Firm Size and Geographical Aggregation: An Empirical Appraisal in Industrial Location

This paper assesses empirically the importance of size discrimination and disaggregate data for deciding where to locate a start-up concern. We compare three econometric specifications using Catalan data: a multinomial logit with 4 and 41 alternatives (provinces and comarques, respectively) in which firm size is the main covariate; a conditional logit with 4 and 41 alternatives including attributes of the sites as well as size-site interactions; and a Poisson model on the comarques and the full spatial choice set (942 municipalities) with site-specific variables. Our results suggest that if these two issues are ignored, conclusions may be misleading. We provide evidence that large and small firms behave differently and conclude that Catalan firms tend to choose between comarques rather than between municipalities. Moreover, labour-intensive firms seem more likely to be located in the city of Barcelona. Keywords: Catalonia, industrial location, multinomial response model. JEL: C250, E30, R00, R12

Una aproximación sectorial a la localización industrial en Cataluña

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las decisiones de localización de las actividades industriales desde una óptica sectorial. En concreto, se explica la distribución municipal en Catalunya del número de nuevas inversiones procedentes del Registro de Establecimientos Industriales, durante el período 1986-2000. Los determinantes de la localización industrial se han agrupado en tres categorías: condiciones de oferta de factores, economías de aglomeración y accesibilidad. El análisis se lleva a cabo utilizando un modelo de eventos discretos con datos de panel. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los tres conjuntos de variables introducidas son relevantes en la explicación de la localización de las empresas manufactureras y que actúan en diferente grado para los diferentes sectores.

Infraestructures de Transport i Localització Industrial. Evidència Empírica per a Catalunya

El propòsit d'aquest treball és analitzar fins a quin punt la millora en l'accessibilitat dels municipis a la xarxa viària d'alta capacitat ha tingut efectes positius en la creació d'establiments industrials. En concret, estudiem les decisions de localització d'establiments industrials a escala local per a 19 sectors manufacturers amb una desagregació de 2 dígits. Aquest treball incorpora variables de gran rellevància (com ara una mesura d'accessibilitat mesurada en temps de desplaçament i els efectes de les inversions viàries) i utilitza tècniques d'anàlisi espacial. Pel que fa a les entrades d'establiments industrials, les dades han estat obtingudes del Registre d'Establiments Industrials de Catalunya (REIC). Els resultats mostren una incidència positiva de les millores en la xarxa viària sobre les decisions de localització de les empreses.

Public enterprise reforms and efficiency in regulated environments: the case of the postal sector

Purpose - This paper focuses on analyzing the effect that public reforms have on the efficiency of state-owned enterprises in regulated environments. Design/methodology/approach - The research is focused in the postal sector where public and private companies must obey a legal framework related to provide a universal service. The analysis is carried out using a panel of 7 European postal operators for the period 1997-2003. The activity analyzed was the letter mail division; we take as key variable the unit cost of a letter and use a translog cost function where as independent variables we include traffic levels, labor cost per employee, quality and availability of the service as well as the type of ownership (public or private). Additionally, in a second stage the geographical differences among countries are considered. Findings - Results indicate that postal operators that experienced organizational changes without being privatized, such as the Spanish and Greek operators, do not have higher unit costs than privatized postal operators like the one of Germany and the Netherlands. Moreover, we find that in all cases the operator of Ireland appear to be the most efficient. In this case restructuring process has been carried out giving an important leadership role to workers. This suggests us that labor culture could be a key variable to study when analyzing reform processes in public enterprises. Originality/value - Our findings show that in a regulated environment like in the postal sector, public and private companies can obtain similar efficiency levels in term of unit costs.

Industrial location at a local level: some comments about the territorial level of the analysis

This paper contributes to the existing literature on industrial location by discussing some issues regarding the territorial levels that have been used in location analysis. We analyse which could be the advantages and disadvantages of performing locational analysis at a different local levels. We use data for new manufacturing firms located at municipality, county and travel to work areas level. We show that location determinants vary according to the territorial level used in the analysis, so we conclude that the level at which we perform the investigation should be carefully selected. Keywords: industrial location, cities, agglomeration economies, count data models.

