les protocoles de conditionnement précédents les transplantations de moelle osseuse. L’emploi de doses réduites d’IR semble favoriser le succès de la prise de greffe. Cette observation soulève un point de plus en plus discuté dans la littérature, soit l’importance de l’intégrité du microenvironnement pour la transplantation et le bon fonctionnement de l’hématopoïèse. L’IR induit la sénescence des cellules stromales de la moelle osseuse in vitro. Ce mécanisme de défense cellulaire entraînant un arrêt de prolifération permanent est également observé in vivo dans différents systèmes, mais n’a pas encore été étudié dans le contexte de la niche hématopoïétique. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont pour objectif de déterminer si l’IR induit la sénescence des cellules stromales de la moelle osseuse et si une telle induction altère les fonctions hématopoïétiques. Nos résultats ont permis de démontrer pour la première fois qu’une IR corporelle totale induit effectivement la sénescence des cellules stromales de la moelle osseuse. En outre, cette altération du microenvironnement affecte la lymphopoïèse B de façon Ink4a/Arf-dépendante (1er article). De plus, les modifications systémiques qui résultent de l’IR compromettent l’homéostasie osseuse en augmentant la résorption de l’os, sans toutefois diminuer la formation de celui-ci (2e article). Ces données nous permettent de mieux comprendre les effets de la sénescence des cellules stromales de la moelle osseuse sur les fonctions hématopoïétiques. Par ailleurs, elles suggèrent que l’emploi de drogues et/ou de procédés n’induisant pas la sénescence des cellules stromales de l’os offrirait un meilleur pronostic à long terme pour les patients.