Generation of primary hepatocyte microarrays by piezoelectric printing

We demonstrate a single-step method for the generation of collagen and poly-l-Lysine (PLL) micropatterns on a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) functionalized glass surface for cell based assays. The method involves establishing a reliable silanization method to create an effective non-adhesive PEG layer on glass that inhibits cell attachment, followed by the spotting of collagen or PLL solutions using non-contact piezoelectric printing. We show for the first time that the spotted protein micropatterns remain stable on the PEG surface even after extensive washing, thus significantly simplifying protein pattern formation. We found that adherence and spreading of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts was confined to PLL and collagen areas of the micropatterns. In contrast, primary rat hepatocytes adhered and spread only on collagen micropatterns, where they formed uniform, well defined functionally active cell arrays. The differing affinity of hepatocytes and NIH-3T3 fibroblasts for collagen and PLL patterns was used to develop a simple technique for creating a co-culture of the two cell types. This has the potential to form structured arrays that mimic the in vivo hepatic environment and is easily integrated within a miniaturized analytical platform for developing high throughput toxicity analysis in vitro.

Synthesis of polymers and copolymers of lactide through titanium initators

The research described in this thesis explored the synthesis tlnd characteristltion of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers of lactide through non-toxic titanium alkoxide nitiators. The research objectives focused on the preparation of polylactides in both solvent and solventless media, to produce materials with a wide range of molecular weights. The polylactides were fully characterised using gel permeation chromatography and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. NMR spectroscopy was carried out in the study the reaction mechanisms. Kinetic studies of the ring opening polymerisation of lactide with titanium alkoxide initiators were also conducted using NMR spectroscopy. The objectives of this research were also focused on the enhancement of the flexibility of the polymer chains by synthesising random and block copolymers of lactide and ε-caprolactone using Ti(0-i-Pr)4 as an initiator, This work involved extensive characterisalion of the synthesised copolymers using gel permeation chromatography and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis. Kinetic studies of the ring opening polymerisation of ε-caplrolactone and of the copolymerisation of lactide and ε-caprolactone with Ti(O-i-Pr)4 as an initiator were also carried out. The last section of this work involved the synthesis of block and star-shaped copolymers of lactide and poly(ethylene glycol) [PEG]. The preparation of lactide/PEG block copolymers was carried out by ring opening polymerisation of L-Iactide using Ti(O-i-Pr)4 as an initiator and hydroxyl-terminated PEG's with different numbers of hydroxyl groups as co-initiators both in solution and solventless media. These all-in-one polymersations yielded the synthesis of both lactide homopolymer and lactide/PEG block copolymer. In order to selectively synthesise copolymers of lactide and PEG, the experiment was carried out in two steps. The first step consisted of the synthesis of a titanium macro-initiator by exchanging the iso-propoxide ligands by PEG with different numbers of hydroxyl groups. The second step involved the ring opening polymerisation of lactide using the titanium macrocatalyst that was prepared as an initiator. The polymerisations were carried out in a solventless media. The synthesis of lactide/PEG copolymers using polyethylene glycol with amino terminal groups was also discussed. Extensive characterisation of the lactide block copolymers and macroinitiators was carried out using techniques such as, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), NMR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimeter (DeS).

