Literacy Practices in and out of School in Karagwe : The case of primary school literacy education in rural Tanzania

This study has investigated the question of relation between literacy practices in and out of school in rural Tanzania. By using the perspective of linguistic anthropology, literacy practices in five villages in Karagwe district in the northwest of Tanzania have been analysed. The outcome may be used as a basis for educational planning and literacy programs. The analysis has revealed an intimate relation between language, literacy and power. In Karagwe, traditional élites have drawn on literacy to construct and reconstruct their authority, while new élites, such as individual women and some young people have been able to use literacy as one tool to get access to power. The study has also revealed a high level of bilingualism and a high emphasis on education in the area, which prove a potential for future education in the area. At the same time discontinuity in language use, mainly caused by stigmatisation of what is perceived as local and traditional, such as the mother-tongue of the majority of the children, and the high status accrued to all that is perceived as Western, has turned out to constitute a great obstacle for pupils’ learning. The use of ethnographic perspectives has enabled comparisons between interactional patterns in schools and outside school. This has revealed communicative patterns in school that hinder pupils’ learning, while the same patterns in other discourses reinforce learning. By using ethnography, relations between explicit and implicit language ideologies and their impact in educational contexts may be revealed. This knowledge may then be used to make educational plans and literacy programmes more relevant and efficient, not only in poor post-colonial settings such as Tanzania, but also elsewhere, such as in Western settings.

Partnerlös och Barnfri : Friheten och ensamheten med singelskap

Med denna uppsats har vi velat ta reda på hur singlar över 30 år upplever sitt singelskap samt hur de förhåller sig till att inleda partnerskap och att skaffa barn. Singel är ett begrepp som inrymmer många olika aspekter och perspektiv. Genom individuella intervjuer har vi tagit del av 4 kvinnliga singlar och 4 manliga singlars egna upplevelser, alla är över 30 år och bosatta i mellan Sverige. Vi har analyserat det empiriska materialet vi fått fram med hjälp av vår teoretiska utgångspunkt som berör modernitetens samhälle där individen skapar sin självidentitet och livsstil utifrån sin kontext. Singlarna har givit oss en bild av deras liv och deras inställning till den norm om parrelationer och att skaffa barn som finns i vårt samhälle. Det empiriska materialet vi fått tillgång till har tolkats och analyserats med hjälp av Grounded theory. Vårt resultat visar på individens strävan efter känslan av frihet och oberoende. Singlarna är nöjda över sin livsstil men uppger att det kan finnas en saknad av någon ibland. En ambivalens uppstår mellan deras känsla av frihet till den ensamhet de kan uppleva. Upplevelsen av singelskapet och synen på partnerskap och barn mellan män och kvinnor visar sig inte vara så olik.

Violence and reproductive health preceding flight from war : accounts from Somali born women in Sweden

Background: Political violence and war are push factors for migration and social determinants of health among migrants. Somali migration to Sweden has increased threefold since 2004, and now comprises refugees with more than 20 years of war experiences. Health is influenced by earlier life experiences with adverse sexual and reproductive health, violence, and mental distress being linked. Adverse pregnancy outcomes are reported among Somali born refugees in high-income countries. The aim of this study was to explore experiences and perceptions on war, violence, and reproductive health before migration among Somali born women in Sweden. Method: Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 17 Somali born refugee women of fertile age living in Sweden. Thematic analysis was applied. Results: Before migration, widespread war-related violence in the community had created fear, separation, and interruption in daily life in Somalia, and power based restrictions limited access to reproductive health services. The lack of justice and support for women exposed to non-partner sexual violence or intimate partner violence reinforced the risk of shame, stigmatization, and silence. Social networks, stoicism, and faith constituted survival strategies in the context of war. Conclusions: Several factors reinforced non-disclosure of violence exposure among the Somali born women before migration. Therefore, violence-related illness might be overlooked in the health care system. Survival strategies shaped by war contain resources for resilience and enhancement of well-being and sexual and reproductive health and rights in receiving countries after migration.

