Peer effects on locus of control

Eu analiso o papel que a intera����o entre pares tem na determina����o do Locus de Controle, uma medida de qu��o pessoalmente respons��vel as pessoas se sentem com rela����o a diferentes aspectos de suas vidas. Eu estabele��o identifica����o atrav��s de varia����o no tamanho do grupo e de vari��veis instrumentais baseadas na estrutura de painel dos dados. Eu estudo a quest��o no contexto escolar, utilizando os dados de alunos no Ensino Fundamental de um munic��pio brasileiro, que inclui o question��rio de Tel Aviv de Locus de Controle. Minhas estimativas n��o apresentam sinais de peer effects end��genos ou contextuais.

Windows of opportunities and knowledge networks: implications for the catch-up in developing countries

This document represents a doctoral thesis held under the Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration of Getulio Vargas Foundation (EBAPE/FGV), developed through the elaboration of three articles. The research that resulted in the articles is within the scope of the project entitled ���Windows of opportunities and knowledge networks: implications for catch-up in developing countries���, funded by Support Programme for Research and Academic Production of Faculty (ProPesquisa) of Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration (EBAPE) of Getulio Vargas Foundation.

Multivariate analysis for the classification and differentiation of Madeira wines according to main grape varieties

In order to differentiate and characterize Madeira wines according to main grape varieties, the volatile composition (higher alcohols, fatty acids, ethyl esters and carbonyl compounds) was determined for 36 monovarietal Madeira wine samples elaborated from Boal, Malvazia, Sercial and Verdelho white grape varieties. The study was carried out by headspace solid-phase microextraction technique (HS-SPME), in dynamic mode, coupled with gas chromatography���mass spectrometry (GC���MS). Corrected peak area data for 42 analytes from the above mentioned chemical groups was used for statistical purposes. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied in order to determine the main sources of variability present in the data sets and to establish the relation between samples (objects) and volatile compounds (variables). The data obtained by GC���MS shows that the most important contributions to the differentiation of Boal wines are benzyl alcohol and (E)-hex-3-en-1-ol. Ethyl octadecanoate, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol and benzoic acid are the major contributions in Malvazia wines and 2-methylpropan-1-ol is associated to Sercial wines. Verdelho wines are most correlated with 5-(ethoxymethyl)-furfural, nonanone and cis-9-ethyldecenoate. A 96.4% of prediction ability was obtained by the application of stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) using the 19 variables that maximise the variance of the initial data set.

Varietal flavour compounds of four grape varieties producing Madeira wines

Boal, Malvasia, Sercial and Verdelho are the main white grape varieties used in Madeira wine production. To estimate the free fraction of varietal aroma compounds of these varieties, 39 samples of musts were analysed to determine their content of monoterpenols and C13 norisoprenoids (terpenoids), using dynamic headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography���mass spectrometry. The r-values for linearity studies of the analytical method used, varied between 0.977 (nerolidol) and 0.999 (linalool). The repeatability for each compound varied between 2.5% (citronellol) and 11.8% (��-ionone). The mean values from three vintages (1998, 1999 and 2000) confirmed that these musts have differentiated contents of terpenoids. In opposition to Verdelho musts, Malvasia showed the highest free terpenoids content. In order to establish relations between the compounds and the varieties under investigation, principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis were applied to the data, revealing a good separation and classification power between the four groups as a function of varietal origin.