When ESDP confronts ENP: security sector reform as a bridge in the EU’s foreign policy

The European Neighbourhood Policy’s birth has taken place in parallel with the renewed momentum of the European Security and Defence Policy, which has launched 14 operations since 2003. Both policies’ instruments have converged in the neighbouring area covered by ENP: Georgia, in the East and the Palestinian Territories in the South. In both cases, the Security Sector Reform strategies have been the main focus for ESDP and an important objective for ENP. In this paper, two objectives are pursued: first, to assess the EU’s involvement in both cases in SSR terms; and second, to analyse whether the convergence of ESDP operations with a broader EU neighbourhood policy implies that the former has become an instrument for the a EU external action.

Technical innovations at the service of cheaper labour in pre-industrial Europe. The Enlightened agenda to transform the gender division of labour in silk manufacturing

In 1749, Jacques de Vaucanson patented his or tour pour tirer la soie or spindle for silk reeling. In that same year he presented his invention to the Academy of the Sciences in Paris, of which he was a member1. Jacques de Vaucanson was born in Grenoble, France, in 1709, and died in Paris in 1782. In 1741 he had been appointed inspector of silk manufactures by Louis XV. He set about reorganizing the silk industry in France, in considerable difficulty at the time due to foreign competition. Given Vaucanson’s position, his invention was intended to replace the traditional Piémontes method, and had an immediate impact upon the silk industry in France and all over Europe.

Evaluación agronómica e industrial del material vegetal de avellano en Cataluña. Estudio de nuevas aplicaciones tecnológicas de la avellana

Los frutos secos representan un peso notable en la producción final agrícola española, siendo nuestro país el segundo productor mundial de almendra (55.000 tm grano) y el cuarto de avellana (9.000 tm grano). En el caso del avellano, la superficie de España es de unas 25.000 ha (MAPA, 2000), concentrándose el 95 % de la misma en Cataluña y, más concretamente en Tarragona (18.000 ha), donde el avellano es, en diversas comarcas, una importante fuente de ingresos. Durante las últimas décadas, el sector ha estado sometido a fuertes crisis debido al descenso de precios causado, entre otros motivos, por la existencia o no de acuerdos comerciales entre la UE y Turquía sobre este fruto seco, por las oscilaciones del dólar y la competencia creciente de Turquía, que produce casi el 75 % del total mundial y cuyos costes de producción son más reducidos, por disponer de mano de obra más barata y mejores condiciones edafoclimáticas para el cultivo. Un problema adicional de la avellana española en dicho periodo, fue la poca calidad del producto obtenido, motivada por la realización inadecuada de una serie de prácticas de recogida y de postcosecha. La variedad 'Negret' es la base de la producción de avellana española para industria y, junto con la ‘Pauetet’, constituyen el tipo comercial ‘negreta’ que es el que obtiene mejor precio en el mercado nacional. Ello es debido a sus buenas características organolépticas y elevada aptitud al tostado, que constituye el punto de partida de la mayoría de aplicaciones comerciales. Por otra parte, constituye, también, la base de la producción de la Denominación de Origen ‘Avellana de Reus’. Tradicionalmente esta variedad adolece de importantes problemas de tipo agronómico (poco vigor, rebrotante, sensible a clorosis férrica, asfixia del suelo, muy virosada, etc.) y comercial (facilidad de enranciamiento, calibres pequeños, etc.), situación que ha inducido, en la última década, a la introducción de variedades foráneas (‘Tonda Giffoni’ y ‘Tonda Romana’) que en principio no presentan estos problemas. Sin embargo, la sustitución de la variedad autóctona ‘Negret’ por otras nuevas supondría la pérdida de un carácter diferencial para la producción española, que debe evaluarse con sumo cuidado.

El Real Conservatorio de Artes (1824-1850): Orígenes y gestación de la ingeniería industrial moderna

El "Conservatorio de Artes" tuvo un origen Ilustrado, emulando a su homónimo parisino, pero nació durante el absolutismo (1824), tras un frustrado intento afrancesado (1810). Absorbió al "Gabinete de Máquinas" y tuvo como primer director a López de Peñalver. Supuso un puente entre la Ilustración y la Ingeniería Industrial decimonónica, sobre todo, a partir de la institucionalización del envío de pensionados a la "École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures" parisina, con cuyo retorno consigue transformarse en "Real Instituto Industrial" (1850). Aparte destaca su proyección social, tanto en su papel de oficina de patentes como en la promoción de exposiciones industriales.