‘Moving on’ : Violence, wellbeing and questions about violence in antenatal care encounters. A qualitative study with Somali-born refugees in Sweden

Background Somali-born women constitute one of the largest groups of childbearing refugee women in Sweden after more than two decades of political violence in Somalia. In Sweden, these women encounter antenatal care that includes routine questions about violence being asked. The aim of the study was to explore how Somali-born women understand and relate to violence and wellbeing during their migration transition and their views on being approached with questions about violence in Swedish antenatal care. Method Qualitative interviews (22) with Somali-born women (17) living in Sweden were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis. Findings A balancing actbetween keeping private life private and the new welfare system was identified, where the midwife's questions about violence were met with hesitance. The midwife was, however, considered a resource for access to support services in the new society. A focus on pragmatic strategies to move on in life, rather than dwelling on potential experiences of violence and related traumas, was prominent. Social networks, spiritual faith and motherhood were crucial for regaining coherence in the aftermath of war. Dialogue and mutual adjustments were identified as strategies used to overcome power tensions in intimate relationships undergoing transition. Conclusions If confidentiality and links between violence and health are explained and clarified during the care encounter, screening for violence can be more beneficial in relation to Somali-born women. The focus on “moving on” and rationality indicates strength and access to alternative resources, but needs to be balanced against risks for hidden needs in care encounters. A care environment with continuity of care and trustful relationships enhances possibilities for the midwife to balance these dual perspectives and identify potential needs. Collaborations between Somali communities, maternity care and social service providers can contribute with support to families in transition and bridge gaps to formal social and care services.

Violence and reproductive health preceding flight from war : accounts from Somali born women in Sweden

Background: Political violence and war are push factors for migration and social determinants of health among migrants. Somali migration to Sweden has increased threefold since 2004, and now comprises refugees with more than 20 years of war experiences. Health is influenced by earlier life experiences with adverse sexual and reproductive health, violence, and mental distress being linked. Adverse pregnancy outcomes are reported among Somali born refugees in high-income countries. The aim of this study was to explore experiences and perceptions on war, violence, and reproductive health before migration among Somali born women in Sweden. Method: Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 17 Somali born refugee women of fertile age living in Sweden. Thematic analysis was applied. Results: Before migration, widespread war-related violence in the community had created fear, separation, and interruption in daily life in Somalia, and power based restrictions limited access to reproductive health services. The lack of justice and support for women exposed to non-partner sexual violence or intimate partner violence reinforced the risk of shame, stigmatization, and silence. Social networks, stoicism, and faith constituted survival strategies in the context of war. Conclusions: Several factors reinforced non-disclosure of violence exposure among the Somali born women before migration. Therefore, violence-related illness might be overlooked in the health care system. Survival strategies shaped by war contain resources for resilience and

Tratamento de perfurações radiculares com pasta de hidróxido de cálcio e iodofórmio : influência da aplicação de curativo à base de corticóides; estudo histológico em dentes de cão

Esta pesquisa teve como proposta avaliar histopatologicamente,os efeitos do tratamento de perfurações radiculares, empregando medicamentos à base de corticóide e antibiótico como curativo, seu posterior preenchimento com uma pasta aquosa de hidróxido de cálcio e iodofórmio e, também, a utilização dessa pasta durante todo o período experimental. Para tanto, foram utilizados os segundos e terceiros pré-molares superiores e os terceiros e quartos inferiores de 6 cães adultos jovens. Nestes dentes, sob isolamento absoluto do campo operatório com dique de borracha, efetuou-se a obturação dos canais radiculares, e após a limpeza da câmara pulpar, procedeu-se a perfuração radicular na raiz mesial para a região interradicular e lateralmente disposta à furca. Como curativo foram utilizados o Rifocort e o Otosporin, que permaneciam por 7 dias no trajeto perfurado e em contato com os tecidos periodontais da região. Passado esse período, o curativo era substituído por uma pasta aquosa de hidróxido de cálcio e iodofórmio e todos os dentes eram radiografados antes e depois da substituição do material. Decorridos 90 dias, os animais foram sacrificados por meio de perfusão e as peças removidas, radiografadas e preparadas para se obter cortes histológicos, os quais foram corados pela hematoxilina e eosina e pelo tricrômico de Masson. Pelos resultados obtidos neste trabalho, é válido concluir que: a) as perfurações seladas imediatamente com a pasta aquosa de hidróxido de cálcio e iodofórmio apresentaram melhores resultados no exame histológico, onde ficaram evidenciadas menor quantidade do processo inflamatório e maior hiper-plasia de cemento; b) não houve diferença significante entre as perfurações tratadas com os medicamentos Rifocort e Otosporin; c) os dentes cujas perfurações permaneceram sem nenhum tratamento durante 7 dias, exibiram uma resposta menos favorável e sem evidência de reparação na área perfurada; d) as imagens radiográficas, no que se refere á extensão de destruição do tecido ósseo alveolar, foram compatfveis com os quadros histológicos, não havendo evidências, porém, da neoformação do tecido cementário.