Optimisation of solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography���mass spectrometry based methodology to establish the global volatile signature in pulp and skin of Vitis vinifera L. grape varieties

The volatiles (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) responsible for aroma are mainly present in skin of grape varieties. Thus, the present investigation is directed towards the optimisation of a solvent free methodology based on headspace-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography���quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC���qMS) in order to establish the global volatile composition in pulp and skin of Bual and Bastardo Vitis vinifera L. varieties. A deep study on the extraction-influencing parameters was performed, and the best results, expressed as GC peak area, number of identified compounds and reproducibility, were obtained using 4 g of sample homogenised in 5 mL of ultra-pure Milli-Q water in a 20 mL glass vial with addition of 2 g of sodium chloride (NaCl). A divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fibre was selected for extraction at 60 ��C for 45 min under continuous stirring at 800 rpm. More than 100 VOCs and SVOCs, including 27 monoterpenoids, 27 sesquiterpenoids, 21 carbonyl compounds, 17 alcohols (from which 2 aromatics), 10 C13 norisoprenoids and 5 acids were identified. The results showed that, for both grape varieties, the levels and number of volatiles in skin were considerably higher than those observed in pulp. According to the data obtained by principal component analysis (PCA), the establishment of the global volatile signature of grape and the relationship between different part of grapes���pulp and skin, may be an useful tool to winemaker decision to define the vinification procedures that improves the organoleptic characteristics of the corresponding wines and consequently contributed to an economic valorization and consumer acceptance.

Effect of sowing time on phytomass production during early growth of two varieties of Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw.

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of two sowing times on phytomass production of two varieties of Slylosanthes guianensis (var. pauciflora and var. vulgaris). Two experimental periods were studied (1: January - May/1998 and 2: November/1998 - March/1999) using a completely randomized factorial design 2 x 2 x 14 (two periods, two varieties and fourteen ages of evaluation), with four replications. The results showed a difference between the periods concerning the growth and development of Stylosanthes, and that period 2 was the most favourable to this forage plant. There was, also, different adaptability between the two varieties concerning the sowing times. The var. pauciflora was more adapted in period 1, and the var. vulgaris, in period 2. The data showed the possibility of selecting Stylosanthes cultivars adapted to different seasonal conditions.

Susceptibility of fruits of the 'Val��ncia' and 'Natal' sweet orange varieties to Guignardia citricarpa and the influence of the coexistence of healthy and symptomatic fruits

Em pomar de laranjeiras 'Val��ncia' e 'Natal' avaliou-se a import��ncia da presen��a de frutos sintom��ticos da mancha preta citros (MPC) na severidade da doen��a nos frutos c��tricos da safra subseq��ente. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se o est��dio de suscetibilidade dos frutos dessas variedades. Frutos foram protegidos com sacos de papel cristal a partir do est��dio de 75% de p��talas ca��das em outubro de 2000, at�� abril de 2001. Frutos foram expostos, em intervalos semanais, da 1�� �� 24�� semana. Esse processo se deu tanto em plantas onde os frutos da safra remanescente foram previamente colhidos, como naquelas cujos frutos sintom��ticos da safra remanescente permaneceram at�� a sua queda natural. Avaliou-se a severidade da doen��a usando uma escala de notas que variou de 0 (aus��ncia de sintomas) a 6 (sintomas severos). Observou-se que para as duas variedades os con��dios de Phyllosticta citricarpa, formados nas les��es dos frutos da safra remanescente, n��o provocaram incremento significativo na severidade da doen��a dos frutos da safra subseq��ente. A prote����o dos frutos at�� 10�� semana ap��s a queda de p��talas n��o influenciou na quantidade final de les��es, indicando que as descargas de asc��sporos que ocorreram a partir desse momento foram, provavelmente, respons��veis pela severidade da doen��a. Frutos que ficaram expostos entre a 20�� a 24�� semanas ap��s a queda de 75% de p��talas mostraram-se sintom��ticos, indicando que nesse est��dio frutos encontravam-se suscet��veis ao pat��geno.