Interaction of metal salts with polyethers

The dielectric properties of pure low to medium molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(propylene glycol) and a variety of their salt complexes have been studied through the measurement of the dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss over a range of frequency and temperature. The major proportion of this study has been concerned with the examination of the nature of the interaction between mercuric chloride and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG). Other salt-poly-ether combinations have also been considered such as cobalt chloride-PPG cadmium chloride-PPG zinc chloride-PPG and ferric chloride-PEG (polyethylene glycol). Some of this work was also supported by chemical shift and spin-lattice Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (N.M.R.) spectroscopy. The dielectric permittivity data were analysed using the Onsager relation to calculate the mean dipole moment per dipolar unit. This approach was employed in the discussion of various models proposed for the structure of salt-polyether complexes. The effect of mercuric chloride on the statistical conformations of poly(propylene-glycol) was studied in a quantitative manner using the relationships of marchal-Benoit. The dielectric relaxation activation energy and mean energy difference between gauche and trans conformations of poly(propylene glycol) in the presence of mercuric chloride, both showed a distinct minimum when the concentration of mercuric chloride was close to 5 mole %. Opposite behaviour was observed for the Cole-Cole parameter. It was concluded that the majority of the dielectric data could be rationalised in terms of a 5-membered cyclic complex formed between mercuric chloride and PPG in which the complexed segment of the polyether-(OMeCH2CH2O)- adopted either gauche or cis conformations.

Local and systemic delivery of a novel group of inhibitors of transglutaminase enzyme: A potential approach for treating of catheter-related complications and liver fibrosis

The present thesis investigates targeted (locally and systemically) delivery of a novel group of inhibitors of enzyme transglutaminases (TGs). TGs are a widely distributed group of enzymes that catalyse the formation of isopeptide bonds between the y-carboxamide group of protein-bound glutamines and the a-amino group of protein-bound lysines or polyamines. The first group of the novel inhibitors tested were the tluorescently labelled inhibitors of Factor XIIIa (FXIIIa). These small, non-toxic inhibitors have the potential to prevent stabilisation of thrombi by FXIIIa and consequently increase the natural rate of thrombolysis, in addition it reduces staphylococcal colonisation of catheters by inhibiting their FXIIIa¬mediated cross-linking to blood clot proteins on the central venous catheter (CVCs) surface. The aim of this work was to incorporate the FXIIIa inhibitor either within coating of polyurethane (PU) catheters or to integrate it into silicone catheters, so as to reduce the incidence of thrombotic occlusion and associated bacterial infection in CVCs. The initial work focused on the incorporation of FXIIIa inhibitors within polymeric coatings of PU catheters. After defining the key characteristics desired for an effective polymeric-coating, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) or their combination were studies as polymers of choice for coating of the catheters_ The coating was conducted by dip-coating method in a polymer solution containing the inhibitor. Upon incubation of the inhibitor-and polymer-coated strips in buffer, PVP was dissolved instantly, generating fast and significant drug release, whilst PLGA did not dissolve, yielding a slow and an insufficient amount of drug release. Nevertheless, the drug release profile was enhanced upon employing a blend solution of PVP and PLGA. The second part of the study was to incorporate the FXIIIa inhibitor into a silicone elastomer; results demonstrated that FXIIIa inhibitor can be incorporated and released from silicone by using citric acid (CA) and sodium bicarbonate (SB) as additives and the drug release rate can be controlled by the amount of incorporated additives in the silicone matrix. Furthermore, it was deemed that the inhibitor was still biologically active subsequent to being released from the silicone elastomer strips. Morphological analysis confirmed the formation of channels and cracks inside the specimens upon the addition of CA and SB. Nevertheless, the tensile strength, in addition to Young's modulus of silicone elastomer strips, decreased constantly with an increasing amount of amalgamated CA/ SB in the formulations. According to our results, incorporation of FXIIIa inhibitor into catheters and other medical implant devices could offer new perspectives in preventing bio-material associated infections and thrombosis. The use of tissue transglutaminase (T02) inhibitor for treating of liver fibrosis was also investigated. Liver fibrosis is characterized by increased synthesis and decreased degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Transglutaminase-mediated covalent cross-linking is involved in the stabilization of ECM in human liver fibrosis. Thus, TG2 inhibitors may be used to counteract the decreased degradation of the ECM. The potential of a liposome based drug delivery system for site specific delivery of the fluorescent TG2 inhibitor into the liver was investigated; results indicated that the TG2 inhibitor can be successfully integrated into liposomes and delivered to the liver, therefore demonstrating that liposomes can be employed for site-specific delivery of TG2 inhibitors into the liver and TG2 inhibitor incorporating liposomes could offer a new approach in treating liver fibrosis and its end stage disease cirrhosis.