Tecnologia e competitividade no Brasil - exploração integrada visando reconhecer os efeitos da introdução de novas tecnologias sobre a competitividade das empresas no contexto brasileiro

Esta pesquisa investiga as relações, nem sempre claras e explícitas, entre competitividade e inovação tecnológica, iniciando pelo referencial teórico. São estudados quatro casos de empresas, sendo três delas brasileiras e uma multinacional, dos setores de indústria e serviços. Dentre as conclusões, destaca-se a constatação de que a competitividade resulta da combinação de três dimensões: tecnologia, gestão (isto é, estratégia de negócio) e pessoas. Também se identificou uma íntima ligação entre inovação tecnológica e ganhos de market share. O estudo demonstra ainda que ganhos de competitividade com base tecnológica, ainda que significativos, são efêmeros, ou seja: a manutenção da vantagem competitiva é um processo dinâmico que exige permanentes esforços de inovação, inclusive com monitoramento constante do mercado e da concorrência. Outro aspecto investigado é o risco inerente à inovação, uma vez que o pioneirismo nem sempre encontra, de imediato, as soluções que se firmam como padrão no mercado. Finalmente, discorre-se também sobre o processo de decisão quanto a investimentos em tecnologia, apresentando modelos não quantitativos como auxiliares na análise e priorização de projetos inovadores.

As novas doutrinas de Administração Pública e os seus reflexos nos controles e na auditoria de desempenho dos programas governamentais

The developed democracies only have results or crystallise, when the exercise of the government policies has two dimensions: the first one, is the dimension of the government decisions making: in which, the governor accomplishes the priorities and orientations submitted to the population by electoral decisions. Then the second dimension, is the functionality of the State: capable to transform policies into convergent actions for accomplishment of the negotiated results. The consolidation of the democracy and the consequent increase of the social demand by decisions and public and government lawsuits, able to generate results that attend collectively the different levels of the society and able to aggregate and articulate additional values to their interests, imposes to the public sector administration, great challenges of public policies. Nowadays, the indispensable condition to guarantee a minimum governmental benchmark, it to overcome these challenges, in the plan of the public administration, demanded for the promotion of the economic development, in the democratic scope, to reach the politician-institutional values of the society. However, It is undeniable, the universality of the challenges of public administration that consequently, are the effects of modern administrative systems. To attempt the best result, the mast satisfy the attributes of speed, flexibility, integration and innovation, amongst others. The diffusion of guided doctrines of public management by results is reflecting in the institutionalization of new types of bureaucratic activities and amongst this context, it is distinguished as a basic importance of what we call Performance Audit. This work intends to describe how the control organs and especially the Accounts Court of the Union, the sensitive demands of the society, and attending to new constitutional order, they are structuring itself to face the new organizational and institutional challenges, in consequence of the gradual redefinition of your task, more and more liable uncertainties, current of the intimate nature of the performance audit, in development, face the traditional audit, which characterizes them in general. Therefore, the main goal of this these, is the analysis of the organizational challenges and consequently ,the lawsuits changes of the organizational structures faced in general by the Brazilian¿s Accounts Courts, which we believe, will help to elaborate paths of propulsive evaluating and restrictive elements to the innovations that are intended to introduce the systems of necessary control in the evaluation of government programs.

Informática: fator de mudanças na organização, métodos, informação e sistemas (O&M - I&S) dos recursos humanos nas empresas no Brasil

Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar os processos de mudanças nos ambientes interno e externo de RECURSOS HUMANOS (sub-divididos em Unidades de Análise - UNAN - especificas, sob os aspectos de Organização, Métodos, Informação e Sistemas ou, simplesmente, O & M -I & S, provocadas pela INFORMÁTICA, na esfera empresarial brasileira. Especificamente, foi realizada uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório junto ao principal responsável pela área de RECURSOS HUMANOS das empresas, que devería, por sua vez, e se quisesse, solicitar a colaboração íntima do profissional responsável pelas políticas de INFORMÁTICA. Em alguns casos os pontos de vista desses profissionais e a visão perceptiva do futuro foram tão conflitantes que resultaram em dois posicionamentos para uma mesma empresa, enriquecendo ainda mais a pesquisa. Em outros momentos o pesquisador atuou como entrevistador, obtendo as colocações reais dos respondentes, fator de uma maior confiabilidade para as réplicas obtidas. O ponto de partida desta tese é o pressuposto de que existiria uma relação intima e uma vinculação subjacente, entre, por um lado as teorias administrativas em geral com as suas inúmeras variáveis (em particular, a sistêmica) e, de outro lado, a epistemologia cibernética, ambas procurando tratar da Organização e dos Métodos de análise e engenharia de manipulação das Informações e estruturação dos Sistemas (OMIS) de uma forma disciplinada e bem pensada. Em resumo, considerando de uma forma ingênua, trata-se do estudo do comportamental versus o instrumental e o que este ocasionou naquele, num período de 20 anos (1980/2000), nos ambientes interno (Ai) e externo (Ae) da Empresa. Os resultados obtidos, bem como os pedidos de profissionais que desejavam participar da pesquisa por dela terem conhecimento através de terceiros, indicaram a crescente consideração por esta forma de estudo, o interesse pelo assunto e, principalmente, o reconhecimento do papel de uma Universidade na criação, desenvolvimento e manutenção de uma consciência comunitária, onde a Empresa desempenha um papel de extrema importância para uma melhor qualidade de vida dos RECURSOS HUMANOS em geral, através da INFORMÁTICA.

