Susceptibilidad a Septoria musiva de híbridos inter e intraespecíficos de Populus spp. implantados en dos micrositios de la Pampa Húmeda Argentina

En los álamos, una de las enfermedades con mayor influencia en la cantidad y calidad de la madera producida es la cancrosis originada por Septoriamusiva Peck . El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar en clones híbridos de álamos (Populus spp.) la incidencia y la severidad de la enfermedad producida por Septoria, en dos micrositios de un mismo sitio regional, en Alberti, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Los clones utilizados fueron obtenidos de cruzamientos intraespecíficos de Populus deltoides e interespecíficos de P. deltoides x P. nigra (= P. x canadensis). Se determinó la susceptibilidad a la enfermedad para cada clon/micrositio mediante la estimación de la incidencia, del número de cancros en guías y ramas, y la severidad de daños (ID). Los híbridos inter e intraespecíficos de P. deltoides presentaron respuesta clonal diferencial en la susceptibilidad a la cancrosis en ambas situaciones geomórficas: los híbridos provenientes de cruzamientos intraespecíficos resultaron resistentes, y los provenientes de cruzamientos interespecíficos susceptibles a la enfermedad. Las diferencias significativas entre clones, determinadas para el número de lesiones totales por posición en ambas situaciones geomórficas, no determinaron ID diferentes. El número de cancros identificados en cada posición constituye una herramienta de estimación de la susceptibilidad clonal a la cancrosis más exacta, teniendo en cuenta que los mayores perjuicios ocurren cuando las lesiones se presentan en las guías.

Cultivo en maceta de Iris xiphium L. (Iris de Holanda) con diferentes concentraciones de humus de lombriz y sus lixiviados

Se evaluaron tres variedades de Iris xiphium L. cultivadas en maceta en cuatro proporciones de humus de lombriz y se aplicaron los lixiviados diluidos como bioabono foliar. El experimento se realizó en un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo trifactorial y se midieron ocho variables: longitud de tallo (LT), longitud de botón (LB), longitud de flor (LF), diámetro de botón (DB), diámetro de flor (DF), biomasa (B), área foliar (AF) y días de cosecha (DDC). Los resultados indicaron que la variedad Telstar resultó ser la más precoz. El mejor tratamiento en dicha variedad para las variables LT, LB, B, DF y DDC correspondió a la proporción 30/70 (% lombrihumus / % suelo) y la dilución 1:10 de lixiviado; el segundo mejor tratamiento fue en la variedad Discovery en la proporción 40/60 (%lombrihumus / %suelo) y dilución 1:10 de lixiviado para las variables LT, AF y B. El presente trabajo aporta nueva información en cuanto al uso de sustratos y abono foliar orgánicos para el manejo sustentable, con bajo impacto ambiental, en cultivos florícolas.

Lesiones estomatológicas del VPH genotipo 16 en la pre-adolescencia

El virus del Papiloma Humano infecta de manera selectiva al epitelio de la piel y las mucosas. Cuando se producen las infecciones, éstas pueden ser asintomáticas, provocando lesiones de tipos verrugosos o asociados a diversas neoplasias, benignos o malignos del tracto respiratorio superior y la cavidad bucal principalmente. Se presenta el caso de una niña con lesiones orales producidas por el VPH. Las lesiones se manifiestan clínicamente: elevadas, pediculadas y de superficie papilar; otras son planas y difusas sobre una base sésil.

Adaptación de la poda y ajuste de carga para maximizar los rendimientos de uva de mesa

La poda y ajuste de carga de uva de mesa fueron evaluados buscando mejorar la calidad de la fruta y/o el rendimiento. Bajo distintas condiciones se recolectó información de los racimos y se evaluaron manejos diferenciados. Los racimos y aspectos vegetativos de uva de mesa variedad Thompson Seedless, Superior Seedless y Flame Seedless fueron caracterizados según ubicación de la yema en el cargador. En las variedades Flame Seedless y Redglobe se evaluó el rendimiento y calibre según nivel de carga y número de bayas por racimo en racimos de distinta forma. Los racimos provenientes de yemas distales presentan mejor calidad que racimos de yemas basales. Los racimos pueden tempranamente, previo al ajuste de carga, ser clasificados en cónicos, esféricos o cilíndricos; los dos primeros son los mejores productiva y cualitativamente. En general, hasta cierto rango, el aumento del nivel de carga y el mayor número de bayas por racimo aumentan el rendimiento sin afectar el tamaño de bayas. Los resultados sugieren que la mejor rentabilidad se obtiene con un manejo de poda y regulación de carga que tome en consideración la forma de los racimos.

