Planejamento do uso agrícola das terras nas áreas de afloramento do Aquífero Guarani: uso da ferramenta de SIG.

2008

TERRITÓRIO AUTONÔMICO COMO SISTEMA

Nosso propósito é discutir o conceito teórico de território à luz do paradigma de complexidade, tal qual desenvolvido por autores como Edgar Morin, Ilya Prigogine, Isabelle Stengers, Humberto Maturana, Michel Serres, Cornelius Castoriadis, Henri Atlan, Francisco Varela, entre outros. Para tanto, enfocaremos a natureza sistêmica do território, bem como a necessidade de incorporação de novos aportes do que poderíamos denominar de pensamento científico novo-paradigmático.Acerca da complexidade, nosso intuito consiste em clarificar e aplicar alguns princípios básicos, com destaque para o princípio-guia sistêmico ou organizacional, sem obscurecer os demais tais como: o  hologramático, o do ciclo retroativo, o do ciclo recorrente, o da auto-ecoorganização e o princípio da restauração ou reintrodução do conhecido em todo o conhecimento, conforme sistematizado por Morin (2003), ao comentar a necessidade de um pensamento complexo. Igualmente, destacaremos  a necessidade de se reconhecerem as oscilações, as bifurcações, a multiplicidade de futuros e de realizações que inscrevem criativamente a instabilidade na cultura teórica do conceito de território, no dizer de Prigogine, ver o mundo como uma superposição de flutuações. Por fim, ressaltaremos o papel dos sujeitos – os “visíveis” e  os “invisibilizados”, numa aproximação da geografia,com a moral e a ética.. Do ponto de vista teórico-metodológico, portanto, discutiremos o conceito de território tendo em vista: a) a complexidade; b) a instabilidade; e c) a intersubjetividade inerentes à abordagem sistêmica contemporânea. Com isso, nossa proposta atinge seu objetivo principal: incrementar o avanço do debate teórico sobre território na direção  da  autonomia, ou seja, no sentido da gestão democrática do território e do reconhecimento do outro como legítimo.

Rastreamentos para os Homens: o que de fato é importante à luz das evidências atuais?

Os exames de rastreamento, popularmente conhecidos como check ups, são um cuidado válido em termos preventivos. Entretanto, rastrear doenças aleatoriamente, sem critérios científicos que embasem o rastreamento, é uma ação que traz mais riscos do que benefícios potenciais à saúde. Desta forma, em alusão às campanhas do mês de novembro que encorajam cuidados preventivos para a população masculina, apresentaremos nesta webconferência os exames de rastreamento recomendados aos homens, bem como alguns procedimentos não indicados, em consonância com as melhores evidências científicas disponíveis atualmente.

Melhoria da Atenção aos Usuários com Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica e/ou Diabetes Mellitus na UBS Maria da Luz, Tarauacá, AC