Tomada de decisão por gênero: um olhar sobre homens e mulheres em posição de alta gestão

A tomada de decisão estratégica é um tema utilizado ao longo dos anos para auxiliar homens e mulheres, principalmente nas organizações, a pensarem de forma estruturada sobre como decidir e quais raciocínios adotarem nestes momentos. Com o ingresso da mulher no mercado de trabalho, a teoria de tomada de decisão se expandiu para analisar não apenas os processos de tomada de decisão em si, mas também comportamentos utilizados por homens e mulheres nestes momentos. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi investigar o que as teorias de tomada de decisão por gênero mencionam e verificar se estas teorias se relacionam com a realidade de homens e mulheres que se encontram em posições de gerência e diretoria e, com base nisto, confrontar se estas teorias se confirmam quando homens e mulheres se encontram em posições de alta gestão. Além disto, buscou-se investigar também se a teoria sobre empowerment possui alguma relação com as teorias de tomada de tomada de decisão por gênero, bem como se o nível de empowerment entregue para gerentes e diretores nas organizações influencia as características de tomada de decisão utilizadas por estes homens e mulheres. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa semiestruturada com vinte e quatro profissionais em posições de gerência e diretoria, de empresas localizadas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Como resultado, a pesquisa concluiu que a maneira como homens e mulheres tomam decisões estratégicas nas organizações não têm relação direta com as teorias de tomada de decisão por gênero quando estes se encontram em posições de gerência e diretoria, todavia, a maneira como homens e mulheres de alta gestão decidem possui uma relação íntima com o nível de empowerment que os mesmos possuem dentro das empresas que atuam.

Os forrós da Serra da Gameleira (São Tomé/RN) : etnicidade, festa e sociabilidade

This work intends to describe and analyze the parties of forró that happen in Serra da Gameleira, in São Tomé/RN. Serra is a divided social space: groups of different ethnic origins live together in Gameleira de Baixo, Salgadinho (or Gameleira de Cima) and Chaves Belas. They are approximately two hundred families that live exclusively from agriculture. We try to understand how the parties inform about the social organization, the ethnic composition of the families that live there and the past of Serra, through the genealogy offorró players. In the discussion, we identify the festive places: in the total, we have Five houses of forró that function regularly one of them has been described. The private and public spaces inside them are intimate related, with no clear limits between the house of forró and the residence. Each house of forró has an owner, that regularly makes the parties, mobilizing a big part of the inhabitants, and provoking the straitening of the social relations. Observing the festive sociability between different social segments, the forró appears like na element that minimizes social conflicts, providing news ways of association and cooperation in the space of Serra da Gameleira. For the collection of facts, we used the ethnographic method, through the direct observation, interviewing and documentary research. The local history is recounted following the routes of oral memory and historical documents analysis. In the end of the analysis, we concluded that music and party are elements that aggregate the different groups that live in the location and determine forms of expression of what is seen as a traditional culture

Candidíase vulvovaginal: sintomatologia, fatores de risco e colonização anal concomitante