Investigating polymer-peptide conjugates and electrospinning for the production of advanced materials

This thesis describes the production of advanced materials comprising a wide array of polymer-based building blocks. These materials include bio-hybrid polymer-peptide conjugates, based on phenylalanine and poly(ethylene oxide), and polymers with intrinsic microporosity (PIMs). Polymer-peptides conjugates were previously synthesised using click chemistry. Due to the inherent disadvantages of the reported synthesis, a new, simpler, inexpensive protocol was sought. Three synthetic methods based on amidation chemistry were investigated for both oligopeptide and polymerpeptide coupling. The resulting conjugates produced were then assessed by various analytical techniques, and the new synthesis was compared with the established protocol. An investigation was also carried out focussing on polymer-peptide coupling via ester chemistry, involving deprotection of the carboxyl terminus of the peptide. Polymer-peptide conjugates were also assessed for their propensity to self-assemble into thixotropic gels in an array of solvent mixtures. Determination of the rules governing this particular self-assembly (gelation) was required. Initial work suggested that at least four phenylalanine peptide units were necessary for self-assembly, due to favourable hydrogen bond interactions. Quantitative analysis was carried out using three analytical techniques (namely rheology, FTIR, and confocal microscopy) to probe the microstructure of the material and provided further information on the conditions for self-assembly. Several polymers were electrospun in order to produce nanofibres. These included novel materials such as PIMs and the aforementioned bio-hybrid conjugates. An investigation of the parameters governing successful fibre production was carried out for PIMs, polymer-peptide conjugates, and for nanoparticle cages coupled to a polymer scaffold. SEM analysis was carried out on all material produced during these electrospinning experiments.

Electrocoating of carbon fibres:a route for interface control in carbon fibre reinforced poly methylmethacrylate?

A simple method of creating defined PMMA and poly (MMA-co-Cz) electrocoatings on carbon fibres is described. The electrodeposition of poly methylmethacrylate (PMMA) onto unsized, unmodified carbon fibres was performed by simple constant current electrolyses of methylmethacrylate (MMA) monomer in dimethylformamide (DMF) solutions and the 'pur' liquid monomer using sodium nitrate and lithium perchlorate as supporting electrolytes. The presence of polymeric coatings successfully attached to the carbon fibres was verified by scanning electron microscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Performing the electrolysis in dilute MMA in DMF solutions ([MMA]

Self-assembly-driven electrospinning:the transition from fibers to intact beaded morphologies

Polymer beads have attracted considerable interest for use in catalysis, drug delivery, and photo­nics due to their particular shape and surface morphology. Electrospinning, typically used for producing nanofibers, can also be used to fabricate polymer beads if the solution has a sufficiently low concentration. In this work, a novel approach for producing more uniform, intact beads is presented by electrospinning self-assembled block copolymer (BCP) solutions. This approach allows a relatively high polymer concentration to be used, yet with a low degree of entanglement between polymer chains due to microphase separation of the BCP in a selective solvent system. Herein, to demonstrate the technology, a well-studied polystyrene-poly(ethylene butylene)–polystyrene triblock copolymer is dissolved in a co-solvent system. The effect of solvent composition on the characteristics of the fibers and beads is intensively studied, and the mechanism of this fiber-to-bead is found to be dependent on microphase separation of the BCP.