Micropropagación de portainjertos de vid de interés para la provincia de Misiones

Con el objeto de micropropagar portainjertos de vid de interés para la provincia de Misiones (Paulsen 1103 y Vr 04343) se cultivaron segmentos nodales y ápices meristemáticos. Para el establecimiento de segmentos nodales se evaluaron diferentes concentraciones del medio propuesto por Murashige y Skoog (MS) -¼, ½, 1- adicionando diferentes concentraciones de benciladenina (0; 1; 3 y 5 mg.L-1) y ácido naftalenacético (0 y 0,01 mg.L-1). Se evaluaron estado fisiológico y topófisis de yemas. En fase de multiplicación se evaluaron ápices, segmentos uni y binodales con o sin hoja desplegada. Para el establecimiento de ápices se evaluó el medio MS ½ suplementado con bencilaminopurina (0; 0,5; 1; 2 mg.L-1). Los mejores resultados para el establecimiento de segmentos nodales se obtuvieron con yema despierta en medio MS ¼ sin adición de reguladores. La multiplicación de los mismos puede realizarse partiendo de un explanto uni o binodal con o sin hoja. Al utilizar ápices como explanto, se debe adicionar al medio MS ½ bencilaminopurina en una concentración de 0,5 mg.L-1. En la aclimatación de las plantas, se obtuvieron valores de supervivencia de 80 a 90%.

Transpiración y formación de materia seca en vid

En cultivos de vid (Vitis Vinifera L.) pertenecientes a las variedades cultígenas “Marlbec" y “Semillón", en el departamento de Luján de la Provincia de Mendoza (República Argentina), se realizaron experiencias para determinar los “coeficientes transpiratorios" respectivos. Se determino la cantidad de materia seca que ambas variedades formaron durante la campaña agrícola 1949 – 1950 y se relacionan éstos datos con otras observaciones realizadas por los autores en trabajos anteriores referente a la cantidad de agua que transpira la vos en Mendoza, durante todo su ciclo biológico, desde la brotación en primavera hasta la caída de las hojas en otoño. Se establece que para elaborar 1 kilogramo de materia seca, la variedad “Malbec" debe transpirar 405 litros de agua, y la variedad “Semillón" 359 litros.

Pedology, geochronology, palynology and macrofossils of soil profiles in the Altdarss area, german Baltic Sea coast

A new site with Lateglacial palaeosols covered by 0.8 - 2.4 m thick aeolian sands is presented. The buried soils were subjected to multidisciplinary analyses (pedology, micromorphology, geochronology, dendrology, palynology, macrofossils). The buried soil cover comprises a catena from relatively dry ('Nano'-Podzol, Arenosol) via moist (Histic Gleysol, Gleysol) to wet conditions (Histosol). Dry soils are similar to the so-called Usselo soil, as described from sites in NW Europe and central Poland. The buried soil surface covers ca. 3.4 km**2. Pollen analyses date this surface into the late Aller0d. Due to a possible contamination by younger carbon, radiocarbon dates are too young. OSL dates indicate that the covering by aeolian sands most probably occurred during the Younger Dryas. Botanical analyses enables the reconstruction of a vegetation pattern typical for the late Allerod. Large wooden remains of pine and birch were recorded.

Berry production, shoot growth and biomass of E. hermaphroditum, V. vitis-idaea and V. myrtillis at Abisco ANS

Extreme weather events can have strong negative impacts on species survival and community structure when surpassing lethal thresholds. Extreme, short-lived, winter warming events in the Arctic rapidly melt snow and expose ecosystems to unseasonably warm air (for instance, 2-10 °C for 2-14 days) but upon return to normal winter climate exposes the ecosystem to much colder temperatures due to the loss of insulating snow. Single events have been shown to reduce plant reproduction and increase shoot mortality, but impacts of multiple events are little understood as are the broader impacts on community structure, growth, carbon balance, and nutrient cycling. To address these issues, we simulated week-long extreme winter warming events - using infrared heating lamps and soil warming cables - for 3 consecutive years in a sub-Arctic heathland dominated by the dwarf shrubs Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea (both evergreen) and Vaccinium myrtillus (deciduous). During the growing seasons after the second and third winter event, spring bud burst was delayed by up to a week for E. hermaphroditum and V. myrtillus, and berry production reduced by 11-75% and 52-95% for E. hermaphroditum and V. myrtillus, respectively. Greater shoot mortality occurred in E. hermaphroditum (up to 52%), V. vitis-idaea (51%), and V. myrtillus (80%). Root growth was reduced by more than 25% but soil nutrient availability remained unaffected. Gross primary productivity was reduced by more than 50% in the summer following the third simulation. Overall, the extent of damage was considerable, and critically plant responses were opposite in direction to the increased growth seen in long-term summer warming simulations and the 'greening' seen for some arctic regions. Given the Arctic is warming more in winter than summer, and extreme events are predicted to become more frequent, this generates large uncertainty in our current understanding of arctic ecosystem responses to climate change.

