728 resultados para grounded theorizing
Resumo:
In this article I deal with time as a notion of epistemological content associated though with the notion of a subjective consciousness co-constitutive of physical reality. In this phenomenologically grounded approach I attempt to establish a 'metaphysical' aspect of time, within a strictly epistemological context, in the sense of an underlying absolute subjectivity which is non-objectifiable within objective temporality and thus non-susceptible of any ontological designation. My arguments stem, on the one hand, from a version of quantum-mechanical theory (History Projection Operator theory, HPO theory) in view of its formal treatment of two different aspects of time within a quantum context. The discrete, partial-ordering properties (the notions of before and after) and the dynamical-parameter properties reflected in the wave equations of motion. On the other hand, to strengthen my arguments for a transcendental factor of temporality, I attempt an interpretation of some relevant conclusions in the work of J. Eccles ([5]) and of certain results of experimental research of S. Deahaene et al. ([2]) and others.
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I present and defend here a thesis named vehicleless externalism for conceptual mental episodes. According to it, the constitutive relations there are between the production of conceptual mental episodes by an individual and the inclusion of this individual in social discursive practices make it non-necessary to equate, even partially, conceptual mental episodes with the occurrence of physical events inside of that individual. Conceptual mental episodes do not have subpersonal vehicles; they have owners: persons in interpretational practices. That thesis is grounded on inferentialism and on the endorsement of the idea that "meaning is normative". After having recapitulated this heritage and after having presented that thesis, the paper especially attempts to articulate how, in that framework, we may then positively conceive the relations there are between conceptual mental episodes, intracranial events and inferential behaviour.
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Tutkielman tarkoituksena oli määritellä mitä työturvallisuuskasvatus on ja miten sitä voidaan tukea käsityön opetuksessa. Määrittelyyn on hankittu tietoa grounded theory –menetelmällä. Tutkielma pohjautuu teoreettiseen perustaan ja pohjatutkimukseen, joiden pohjalta on määritelty työturvallisuuskasvatusnäkemys. Pohjatutkimuksen kohderyhmänä olivat peruskoulun alaluokkien käsityön teknisiä sisältöjä opettavat opettajat. Muodostuneen työturvallisuuskasvatusnäkemyksen varassa on luotu laatutavoiteteoreema työturvallisuuskasvatuksen opettamisesta käsityön aineenopettajan koulutuksessa. Tämä teoreema on testattu kyselytutkimuksella. Kyselytutkimus toteutettiin opettajankoulutuksen opetussuunnitelmia suunnittelevilla ja toteuttavilla henkilöillä, sekä työturvallisuusalan asiantuntijoilla. Kyselytutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli testata suunnittelemamme opetussuunnitelman muutoksen soveltuvuutta käsityön aineenopettajan koulutukseen. Muutoksen tarkoituksena on sitoa työturvallisuuskasvatusnäkemys kiinteäksi osaksi käsityökasvatuksen toteuttamista. Määrittelemämme työturvallisuuskasvatusnäkemys sisältää terminä sekä työturvallisuusopetuksen tiedolliset ja taidolliset osa-alueet, että asennekasvatukseen pyrkivän kasvatuksellisen näkökulman. Se myös erottaa työturvallisuuden omaksi kasvatuksen osa-alueeksi turvallisuuskasvatuksen laajassa kentässä ja luo sille itsenäisen aseman samoin kuin esimerkiksi liikennekasvatus tai paloturvallisuus. Työturvallisuuskasvatus ei saisi unohtaa turvallisuuskasvatuksen yleisiä päämääriä, jotka tähtäävät oppilaan kokonaisvaltaiseen kasvuun ja kehitykseen. Tutkielmamme laatutavoiteteoreema toteutui laatuehtokriteerien vahvistuessa. Suunnittelemamme opetussuunnitelman muutos ja sen sisältämä Käsityön työturvallisuuskasvatuksen perusteet kurssi on toteutettavissa käsityön aineenopettajan koulutuksessa. Muutos myös selkeyttää työturvallisuuden ja käsityökasvatuksen suhdetta.
Resumo:
In this thesis, the components important for testing work and organisational test process are identified and analysed. This work focuses on the testing activities in reallife software organisations, identifying the important test process components, observing testing work in practice, and analysing how the organisational test process could be developed. Software professionals from 14 different software organisations were interviewed to collect data on organisational test process and testing‐related factors. Moreover, additional data on organisational aspects was collected with a survey conducted on 31 organisations. This data was further analysed with the Grounded Theory method to identify the important test process components, and to observe how real‐life test organisations develop their testing activities. The results indicate that the test management at the project level is an important factor; the organisations do have sufficient test resources available, but they are not necessarily applied efficiently. In addition, organisations in general are reactive; they develop their process mainly to correct problems, not to enhance their efficiency or output quality. The results of this study allows organisations to have a better understanding of the test processes, and develop towards better practices and a culture of preventing problems, not reacting to them.