ROMÁN-TAMAYO, Kactherine Josefa. Título do trabalho. Melhoria da atenção aos adultos portadores de Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica e/ou Diabetes Mellitus na Unidade Básica de Saúde Maria da Luz, Tarauacá, AC. 116p. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Família) - Departamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Ano 2015. A Hipertensão (HAS) e Diabetes Mellitus (DM) são doenças que constituem um grave problema de saúde no Brasil e no mundo, e são causas de hospitalizações e mortes por complicações cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares e são considerados primeira causa de mortalidade e de hospitalizações no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar a melhoria da atenção aos adultos com Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica e/ou Diabetes Mellitus na Unidade Básica de Saúde Maria da Luz, Tarauacá, Acre. Participaram da intervenção os usuários portadores de hipertensão e de diabetes residentes na área maiores de 20 anos. Foram utilizados os protocolos do Ministério da Saúde, fichas, planilhas e prontuários para registro das atividades. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos foi necessário capacitar a equipe sobre os protocolos, exame físico, busca de usuários faltosos a consultas, cadastramento dos usuários hipertensos e diabéticos residentes na comunidade, examinados em consulta e/ou visitas domiciliares indicando os exames laboratoriais e sendo classificados segundo a estratificação do risco cardiovascular, orientados na prática de exercícios físicos, no risco do tabagismo para a saúde e sobre orientações higiene bucal. Durante a intervenção, em 12 semanas, foram cadastrados 261 usuários hipertensos (39,5%) e 35 usuários diabéticos (21,5%) do total estimado. Durante este período avaliamos indicadores que permitiram organizar e melhorar o atendimento ao usuário, melhorando a qualidade do serviço e humanizando o mesmo. Avaliamos 100% dos usuários cadastrados, todos utilizam os medicamentos da Farmácia Popular e os cartões de medicamentos fornecidos pelo SUS. Todos os usuários hipertensos e diabéticos (100%) estiveram com exames clínicos em dia e receberam exames dos pés de acordo com o protocolo, os usuários hipertensos e diabéticos faltosos às consultas receberam busca ativa; todos estiveram com registro adequado na ficha de acompanhamento, receberam estratificação de risco cardiovascular, foram orientados quanto à nutrição e alimentação saudável, prática de atividade física regular, riscos do tabagismo e higiene bucal. A intervenção promoveu também melhor organização no trabalho, adesão e competência científica na equipe e no serviço. A comunidade está mais engajada e participa das atividades desenvolvidas na unidade. Em conclusão, houve a melhora da cobertura e da qualidade de atenção aos usuários com HAS e DM da área de abrangência assim como mudanças positivas no estilo de vida mais saudável dos usuários hipertensos e diabéticos com um adequado controle. Palavras-chave: Saúde da família; Atenção Primária à Saúde; Doença Crônica; Hipertensão Arterial; Diabetes Mellitus.

Homogeneidade e heterogeneidade nos sistemas educacionais: Argentina, Brasil, Chile e México

This study focus on the reconfiguration of educational management in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico, which was promoted by the new logic of social regulation and the new role attributed to the State, considering each country's own historicity. So, the cultural factors that interfere on the dynamics of the 90' school reform are analyzed. Aspects that show the homogeneity or heterogeneity of these reforms in the region, as well as local specificities that block out the concretization of the reform are underlined. It is shown that the historicity that characterizes the educational reform has taken, in each country, a form that can be called, in Mexico, conservative rupture; in Chile, conservative continuity; in Brazil, conservative renovation; and, in Argentina, interrupted rupture. Some conclusions about the impact of educational reform in the selected countries are recuperated through the analysis of 186 academic texts on the subject.

Variabilidade espacial e sazonal da concentração de elementos-traço em sedimentos do sistema estuarino de Santos-Cubatão (SP)

Multi-element analyses of sediment samples from the Santos-Cubatão Estuarine System were carried out to investigate the spatial and seasonal variability of trace-element concentrations. The study area contains a rich mangrove ecosystem that is a habitat for tens of thousands of resident and migratory birds, some of them endangered globally. Enrichments of metals in fine-grained surface sediments are, in decreasing order, Hg, Mn, La, Ca, Sr, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ba, Cu, Cr, Fe, Nb, Y, Ni and Ga, relative to pre-industrial background levels. The maximum enrichment ranged from 49 (Hg) to 3.1 (Ga). Mercury concentrations were greater in the Cubatão river than in other sites, while the other elements showed greater concentrations in the Morrão river. Concentrations of Mn were significantly greater in winter and autumn than in summer and spring. However, other elements (e.g. Cd and Pb) showed the opposite, with greater concentrations in summer and spring. This study suggests that seasonal changes in physical and chemical conditions may affect the degree of sediment enrichment and therefore make the assessment of contamination difficult. Consequently, these processes need to be considered when assessing water quality and the potential contamination of biota.