Biomimetic synthetic lubricants (Biosurfactants)

Poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMA) based copolymers are known to undergo conformational transition in response to environmental stimuli. This smart behaviour makes it possible to mimic the behaviour of native apoproteins. The primary aim of this study was to develop a better understanding of the structure-property relationships of various PSMA-based copolymers sought. The work undertaken in this thesis has revealed that the responsive behaviour of PSMA-based copolymers can be tailored by varying the molecular weight, hydrophobic (styrene) and hydrophilic (maleic acid) balance, and more so in the presence of additional hydrophobic, mono-partial ester moieties. Novel hydrophilic and hydrophobic synthetic surfactant protein analogues have successfully been prepared. These novel lipid solubilising agents possess a broad range of HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) values that have been estimated. NMR spectroscopy was utilised to confirm the structures for PSMA-based copolymers sought and proved useful in furthering understanding of the structure-property relationships of PSMA-based copolymers. The association of PSMA with the polar phospholipid, 2-dilauryl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine (DLPC) produces polymer-lipid complexes analogous to lipoprotein assemblies present in the blood plasma. NMR analysis reveals that the PSMA-based copolymers are not perfectly alternating. Regio-irregular structures, atactic and random monomer sequence distribution have been identified for all materials studied. Novel lipid solubilising agents (polyanionic surfactants) have successfully been synthesised from a broad range of PSMA-based copolymers with desired estimated HLB values that interact with polar phospholipids (DLPC/DPPC) uniquely. Very low static and dynamic surface tensions have been observed via the du Noϋy ring method and Langmuir techniques and correlate well with the estimated HLB values. Synthetic protein-lipid analogues have been successfully synthesised, that mimic the unique surface properties of native biological lubricants without the use of solvents. The novel PSMA-DLPC complexes have successfully been combined with hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid, HA). Today, the employment of HA is economically feasible, because it is readily available from bacterial fermentation processes in a thermally stable form - HyaCare®. The work undertaken in this thesis highlights the usage of HA in biolubrication applications and how this can be optimised and thus justified by carefully selecting the biological source, concentration, molecular weight, purity and most importantly by combining it with compatible boundary lubricating agents (polar phospholipids). Experimental evidence supports the belief that the combined HA and PSMA-DLPC complexes provide a balance of rheological, biotribological and surface properties that are composition dependent, and show competitive advantage as novel synthetic biological lubricants (biosurfactants).

Gene delivery for the treatment of prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in men. Whilst treatments for early-stage disease are largely effective, current therapies for metastatic prostate cancer, particularly for bone metastasis, offer only a few months increased lifespan at best. Hence new treatments are urgently required. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been investigated for the treatment of prostate cancer where it can ‘silence’ specific cancer-related genes. However the clinical application of siRNA-based gene therapy is limited due to the absence of an optimised gene delivery vector. The optimisation of such gene delivery vectors is routinely undertaken in vitro using 2D cell culture on plastic dishes which does not accurately simulate the in vivo bone cancer metastasis microenvironment. The goal of this thesis was to assess the potential of two different targeted delivery vectors (gold or modified β-cyclodextrin derivatives) to facilitate siRNA receptor-mediated uptake into prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, this project aimed to develop a more physiologically relevant 3D in vitro cell culture model, to mimic prostate cancer bone metastasis, which is suitable for evaluating the delivery of nanoparticulate gene therapeutics. In the first instance, cationic derivatives of gold and β-cyclodextrin were synthesized to complex anionic siRNA. The delivery vectors were targeted to prostate cancer cells using the anisamide ligand which has high affinity for the sigma receptor that is overexpressed by prostate cancer cells. The gold nanoparticle demonstrated high levels of uptake into prostate cancer PC3 cells and efficient gene silencing when transfection was performed in serum-free media. However, due to the absence of a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) stabilising group, the formulation was unsuitable for use in serum-containing conditions. Conversely, the modified β-cyclodextrin formulation demonstrated enhanced stability in the presence of serum due to the inclusion of a PEG chain onto which the anisamide ligand was conjugated. However, the maximum level of gene silencing efficacy from three different prostate cancer cell lines (DU145, VCaP and PC3 cells) was 30 %, suggesting that further optimisation of the formulation would be required prior to application in vivo. In order to develop a more physiologically-relevant in vitro model of prostate cancer bone metastasis, prostate cancer cells (PC3 and LNCaP cells) were cultured in 3D on collagenbased scaffolds engineered to mimic the bone microenvironment. While the model was suitable for assessing nanoparticle-mediated gene knockdown, prostate cancer cells demonstrated a phenotype with lower invasive potential when grown on the scaffolds relative to standard 2D cell culture. Hence, prostate cancer cells (PC3 and LNCaP cells) were subsequently co-cultured with bone osteoblast cells (hFOB 1.19 cells) to enhance the physiological relevance of the model. Co-cultures secreted elevated levels of the MMP9 enzyme, a marker of prostate cancer metastasis, relative to prostate cancer cell monocultures (2D and 3D) indicating enhanced physiological relevance of the model. Furthermore, the coculture model proved suitable for investigating nanoparticle-mediated gene silencing. In conclusion, the work outlined in this thesis identified two different sigma receptor-targeted gene delivery vectors with potential for the treatment of prostate cancer. In addition, a more physiologically relevant model of prostate cancer bone metastasis was developed with the capacity to help optimise gene delivery vectors for the treatment of prostate cancer.