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Leadership is essential for the effectiveness of the teams and organizations they are part of. The challenges facing organizations today require an exhaustive review of the strategic role of leadership. In this context, it is necessary to explore new types of leadership capable of providing an effective response to new needs. The presentday situations, characterized by complexity and ambiguity, make it difficult for an external leader to perform all leadership functions successfully. Likewise, knowledge-based work requires providing professional groups with sufficient autonomy to perform leadership functions. This study focuses on shared leadership in the team context. Shared leadership is seen as an emergent team property resulting from the distribution of leadership influence across multiple team members. Shared leadership entails sharing power and influence broadly among the team members rather than centralizing it in the hands of a single individual who acts in the clear role of a leader. By identifying the team itself as a key source of influence, this study points to the relational nature of leadership as a social construct where leadership is seen as social process of relating processes that are co-constructed by several team members. Based on recent theoretical developments concerned with relational, practice-based and constructionist approaches to the study of leadership processes, this thesis proposes the study of leadership interactions, working processes and practices to focus on the construction of direction, alignment and commitment. During the research process, critical events, activities, working processes and practices of a case team have been examined and analyzed with the grounded theory –approach in the terms of shared leadership. There are a variety of components to this complex process and a multitude of factors that may influence the development of shared leadership. The study suggests that the development process of shared leadership is a common sense -making process and consists of four overlapping dimensions (individual, social, structural, and developmental) to work with as a team. For shared leadership to emerge, the members of the team must offer leadership services, and the team as a whole must be willing to rely on leadership by multiple team members. For these individual and collective behaviors to occur, the team members must believe that offering influence to and accepting it from fellow team members are welcome and constructive actions. Leadership emerges when people with differing world views use dialogue and collaborative learning to create spaces where a shared common purpose can be achieved while a diversity of perspectives is preserved and valued. This study also suggests that this process can be supported by different kinds of meaning-making and process tools. Leadership, then, does not reside in a person or in a role, but in the social system. The built framework integrates the different dimensions of shared leadership and describes their relationships. This way, the findings of this study can be seen as a contribution to the understanding of what constitutes essential aspects of shared leadership in the team context that can be of theoretical value in terms of advancing the adoption and development process of shared leadership. In the real world, teams and organizations can create conditions to foster and facilitate the process. We should encourage leaders and team members to approach leadership as a collective effort that the team can be prepared for, so that the response is rapid and efficient.
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Kirjallisuusarvostelu
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The purpose of this research is to draw up a clear construction of an anticipatory communicative decision-making process and a successful implementation of a Bayesian application that can be used as an anticipatory communicative decision-making support system. This study is a decision-oriented and constructive research project, and it includes examples of simulated situations. As a basis for further methodological discussion about different approaches to management research, in this research, a decision-oriented approach is used, which is based on mathematics and logic, and it is intended to develop problem solving methods. The approach is theoretical and characteristic of normative management science research. Also, the approach of this study is constructive. An essential part of the constructive approach is to tie the problem to its solution with theoretical knowledge. Firstly, the basic definitions and behaviours of an anticipatory management and managerial communication are provided. These descriptions include discussions of the research environment and formed management processes. These issues define and explain the background to further research. Secondly, it is processed to managerial communication and anticipatory decision-making based on preparation, problem solution, and solution search, which are also related to risk management analysis. After that, a solution to the decision-making support application is formed, using four different Bayesian methods, as follows: the Bayesian network, the influence diagram, the qualitative probabilistic network, and the time critical dynamic network. The purpose of the discussion is not to discuss different theories but to explain the theories which are being implemented. Finally, an application of Bayesian networks to the research problem is presented. The usefulness of the prepared model in examining a problem and the represented results of research is shown. The theoretical contribution includes definitions and a model of anticipatory decision-making. The main theoretical contribution of this study has been to develop a process for anticipatory decision-making that includes management with communication, problem-solving, and the improvement of knowledge. The practical contribution includes a Bayesian Decision Support Model, which is based on Bayesian influenced diagrams. The main contributions of this research are two developed processes, one for anticipatory decision-making, and the other to produce a model of a Bayesian network for anticipatory decision-making. In summary, this research contributes to decision-making support by being one of the few publicly available academic descriptions of the anticipatory decision support system, by representing a Bayesian model that is grounded on firm theoretical discussion, by publishing algorithms suitable for decision-making support, and by defining the idea of anticipatory decision-making for a parallel version. Finally, according to the results of research, an analysis of anticipatory management for planned decision-making is presented, which is based on observation of environment, analysis of weak signals, and alternatives to creative problem solving and communication.