En els marges de la ciència?: Frenologia i mesmerisme en una cultura industrial, Barcelona 1842-1845

L’objectiu d’aquest treball és estudiar la popularització de la frenologia i del mesmerisme (també conegut com a magnetisme animal) a la Catalunya de mitjan segle XIX. A Catalunya el procés de popularització d’aquestes ciències va tenir el seu punt àlgid durant la primera meitat de la dècada de 1840, coincidint amb les activitats del frenòleg Marià Cubí Soler (1801-1875). El treball demostra la importància del context polític i cultural, així com la incomoditat que generaven les pràctiques de frenòlegs i magnetitzadors com a elements clau per entendre les actituds de l’elit intel•lectual catalana vers la introducció d’aquestes noves ciències.

Explaining Variation in Organizational Change: The Reform of Human Resource Management in the European Commission and the OECD

In this article we investigate the reforms of human resource management in the European Commission and the OECD by analyzing comparatively to what extent both organizations have adjusted their respective structures towards the ideal type of the so-called New Public Management (NPM). The empirical findings show that reforms towards NPM are more pronounced in the Commission than in the OECD. These findings are surprising for two reasons: First, it seems rather paradoxical that the OECD as central promoter of NPM at the international level lags behind the global trend when it comes to reforming its own structures. Second, this result is in contradiction with theoretical expectations, as they can be derived from theories of institutional isomorphism. To nevertheless account for the surprising results, it is necessary to modify and complement existing theories especially with regard to the scope conditions of their causal mechanisms.

Leniency programs, antitrust enforcement and multimarket contact : three essays in industrial organization

The Layout of My Thesis This thesis contains three chapters in Industrial Organization that build on the work outlined above. The first two chapters combine leniency programs with multimarket contact and provide a thorough analysis of the potential effects of Amnesty Plus and Penalty Plus. The third chapter puts the whole discussion on leniency programs into perspective by examining other enforcement tools available to an antitrust authority. The main argument in that last chapter is that a specific instrument can only be as effective as the policy in which it is embedded. It is therefore important for an antitrust authority to know how it best accompanies the introduction or modification of a policy instrument that helps deterrence. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 examines the efféct of Amnesty Plus and Penalty Plus on the incentives of firms to report cartel activities. The main question is whether the inclusion of these policies in a leniency program undermine the effectiveness of the latter by discouraging the firms to apply for amnesty. The model is static and focus on the ex post incentives of firms to desist from collusion. The results suggest that, because Amnesty Plus and Penalty Plus encourage the reporting of a second cartel after a first detection, a firm, anticipating this, may be reluctant to seek leniency and to report in the first place. However, the effect may also go in the opposite direction, and Amnesty Plus and Penalty Plus may encourage the simultaneous reporting of two cartels. Chapter 2 takes this idea further to the stage of cartel formation. This chapter provides a complete characterization of the potential anticompetitive and procompetitive effects of Amnesty Plus in a infinitely repeated game framework when the firms use their multimarket contact to harshen punishment. I suggest a clear-cut policy rule that prevents potential adverse effects and thereby show that, if policy makers follow this rule, a leniency program with Amnesty Plus performs better than one without. Chapter 3 characterizes the socially optimal enforcement effort of an antitrust authority and shows how this effort changes with the introduction or modification of specific policy instruments. The intuition is that the policy instrument may increase the marginal benefit of conducting investigations. If this effect is strong enough, a more rigorous detection policy becomes socially desirable.

Addressing the net balances problem as a prerequisite for EU budget reform: a proposal

Conflict among member states regarding the distribution of net financial burdens has been allowed to contaminate the entire design of the EU budget with very negative consequences in terms of equity, efficiency and transparency. To get around this problem and pave the way for a substantive budget reform, we propose to decouple distributional negotiations from the rest of the budget process by linking member state net balances in a rigid manner to relative prosperity. This would be achieved through the introduction of a system of compensating horizontal transfers that would take to its logical conclusion the Commission's proposal for a generalized compensation mechanism. We discuss the impact of the proposed scheme on member states? incentives and illustrate its financial implications using revenue and expenditure projections for 2013 that are based on the current Financial Perspectives and Own Resources Decision.