Cell-cell communication in three dimensional microenvironments

Cellular behavior is dependent on a variety of extracellular cues required for normal tissue function, wound healing, and activation of the immune system. Removed from their in vivo microenvironment and cultured in vitro, cells lose many environmental cues and that may result in abberant behavior, making it difficult to study cellular processes. In order to mimic native tissue environments, optical tweezer and microfluidic technologies were used to place cells within defined areas of the culture environment. To provide three dimensional supports found in natural tissues, hydrogel scaffolds of poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate and the basement membrane matrix Matrigel were used. Optical tweezer technology allowed precision placement and formation of homotypic and heterotypic arrays of human U937, HEK 293, and porcine mesenchymal stem cells. Alternatively, two microfluidic devices were designed to pattern Matrigel scaffolds. The first microfluidic device utilized laminar flow to spatially pattern multiple cell types within the device. Gradients of soluble molecules were then be formed and manipulated across the Matrigel scaffolds. Patterning Matrigel using laminar flow techniques require microfluidic expertise and do not produce consistent patterning conditions, limiting their use difficult in most cell culture laboratories. Thus, a buried Matrigel polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) device was developed for spatial patterning of biological scaffolds. Matrigel is injected into micron sized channels of PDMS fabricated by soft lithography and allowed to thermally cure. Following curing, a second PDMS device was placed on top of the buried Matrigel channels to support media flow. In order to validate these systems, a cell-cell communication model system was developed utilizing LPS and TNFα signaling with fluorescent reporter systems to monitor communication in real time. We demonstrated the utility of microfluidic devices to support the cell-cell communication model system by co culturing three cell types within Matrigel scaffolds and monitoring signaling activity via fluorescent reporters.

La escuela habitada. Experiencias escolares, pensamiento crítico y transformación social en una región intercultural