Resumo:
Käännös- ja tulkkaustoiminnan kokonaisuus on keskeisessä asemassa monikansallisissa kriisinhallintaoperaatioissa. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan käännös- ja tulkkaustoiminnan järjestelyjä KFOR- ja ISAF-operaatioissa 2009–10. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään, miten suomalaisen kriisinhallintajoukon käyttämät käännös- ja tulkkauspalvelut on järjestetty käytännössä, sekä arvioidaan järjestelyjen tarkoituksenmukaisuutta ja toimivuutta sotilaspedagogisesta ja osittain käännöstieteellisestä näkökulmasta. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa kartoitetaan mahdollisuuksia kehittää käännös- ja tulkkaustoimintaa tulevissa operaatiossa. Tutkimuksen tärkeimmän aineiston muodostavat operaatioalueilta kootut asiakirjat ja niitä täydentävät haastattelut. Aineiston analyysimenetelmänä on käytetty aineistopohjaista teoriaa (Grounded Theory).
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Tutkimuksen päätarkoituksena oli luoda teoreettinen ymmärrys ja malli siitä kuinka huomioida kolmen keskeisen monikansallisen ympäristön (Nato, EU ja NORDEFCO) tarjoamat mahdollisuudet kansallisten suorituskykyjen suunnittelussa ja kehittämissä.
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Kirjallisuusarvostelu
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One of the most crucial tasks for a company offering a software product is to decide what new features should be implemented in the product’s forthcoming versions. Yet, existing studies show that this is also a task with which many companies are struggling. This problem has been claimed to be ambiguous and changing. There are better or worse solutions to the problem, but no optimal one. Furthermore, the criteria determining the success of the solution keeps changing due to continuously changing competition, technologies and market needs. This thesis seeks to gain a deeper understanding of the challenges that companies have reportedly faced in determining the requirements for their forthcoming product versions. To this end, product management related activities are explored in seven companies. Following grounded theory approach, the thesis conducts four iterations of data analysis, where each of the iterations goes beyond the previous one. The thesis results in a theory proposal intended to 1) describe the essential characteristics of organizations’ product management challenges, 2) explain the origins of the perceived challenges and 3) suggest strategies to alleviate the perceived challenges. The thesis concludes that current product management approaches are becoming inadequate to deal with challenges that have multiple and conflicting interpretations, different value orientations, unclear goals, contradictions and paradoxes. This inadequacy continues to increase until current beliefs and assumptions about the product management challenges are questioned and a new paradigm for dealing with the challenges is adopted.
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The aim of this master’s thesis is to study how Agile method (Scrum) and open source software are utilized to produce software for a flagship product in a complex production environment. The empirical case and the used artefacts are taken from the Nokia MeeGo N9 product program, and from the related software program, called as the Harmattan. The single research case is analysed by using a qualitative method. The Grounded Theory principles are utilized, first, to find out all the related concepts from artefacts. Second, these concepts are analysed, and finally categorized to a core category and six supported categories. The result is formulated as the operation of software practices conceivable in circumstances, where the accountable software development teams and related context accepts a open source software nature as a part of business vision and the whole organization supports the Agile methods.
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According to many academic researches, the development of marketing capabilities can enhance organizational performance. Similarly, downstream marketing capabilities have an important role in accomplishment the organizational goals. Particularly the downstream marketing capabilities identified in this research are the Marketing Communication, Selling, Marketing implementation, and Market information management. These four capabilities are summarized under the following abilities. First, the ability to manage customers’ opinion regarding the offered value from the organization. Second, the ability of the organization to obtain orders from new and established customers. Third, the ability of aligning and translate the marketing strategy into an operating action plan along with the deployment of the organizational resources. Forth, the continuous process of gathering and managing information about the markets. Moreover, the literature review of this research shed light on the elements that compose the downstream marketing capabilities. Specifically, this research examined the downstream processes and the required information required to control these processes based on the American Productivity and Quality Center’s Process Classification Framework. Furthermore, the literature review examined some of the technological tools that are used in marketing processes, and also some managerial implication regarding the management of the downstream marketing employees. Along with the investigation of downstream marketing capabilities, the literature review investigated the utilization and the benefits of Component Business Model and Process Classification Framework, as they are defined by the organizations that developed them. Besides this initial study, the research presents how the examined organization is using the two frameworks together by cross-referring them. Finally, the research presents the optimal deployment of the collected downstream capabilities elements in the current organizational structure. The optimal deployment has been grounded on the information collected from the literature review but also from internal documentation, provided from the examined organization. By comparing the optimal deployment and the current condition on the organization, the research exhibits some points for improvement, but also some of the projects that are currently in progress inside the organization and eventually will provide solutions to these downsides.