The feeding preferences of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. SMITH) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton plant varieties

Avaliou-se atratividade e n��o-prefer��ncia alimentar de lagartas rec��m-eclodidas de Spodoptera frugiperda por partes de plantas e plantas de variedades de algodoeiro. Testes foram realizados a 27 �� 1��C, UR de 70% �� 10% e fotofase de 14h. Folhas, br��cteas, bot��es florais e cascas de ma����s da variedade BRS Itamarati-90 e folhas de Fibermax-966, Fibermax-977, DeltaOpal, DeltaPenta, BRS Acala-90, Coodetec-408, Coodetec-409, Coodetec-410, BRS-Cedro, BRS-Ip��, BRS-Aroeira, IPR-96, IPR-120, BRS-Ara����, IAC-24 e BRS Itamarati-90 foram utilizadas nos testes de atratividade e n��o-prefer��ncia para alimenta����o, com e sem chance de escolha. Utilizaram-se 20 lagartas de S. frugiperda por placa de Petri (sistema de arena) por teste, com 10 repeti����es. Contaram-se lagartas para avaliar atratividade por 60 min e n��o-prefer��ncia para alimenta����o por 24 h. Folha foi mais atrativa e preferida para alimenta����o por lagartas de S. frugiperda. em livre escolha, Coodetec-410 foi mais atrativa e BRS Acala-90, Fibermax-966 e DeltaPenta, as de menor atratividade �� S. frugiperda; BRS-Ara����, mais preferida para alimenta����o e BRS-Cedro, BRS Itamarati 90, DeltaPenta, Coodetec-408 e BRS-Aroeira, menos preferidas. Considera-se 46 min., tempo mais adequado para avaliar atratividade de algodoeiro a lagartas de S. frugiperda.

Locus coeruleus is a central chemoreceptive site in toads

The locus coeruleus (LC) has been suggested as a CO2 chemoreceptor site in mammals. This nucleus is a mesencephalic structure of the amphibian brain and is probably homologous to the LC in mammals. There are no data available for the role of LC in the central chemoreception of amphibians. Thus the present study was designed to investigate whether LC of toads (Bufo schneideri) is a CO2/H+ chemoreceptor site. Fos immunoreactivity was used to verify whether the nucleus is activated by hypercarbia (5% CO2 in air). In addition, we assessed the role of noradrenergic LC neurons on respiratory and cardiovascular responses to hypercarbia by using 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. To further explore the role of LC in central chemosensitivity, we examined the effects of microinjection of solutions with different pH values (7.2, 7.4, 7.6, 7.8, and 8.0) into the nucleus. Our main findings were that 1) a marked increase in c-fos-positive cells in the LC was induced after 3 h of breathing a hypercarbic gas mixture; 2) chemical lesions in the LC attenuated the increase of the ventilatory response to hypercarbia but did not affect ventilation under resting conditions; and 3) microinjection with acid solutions (pH = 7.2, 7.4, and 7.6) into the LC elicited an increased ventilation, indicating that the LC of toads participates in the central chemoreception.

Role of Locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons in cardiorespiratory and thermal control during hypoxia

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

The locus coeruleus and central chemosensitivity

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Role of neurokinin-1 expressing neurons in the locus coeruleus on ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to hypercapnia

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Caracteriza����o molecular e diversidade gen��tica de diferentes variedades de abacate por marcadores microssat��lites

Pertencente �� fam��lia Lauraceae, o abacateiro compreende tr��s ra��as hort��colas: antilhana, guatemalense e mexicana. Os marcadores moleculares s��o uma ferramenta r��pida e eficaz para estudos gen��micos, uma vez que detectam o polimorfismo diretamente ao n��vel do DNA e n��o sofrem qualquer tipo de influ��ncia ambiental. Com base nesse polimorfismo, �� poss��vel fazer infer��ncias sobre as rela����es entre o gen��tipo e o fen��tipo dos indiv��duos, o que, em ��ltima an��lise, permite aumentar a efici��ncia dos programas de melhoramento. Diante o exposto, o objetivo foi investigar a diversidade gen��tica entre sete variedades de abacate a partir de 5 l��cus de marcadores moleculares microssat��lites (SSR). Nas amostras de abacateiros avaliadas, encontrou-se um total de 18 alelos, com uma m��dia de 3,6 alelos por l��cus. O dendrograma gerado a partir de an��lise de agrupamento UPGMA agrupou, separadamente do resto dos gen��tipos, a cultivar Geada da ra��a Antilhana, possivelmente por esta variedade ser uma ra��a pura, e o restante foi agrupado em dois grandes grupos das ra��as, a Guatemalense e a Mexicana. Os gen��tipos das sete variedades de abacate apresentam diversidade gen��tica nos cinco l��cus de marcadores moleculares microssat��lites (SSR) avaliados, o que indica que s��o materiais promissores para utiliza����o em futuros programas de melhoramento.