Las políticas educativas de alcance internacional y nacional, se traducen en reformas preocupadas por evaluar el desarrollo de competencias y el logro educativo, utilizando instrumentos de corte cuantitativo que se aplican de manera homogénea, en todas las escuelas de nivel básico en México, sin tomar en cuenta las diferencias regionales. Considerando que México es un país multicultural, en esta investigación nos preguntamos ¿cuál es el papel de la escuela en contextos culturalmente diversos?, ¿en contextos marginados, caracterizados por la vulnerabilidad social?, ¿cuáles son los resultados del aprendizaje escolar, más allá del número que se expresa en la calificación de las pruebas estandarizadas que se aplican?, ¿es posible encontrar experiencias escolares significativas en estos contextos? y ¿quiénes serían las personas que pueden responder a esta última pregunta? Para dar respuesta a estas interrogantes se planteó la realización de una investigación interpretativa, que tomara como punto de partida la recuperación de las voces de un grupo de estudiantes, profesores y padres/madres de familia de una región en particular; para lo cual se optó por una metodología narrativa de corte cualitativo que aspira a ser crítica y transdisciplinaria. Como objetivo de la investigación se planteó interpretar y analizar cuáles son las experiencias escolares significativas que se construyen en la relación profesorado, estudiantes y padres/madres de familia de las escuelas telesecundarias, entendidas como sedes (Giddens, 1995) ubicadas en la región intercultural HUSANCHA en tanto logran trascender hacia la comunidad y la región. La construcción de la región de estudio se basó en el trazado de un circuito que integra localidades de los Altos de Chiapas caracterizadas por la marginación y la vulnerabilidad social, las cuales forman parte de los municipios de Huixtán, San Cristóbal de Las Casas y Chanal. Una experiencia escolar significativa es aquella que se detona en la escuela, a partir del rapport pedagógico que permite al profesorado articular los contenidos culturales de la vida cotidiana regional con el currículo escolar, por lo que provoca un aprendizaje susceptible de ser trasladado y aplicado en los ámbitos de la vida cotidiana, capaz de trascender las aulas, hacia el contexto familiar, comunitario y regional, provocando cambios en la vida de los habitantes de la región. En las 10 escuelas telesecundarias de la región HUSANCHA interactúan estudiantes de entre 11 y 15 años, descendientes de los pueblos mayas (tseltales y tsotsiles) que han habitado la región con mestizos. Se considera una región intercultural, en tanto lugar de encuentro cotidiano de sujetos colectivos (profesorado, estudiantes, padres/madres de familia) culturalmente diferenciados que habitan contextos híbridos. El análisis realizado partió del reconocimiento de experiencias escolares significativas narradas por estudiantes tsotsiles, tseltales y mestizos, quienes durante el ciclo escolar 2013-2014, cursaban el tercer grado en las telesecundarias referidas. La configuración de esta manera de concebir la educación, la cual pone en el centro a los sujetos, sus deseos, afectos, expectativas y su contexto nos obligó a incorporar nuevos cuestionamientos que emergieron durante el proceso de la investigación: ¿qué mueve al profesorado de las escuelas telesecundarias de la región para construir experiencias escolares significativas; para relacionarse con sus estudiantes, con los padres/madres de familia y la comunidad en su conjunto, de la manera que lo hace?, ¿qué tipo de contenidos escolares valoran los habitantes de la región y por qué? y ¿hasta dónde estas experiencias son posibilitadoras de un cambio educativo y regional en beneficio de los habitantes de la región? La investigación desde las voces de los co-investigadores tomó como punto de partida dos ejes de trabajo los cuales se exponen a continuación de manera sintética y se abordan a lo largo de los siete capítulos que la integran. I Incorporación de la dimensión intercultural-afectiva como un componente indispensable del rapport pedagógico La dimensión intercultural-afectiva toma en cuenta las posiciones epistemológicas de los sujetos que establecen relaciones y que conforman el mundo de vida social, lo que permite asumir y reflexionar el proceso educativo desde una perspectiva regional que deconstruye los fundamentos técnicos, estandarizados y homogéneos con los que se le interpreta comúnmente para preguntarse ¿quiénes son y qué sienten las personas que interactúan en las aulas? La dimensión intercultural-afectiva recupera la relación indisociable entre conocimientos presentes en otras epistemes que han sido relegados a la barbarie e ignorancia y los procesos de cambio educativo; estas epistemologías enmarcan los elementos de sentido del espectro social y de la conformación de paisajes interculturales. Se propone como producto del análisis reflexivo de los resultados de investigación que hemos realizado a la dimensión intercultural-afectiva como la reflexión pedagógica y decolonial a partir de la disposición de los inter-sujetos colectivos para el saber convivir con diferentes, comprender su cultura, sentir, establecer vínculos de respeto que permitan co-construir conocimientos y aprendizajes significativos al contexto. II Replanteamiento de una pedagogía crítica que atienda a las particularidades de contextos posmodernos/decoloniales La dimensión intercultural-afectiva constituye un detonante potente para que la pedagogía crítica cobre sentido y se transforme en crítica-transformadora en una región como HUSANCHA, transitando su carácter retórico-discursivo hacia una praxis moral y ética. Sin esta dimensión propuesta cualquier planteamiento/propuesta crítica que surja desde la escuela es carente de sentido y significado para sus sujetos que se han construido socio-históricamente y que han configurado sus subjetividades, su cultura, sus posicionamientos políticos, éticos y económicos regionalmente, en donde se manifiestan grupos diversos que son desatendidos por el proyecto educativo hegemónico y a la vez son subsumidos a éste. Como giro educativo epistemológico se propone a la dimensión intercultural-afectiva al detonar y reactivar los principios y anhelos de la pedagogía crítica para el cambio social; esta dimensión ha permanecido al margen, ha estado ausente o se ha reflexionado someramente en las diversas perspectivas del pensamiento crítico. Entre los resultados obtenidos destacan también los: I. Aportes de los estudios regionales al campo educativo II. El mundo de vida educativo regional III. Subjetividad(es) e identidad(es) docente(s) IV. El currículo narrativo regional V. Los co-investigadores, la pluri-metodología y la transdisciplina en la investigación narrativa VI. Decolonizar el pensamiento crítico y la pedagogía crítica en contextos regionales VII. La escuela habitada