Post-menarche patients with clinical signs of vulvovaginitis were analyzed in this study, whose aims were the following: identify the frequency of C. albicans and non C. albicans species and negative results, correlate the vaginal culture for yeast with risk factors and symptomatology; compare positive and negative results for yeast in the vaginal and anal cultures; compare the positive results for C. albicans with other results found in the vaginal and anal cultures; and compare concomitant positivity for C. albicans and non C. albicans in the vaginal and anal cultures. Sample selection occurred between May, 2003 and May, 2005, and included 99 patients from Natal, Brazil. The laboratory methods used consisted of CHROMagar Candida culture medium, thermotolerance test at 42-45°C and hypertonic NaCL, in addition to the classic methods of carbohydrate assimilation and fermentation. We used absolute numbers, percentages, means of central tendency, chi-squared test (χ2) with Yates correction, Fisher s exact test and odds ratio for statistical analysis. The most frequent species was C. albicans in 69% of the cases. The positivity for Candida spp showed an association with the use of tight-fitting intimate clothing and/or synthetics, allergic diseases and the occurrence of itching, leukorrhea and erythema. Anal colonization increased the likelihood of vaginal contamination by 2.8 and 4.9 times, respectively, for Candida spp and C. albicans. When compared to the other species, C. albicans-positive anal colonization increased by 3.7 times the likelihood of vaginal positivity. These data suggest likely vaginal contamination originating in the anus

Acesso à justiça enquanto direito fundamental: efetivação pela defensoria pública

The Federal Constitution of 1988 is recognized for its enlargement in the face of large amount of provisions that make it up, among which many are fundamental rights. The fundamental rules set up the foundation of a democratic state, however, are the necessary legal mechanisms to be effective, its exercise is not enough merely to state them, but to offer ways for them to stop being just written standard on paper, and come to be viewed and exercised day-to-day. In this sense, access to justice presents itself in our times, as a cornerstone for a just society dictates. In this light, access to justice can be seen as the most fundamental of rights, which translates as instruments able to safeguard the fundamental rights not only against the action/omission violating the state but also the very particular. Furthermore, access to justice within the legal country, is not right for everyone, despite the willingness of the Citizen Charter in its article 5, paragraph LXXIV, ensuring that the State shall provide full and free legal assistance to those in need. More than half of the population lives in poverty and can´t afford to pay legal fees or court costs as well as a bump in their own ignorance of their rights. The judiciary, in their primary function, is in charge of trying to correct the violation of the rights, intending to effect a true distributive justice, serving as a paradigm for the promotion of substantive equality of human beings, however, is difficult and tortuous access Justice for those without financial resources. In this vein, we present the Public Defender, as keeper of the masses in its institutional role, defending a disadvantage, in the words, as a mechanism for effective access to justice, ensuring therefore fundamental rights. Public Defenders arise at the time or much discussion highlights the priority of actual access to justice, custody, therefore, intimate bond with the pursuit of fundamental rights, in which, that advance the broad range of rights, without whom could defend them or guardianship them

Direito fundamental à saúde: parâmetros e alternativas para sua concretização no Brasil

If, on one hand, only with the 1988 Federal Constitution the right to health began to receive the treatment of authentic fundamental social right; on the other, it is certain since then, the level of concretization reached as to such right depicts a mismatch between the constitutional will and the will of the rulers. That is because, despite the inherent gradualness of the process of concretization of the fundamental social rights, the Brazilian reality, marked by a picture of true chaos on public health routinely reported on the evening news, denatures the priority status constitutionally drew for the right to health, demonstrating, thus, that there is a clear deficit in this process, which must be corrected. This concern regarding the problem of the concretization of the social rights, in turn, is underlined when one speaks of the right to health, since such right, due to its intimate connection with the right to life and human dignity, ends up assuming a position of primacy among the social rights, presenting itself as an imperative right, since its perfect fruition becomes an essential condition for the potential enjoyment of the remaining social rights. From such premises, this paper aims to provide a proposal for the correction of this problem based upon the defense of an active role of the Judiciary in the concretization of the right to health as long as grounded to objective and solid parameters that come to correct, with legal certainty, the named deficit and to avoid the side effects and distortions that are currently beheld when the Judiciary intends to intervene in the matter. For that effect, emerges as flagship of this measure a proposition of an existential minimum specific to the right to health that, taking into account both the constitutionally priority points relating to this relevant right, as well as the very logic of the structuring of the Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS inserted within the core of the public health policies developed in the country, comes to contribute to a judicialization of the subject more in alignment with the ideals outlined in the 1988 Constitution. Furthermore, in the same intent to seek a concretization of the right to health in harmony with the constitutional priority inherent to this material right, the research alerts to the need to undertake a restructuring in the form of organization of the Boards of Health in order to enforce the constitutional guideline of SUS community participation, as well as the importance of establishing a new culture budget in the country, with the Constitution as a compass, pass accurately portray a special prioritization directed constitutional social rights, especially the right to health