Resistance of stored bean varieties to Acanthoscelides obtectus (Coleoptera : Bruchidae)

During bean seed storage, yield can be lost due to infestations of Acanthoscelides obtectus Say, the bean weevil. The use of resistant varieties has shown promising results in fighting these insects, reducing infestation levels and eliminating chemical residues from the beans. The expression of resistance to A. obtectus in bean varieties is frequently attributed to the presence of phytohemagglutinins, protease inhibitors and alpha-amylase, and especially to variants of the protein arcelin, which reduce the larval viability of these insects. To evaluate the effect of bean seed storage time on the resistance expression of bean varieties to A. obtectus, tests with seeds of three ages (freshly-harvested, 4-month-old, and 8-month-old) were conducted in the laboratory, using four commercial varieties: Carioca Pitoco, Ipa 6, Porrillo 70, Onix; four improved varieties containing arcelin protein: Are. 1, Arc.2, Arc. 3, Arc.4; and three wild varieties also containing arcelin protein: Arc. IS, Arc.3S, and Arc. 5S. The Arc.5S, Arc. IS, and Arc.2 varieties expressed high antibiosis levels against the weevil; Arc. I and Arc3S expressed the same mechanism, but at lower levels. The occurrence of oviposition non-preference was also observed in Arc.5S and Arc. IS. The Arc.3 and Arc. 4 varieties expressed low feeding non-preference levels against A. obtectus. The expression of resistance in arcelin-bearing, wild or improved varieties was affected during the storage of seeds, and was high under some parameters but low in others. The results showed that addition of chemical resistance factors such as protein arcelin via genetic breeding may be beneficial in improving the performance of bean crops.

EFFECT of TYPES of NOZZLES on SPRAY DEPOSITION on TWO SOYBEAN VARIETIES IN STAGE V3

The effect of application with different nozzle types and volume rates on spray deposition in the V3 stage of two soybean cultivars was evaluated. The experiments were conducted in the Facultad de Ciencias Agronomicas of the UNESP-Botucatu/SP. The nozzles evaluated were an air induced flat fan nozzle (Al 11015 at 150 L ha(-1), Al 11002 at 200 and 250 L ha(-1)), a twin flat fan nozzle (TJ 60 11002 at 150, 200 and 250 L ha(-1)), and a cone nozzle (TX 6 at 150 L ha(-1), TX 8 at 150 L ha(-1) and TX 10 at 250 L ha(-1)). To evaluate spray deposition on the plants, a tracer (Brilliant Blue FD&C-1) was added. The experimental design was random blocks with four replications. Deposition on plants was determined by absorbancy reading in 630 nm wavelength. The data were adjusted to a calibration curve and transformed into deposited spray volume in mL. The relationship deposition per unit of dry matter was adjusted to a regression curve (Gompertz model). In cultivar CD 208, the highest deposit was for the larger volumes and for the treatment TX 8 200 L ha(-1). The most uniform treatments were all the nozzles with the volume 150 L ha(-1) and the TJ60 nozzle for 200 1, ha(-1). In cultivar CD 216, the greatest spray depositions were achieved with the treatments Al at 200 and 250 L ha(-1) and TJ 60 at 250 L ha(-1), and the most uniform treatments were the TX 6 and TJ60 nozzles for the volume150 L ha(-1).