Soluciones Acuosas:Teoría y aplicaciones

Este texto, es una contribución al estudio y a la aplicación de algunos principios químicos. La importancia del tema de las soluciones acuosas radica, entre otras cosas, en que es el tipo de soluciones más comunes en nuestro planeta Tierra. Como ilustración y guía el libro presenta 96 ejemplos resueltos y 70 ejercicios para que el usuario practique lo visto en cada uno de los temas expuestos.

Cosa juzgada y Estado Constitucional

Este libro responde a la necesidad de determinar la naturaleza de la cosa juzgada en el Estado social de derecho, para así comprender las incidencias de este modelo en el quehacer del juez y en los presupuestos que debe satisfacer la sentencia desde los fines y fundamentos axiológicos del sistema vigente.

Variables aleatorias y distribuciones de probabilidad

Variables aleatorias y distribuciones de probabilidad hace referencia a algunas distribuciones de probabilidad. Se recomienda en todo caso para abordar estos temas, tener claras las definiciones, propiedades y axiomas para lograr éxito en la solución de problemas; al final hay una serie de ejercicios propuestos que el lector debe intentar resolver. La colección Lecciones de matemáticas, iniciativa del Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Universidad de Medellín, a través de su grupo de investigación SUMMA, incluye en cada número la exposición detallada de un tema matemático, tratado con mayor profundidad que en un curso regular. Las temáticas incluyen: álgebra, trigonometría, cálculo, estadística y probabilidades, álgebra lineal, métodos lineales y numéricos, historia de las matemáticas, geometría, matemáticas puras y aplicadas, ecuaciones diferenciales y empleo de softwares para la enseñanza de las matemáticas.

Investigación jurídica y sociojurídica en Colombia. Resultados y avances en investigación

La Universidad de Medellín, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, en desarrollo de la política de socialización y divulgación, y comprometida con el fortalecimiento, apoyo y sostenibilidad de los grupos de investigación, realizó del 2 al 4 de mayo de 2005, las VII Jornadas de Investigación. El evento arrojó resultados altamente satisfactorios, tanto por la calidad de las temáticas como por el establecimiento de redes y amplias posibilidades de concretar alianzas y convenios que indudablemente fortalecerán las capacidades investigativas de la Universidad. Convencidos de la responsabilidad social de contribuir a la promoción de la cultura científica nacional y a la divulgación y aprobación social del conocimiento, compartimos, a través del siguiente texto, las principales reflexiones del evento, con el ánimo de propiciar nuevas e inacabas discusiones.