Sistema limpo em linha para extração em fase sólida de contaminantes emergentes em águas naturais

A solid-phase in-line extraction system for water samples containing low levels of emerging contaminants is described. The system was specially developed for large volume samples (up to 4 L) using commercial solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Four sets containing PTFE-made connectors, brass adapters and ball valves were used to fit SPE cartridges and sample bottles to a 4-port manifold attached to a 20 L carboy. A lab-made vacuum device was connected to the manifold cap. The apparatus is robust and less expensive than the typical available system. Its also provides less experimental handling, avoiding cross contamination and sample losses.

Análise do investimento em climatização para bovinos de leite em sistema de alojamento free-stall

The difficulty in adapting European dairy cows breeds in Brazil affect considerably the milk production sector. Brazilian climatic conditions are not totally favorable and the development of new tecnologies is needed for the animals express their genetic potential, as well as their best feed conversion. An economical analysis of the applied investment in the free-stall climatization equipment in dairy housing, for estimating studies related to profit, possibility of return investment as well as time for this return is necessary. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of climatization investment in the milk production process and analyze the economical aspect of this investment. There were used 470 high productive dairy cows with genetic and morphologic homogeneous characteristics, and analyzed in two similar periods. Investment calculations were done using Excell®. The results were satisfactory and the invested capital was proved to return to the producer in a short term, 57 days.

Sistema de monitoramento de perdas visíveis de cana-de-açúcar em colhedora de cana picada

In the last few years the sugar-cane mechanical harvested area has increased, especially in regions with appropriated slop. The use of this technology brings some inconveniences, such as, the increase in the percentage of extraneous matter, which causes the reduction of technological quality of the raw material, and losses in the field. Extraneous matter (trash) is composed of tops and leaves in major percentage, plus soil and roots, and eventually some metal parts. In the green cane harvest system the percentage of extraneous matter has a tendency to increase due to the great amount of vegetal matter to be processed. The increase in the blower fan speed to reduce the amount of extraneous matter can lead to an unacceptable economic level of raw material losses. The main objective of this work was, using a cane loss monitor, to evaluate and quantify the amount of visible losses of sugar cane through the primary extractor at two different fan speeds. Afterwards these losses were related to the harvester cleaning efficiency. The piezoelectric transducer shows a reasonable sensibility. The results show that the cleaning efficiency in the primary extractor (85% mean), the cane losses (between 5.68% and 2.15%) and fan speed are interrelated. The total losses and specially splinters (between 3.19% and 0.91%), showed a significant difference among the treatments.

Sistema de sincronismo entre a colhedora de cana-de-açúcar e o veículo de transbordo

One of the problems found in mechanical harvest of sugar cane is the lack of synchronism between the harvest machine and the infield wagon, causing crop losses as well as operational capacity. The objective of the present research was to design a system capable of helping to synchronize the sugar cane harvest machine with the wagon. The communication between tractor and harvest machine is wireless. Two ultrasound sensors coupled to the elevator and a microprocessor manage such information, generating a correct synchronization among the machines. The system was tested in laboratory and on field performing its function adequately, maintaining the two machines in synchronization, indicating and alerting the operators their relative positions. The developed system reduced the sugar cane lost in 60 kg ha-1 comparing to the harvest with the system turned off.

Germinação e crescimento de Calophyllum brasiliense (Clusiaceae), uma espécie típica de florestas inundadas

Soil waterlogging and the subsequent reduction in the amount of oxygen available for the respiration of the root system selected, along the evolutive process, plants able to thrive in seasonally or permanently flooded areas. In neotropical plants there are many types of adaptations to flooding. In this paper we present the results of the work carried out with seeds and seedlings of C brasiliense subjected to hypoxia during germination and early development. C brasiliense seeds are not photoblastic and survive up to three months burried in a water saturated substrate, but germination only takes place in well-drained soils. Soil waterlogging does not inhibit seedling growth and there are no apparent morphological changes of the aerial part of flooded plants. New and aerated roots that make plant survival possible replace old and spoiled roots. In contrast to many typical species of flood-prone areas where growth is inhibited by oxygen stress. C. brasiliense seedlings seem to be well adapted to their waterlogged environment. Seed dispersion, the absence of photoblastic response as well as seed and seedling capacity of surviving and growing in waterlogged soils contribute to the wide geographic distribution of C. brasiliense always associated with areas subjected to soil waterlogging.