Plant macrofossils from Lac de Fully

We use pollen, stomata and plant-macrofossil records to infer Holocene timberline fluctuations and changes in forest composition at Lac Superieur de Fully (2135 m a.s.l.), a small lake located near the modern regional timberline on a highland plateau in the Central Alps. Our records suggest that during the early Holocene vegetation was rather open on the plateau (eg, heaths of Dryas octopetala, Juniperus nana). The only tree that was able to build major stands was Betula. Other timberline trees (eg, Pinus cembra and Larix) expanded in the catchment of the lake after 8200 cal. BP, when Abies alba expanded at lower elevation. The late appearance of these timberline trees contrasts with previous plant-macrofossil records in the region, which show that the timberline had reached elevations up to at least 2350 m already at 11 000 cal. BP. We suggest that local climatic conditions may have delayed the expansion of closed stands of coniferous trees in the catchment of Lac de Fully until c. 8200 cal. BP, when climate shifted to more humid and less continental conditions. After c. 4600 cal. BP vegetation around the lake primarily responded to human impact, which caused a local lowering of the timberline by at least 150 m.

Pollen and macroremains from four profiles from site Samerberg 1

Pollen and macrofossil analysis of lake sediments revealed the complete development of vegetation from Riss late-glacial to early Würm glacial times at Samerberg (12°12' E, 47°45' N, 600 m a.s.l) on the northern border of the Alps. The pollen bearing sediments overlie three stratigraphic units, at the base a ground-moraine, then a 13 m thick layer of pollen free silt and clay, and then a younger moraine; all the sediments including the pollen bearing sediments, lie below the Würm moraine. The lake, which had developed in an older glacial basin, became extinct, when the ice of the river Inn glacier filled its basin during Würm full-glacial time at the latest. One interglacial, three interstadials, and the interdigitating treeless periods were identified at Samerberg. Whereas the cold periods cannot be distinguished from one another pollenanalytically, the interglacial and the two older interstadials have distinctive characteristics. A shrub phase with Juniperus initiated reforestation and was followed by a pine phase during the interglacial and each of the three interstadials. The further development of the interglacial vegetation proceeded with a phase when deciduous trees (mainly Quercus, oak) and hazel (Corylus) dominated, though spruce (Picea) was present at the same time in the area. A phase with abundant yew (Taxus) led to an apparently long lasting period with dominant spruce and fir (Abies) accompanied by some hornbeam (Carpinus). The vegetational development shows the main characteristics of the Riss/Würm interglacial, though certain differences in the vegetational development in the northern alpine foreland are obvious. These differences may result from the existence of an altitudinal zonation of the vegetation in the vicinity of the site and are the expression of its position at the border of the Alps. A greater age (e.g. the Holsteinian) can be excluded by reason of the vegetational development, and is also not indicated at first sight from the geological and stratigraphical data of the site. Characteristic of the Riss/Würm vegetational development in southern Germany - at least in the region between Lake Starnberg/Samerberg/Salzach - is the conspicuous yew phase. According to absolute pollen counts, yew not only displaced the deciduous species, but also displaced spruce preferentially, thus indicating climatic conditions less favourable for spruce, caused by mild winters (Ilex spreading!) and by short-term low precipitation, indicated by the reduced sedimentation rate. The oldest interstadials is bipartite, as due to the climatic deterioration the early vegetational development, culminating in a spruce phase, had been interrupted by another expansion of pine. A younger spruce-dominated period with fir and perhaps also with hornbeam and beech (Fagus) followed. An identical climatic development has been reported from other European sites with long pollen sequences (see chapter 6.7). However, different tree species are found in the same time intervals in Middle Europe during Early Würm times. Sediments of the last interglacial (Eem or Riss/Würm) have been found in all cases below the sediments of the bipartite interstadial, and in addition one more interstadial occurs in the overlying sediments. This proves that Eem and Riss/Würm of the north-european plain resp. of the alpine foreland are contemporaneous interglacials although this has been questioned by some authors. The climax vegetation of the second interstadial was a spruce forest without fir and without more demanding deciduous tree species. The vegetational development of the third interstadial is recorded fragmentary only. But it has been established that a spruce forest was present. The oldest interstadial must correspond to the danish Brørup interstadial as it is expressed in northern Germany, the second one to the Odderade interstadial. A third Early Würm interstadial, preserved fragmentarily at Samerberg, is known from other sites. The dutch Amersfoort interstadial most likely is the equivalent to the older part of the bipartite danish Brørup interstadial.