Resumo:
Tietotyötä ja tietotyöntekijöitä on tutkittu jo monta vuosikymmentä, mutta siitä huolimatta nämä määritelmät ovat edelleen vailla tieteellisessä käytännössä vakiintunutta sisältöä. Voitaneen kuitenkin sanoa, että nykypäivän työstä yhä suurempi osuus on luokiteltavissa tietotyöksi. Tietotyöntekijöille puolestaan on keskeistä oman osaamisen myyminen työmarkkinoilla. Tästä huolimatta tietotyöntekijöiden osaaminen on tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa jäänyt melko vähäiselle huomiolle. Tässä tutkimuksessa tavoitteena on selvittää, millainen osaaminen on keskeistä kaikille tietotyöntekijöille. Tämän lisäksi tarkasteltiin myös sitä, miten näitä keskeisiä osaamisalueita voidaan mitata osaamiskartoituksen, inhimillisen pääoman tai henkilöstötilinpäätöksen avulla. Tutkimus suoritettiin laadullisena tutkimuksena ja hyödyntäen lähinnä grounded theory –menetelmää. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin tietotyöntekijöiden puolistrukturoidulla haastattelulla sekä rekrytoinnin ammattilaisille suunnatulla lomakekyselyllä, joka toteutettiin internetin välityksellä. Erityisen keskeisinä tietotyöntekijöille voidaan pitää yleisemmän tason osaamisia, kuten esimerkiksi sosiaalisia taitoja tai ongelmanratkaisukykyä. Huomattava merkitys on myös persoonaan liittyvillä ominaisuuksilla, motivaatiolla ja asenteella. Mittaamisen suhteen nämä ovat haastavia, sillä niiden toteaminen ei ole samalla tavalla yksinkertaista kuin ammattispesifin osaamisen havaitseminen. Nämä ominaisuudet ovat kuitenkin siinä määrin keskeisiä tietotyöntekijöiden työsuorituksille, että niitä ei tulisi sivuuttaa liian vaikeina.
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Tutkielman tarkoituksena oli pyrkiä selittämään kuluttajan ja brändin välistä emotionaalista suhdetta: sen syntyä, kehitystä ajassa ja vaikutusta brändisuhteen laatuun. Brändisuhteen laadulla tässä tutkielmassa viitattiin erityisesti uskollisuuteen brändiä kohtaan sekä haluun kuluttaa brändin tuotetarjooman eri tuotteita. Tarkastelun kohteena olivat ne seikat, jotka kuluttajat itse kokevat olevan tunnepitoisen suhteen kannalta olennaisia elementtejä ja tätä kautta määrittävän myös brändisuhdetta. Tutkimuksen lähestymistapa oli narratologinen, koska emotionaalisen suhteen voidaan aina katsoa olevan hyvin subjektiivinen ja ainutlaatuinen luonteeltaan. Narratologisuus tässä tutkimuksessa tarkoitti sitä, että brändisuhteen voi nähdä kuluttajan sisäisen tarinan kautta. Sisäinen tarina pitää sisällään yhteisen jaetun historian brändin kanssa ja siihen ladatut merkitykset. Narratologisten menetelmien kautta on mahdollista päästä lähemmäs kuluttajan kokemusta ilmiöstä. Aikaisempi tutkimus aiheesta oli hyvin pirstaleista, joten narratologinen lähestymistapa mahdollisti grounded theory-tyyppisen lähestymistavan. Tuloksista kävi ilmi, että emotionaalinen brändisuhde kehittyy kuluttajan eri elämänvaiheiden mukana, eikä se suinkaan ole samanlainen koko ajan. Brändisuhde on kuin elävä organismi, joka sopeutuu (tai ei sopeudu) muuttuvaan ympäristöönsä. Emotionaalinen side siis pitää kuluttajan kiinni brändissä, mutta suhteen muoto vaihtelee. Tutkimuksen tulokset valottavat myös emootioiden syntyä: emotionaalinen brändisuhde ei suinkaan synny yhden tekijän yksiselitteisenä tuloksena, vaan sen voi katsoa olevan monen tekijän summa. Voidaan myös sanoa, että siihen vaikuttavat toisaalta brändin tuotteiden tekninen suorituskyky ja toisaalta brändin kyky puhutella kuluttajaa henkilökohtaisella tasolla. Tutkimuksen tulokset puolsivat myös niiden tutkimusten tuloksia, joiden mukaan emotionaalinen brändisuhde vaikuttaa positiivisesti asiakkaiden uskollisuuteen sekä näkemyksiä, joiden mukaan emotionaalisia brändisuhteita esiintyy erityisesti brändiyhteisöissä.