Sistema MINUS® - técnica minimamente invasiva para o tratamento das fraturas transtrocanterianas do fêmur

The MINUS system was developed as a minimally invasive procedure that uses a diaphyseal cephalic extramedullary implant for the treatment of transtrochanteral fractures of the femur in elderly patients. The implant consists of a sliding screw coupled to a plate adapted to the minimally invasive technique. The surgical access is approximately three centimeters in length located on the lateral surface of the hip, below the projection of the small trochanter. A perfectly adapted instrument was used for the procedure, which also requires the use of an image intensifier, reducing surgery time and rate of bleeding. The objective of this study is to present a new instrument and implant, developed specifically for treatment with the minimally invasive technique, reducing the length of the conventional surgical access from 10 to three centimetres. This new implant was given the commercial name of MINUS System.

Sistema Fonológico do Português: Rediscutindo o Consenso

Problems identified in the study and analysis of the phonology of Brazilian Indian languages belonging to the Macro-Jê branch such as Kaingang, Maxakali, and Mebengokre led the author to confirm the accuracy of some intuitions on the part of Piggott (1992) and Rice (1993) on dealing with relations between nasality and sonorancy (D'Angelis 1998). The applicability of the approach to the distinct processes of nasality and nasalization in Portuguese was verified with surprising results that recover some intuitions of Trubetzkoy (1939) and contribute to reconfirm the Mattoso Câmara's (1953; 1970) considerations, but at the same time go beyond them. This article presents the result of this investigation and its conclusions that suggest the validity and the necessity of reexamining even the phonemic inventory of the Portuguese language, an issue not at all questioned in the teaching of phonology, to take into account the linguistic changes in the phonological system of that language in the last fifty years.

Sistema Nacional de Educação articulado ao Plano Nacional de Educação

This text which discusses the central theme of the National Conference on Education (CONAE), held in Brasília from 28th March to 1st April 2010, deals with the concept of a National System of Education in articulation with the National Plan of Education. To that end, after pointing to the basic uses of the concept of system, it discusses the question of the National System of Education exploring the federative question in order to reveal the complete compatibility of the organization of the National System of Education with the federative regime. Thereafter, it deals with the historical meaning of the National Plan of Education demonstrating that the plan is a demand of the system, since planned action is implicit in systematized education. Thus the National Plan of Education is fulfilling those goals and objectives for which it is responsible.

Correlação radiológica e histológica de lesões mamárias não-palpáveis em pacientes submetidas a marcação pré-cirúrgica, utilizando-se o sistema BI-RADS

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the positive predictive value for BI-RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) categories 3, 4 and 5, correlating mammographic and histological diagnosis in non-palpable breast lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analytical-descriptive study of 169 women submitted to stereotactic localization for surgical biopsy of non-palpable breast lesions. Mammographic and histological findings were correlated, analyzing the predictive positive value for each category. RESULTS: Forty-two (24.8%) cases were diagnosed with breast cancer - only one in category 3, 19 in category 4, and 22 in category 5. The positive predictive value for categories 3, 4A, 4B, 4C and 5 were, respectively, 3.4%, 10.3%, 11.3%, 36% and 91.7%. Microcalcifications were the most frequent finding related to malignancy, present in 61.5% of these cases. CONCLUSION: The present study has demonstrated that BI-RADS allows a safe prediction of high suspicion of malignancy in lesions category 5 and low suspicion for category 3. As regards the category 4, the positive predictive value has shown a progressive increase in subcategories A, B and C, demonstrating that this subclassification represents an invaluable contribution for a more detailed and accurate assessment of lesions suspicious for malignancy.