土地利用历史及管理对内蒙古典型草原群落结构的影响

在内蒙古典型草原农牧交错区多伦县境内，进行了土地利用历史和管理对群落结构演变影响的研究。探讨了模拟降雨和添加N、P对草地群落结构的单因子效应和互作效应。土地利用历史选择了围封禁牧和弃耕两种。弃耕地的弃耕历史为4年，围封禁牧分别为围封1年和围封4年。研究在2005年进行了一年，主要研究结果如下： 1. 在内蒙古典型草原地区，土地利用历史对物种丰富度、植被盖度的影响不大，但对物种分布均度、植被高度影响显著。弃耕地的物种分布均质性较差，但植被高度高于围封草地。弃耕地的物种多样性指数、枯落物覆盖度低于围封草地，围封草地中围封4年的又低于围封1年。 2. 增雨对内蒙古典型草原群落的物种丰富度无显著影响，但利于植被盖度和植被高度的增加。增雨也使得群落的枯落物覆盖度和空地覆盖比例下降。在获得水分的条件下豆科植物的扩张速度快于禾本科植物，表现出了群落结构分异的趋势。 3. 添加N素和P素没有引起群落物种丰富度的明显变化，但添加N素利于物种数目增加。添加N素还使得草地植被盖度增加、枯落物覆盖度和空地覆盖比例下降，但添加P素没有产生类似的效果。添加5g/m2 以上的N就会引起内蒙古典型草原枯落物覆盖度的显著降低。添加N素后，禾本科植物盖度增加，但豆科植物响应不强烈;添加P素后，豆科植物盖度增势明显。因此，豆科植物对P素反应敏感，而对N素渴求不强烈。 4. 水、N、P交互对物种丰富度和植被高度影响都不大，但都有促使植被盖度增加、枯落物覆盖度和空地覆盖比例下降的趋势。水、N、P交互还使得禾本科盖度增加，但除水、P交互外，各交互组合对豆科植物盖度的影响都不大明显。 综上所述，土地利用方式和管理是内蒙古典型草原群落结构演变的重要驱动力。在当今人类活动日益加剧的形势下，天然植被受人为的干扰越来越大。如何保护内蒙古典型草原的植被，是许多研究者共同肩负的重任。

Comment on 'processing and microstructure of single grain uranium-doped Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductor'

We comment on the paper by N Hari Babu et al. (2002 Supercond. Sci. Technol. 15 104-10) and point out misinterpretations of the chemical composition of U-bearing deposits observed in Y123. The observed small deposits are those of new compounds which do not contain Cu, rather than refined Y211 plus U, as stated by the authors. We further note that extensive literature, not quoted, is in disagreement by nearly an order of magnitude concerning the values of Pt and U doping at which the optimum value of Jc is obtained. Other related information, presently in the literature, which may be helpful to those working with this high temperature superconducting chemical system, is presented.

A fully integrated 660 MHz low-swing energy-recycling DC-DC converter

A fully integrated 0.18 μm DC-DC buck converter using a low-swing "stacked driver" configuration is reported in this paper. A high switching frequency of 660 MHz reduces filter components to fit on chip, but this suffers from high switching losses. These losses are reduced using: 1) low-swing drivers; 2) supply stacking; and 3) introducing a charge transfer path to deliver excess charge from the positive metal-oxide semiconductor drive chain to the load, thereby recycling the charge. The working prototype circuit converts 2.2 to 0.75-1.0 V at 40-55 mA. Design and simulation of an improved circuit is also included that further improves the efficiency by enhancing the charge recycling path, providing automated zero voltage switching (ZVS) operation, and synchronizing the half-swing gating signals. © 2009 IEEE.

Hybrid LES - RANS of complex geometry jets

Large eddy simulation (LES) type studies are made of a realistic geometry coaxial nozzle with a pylon. For the LES, since the solver being used tends towards having dissipative qualities, the subgrid scale (SGS) model is omitted, giving Numerical LES (NLES). To overcome near wall streak resolution problems a near wall RANS (Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes) model is used giving a hybrid NLES-RANS approach.The pylon is shown to influence the flow development, having a significant impact on peak turbulence levels and spreading rates. The results show that real geometry effects are influential and should be taken into account when moving towards real engine simulations. If their effects are ignored then, based on the studies here, key turbulence parameters will have significant error.

Sphenadilactones A and B, two novel nortriterpenoids from Schisandra sphenanthera

Two novel nortriterpenoid compounds, sphenadilactones A (1) and B (2), have been isolated from the leaves and stems of Schisandra sphenanthera. The structural elucidation of 1 and 2 was accomplished by extensive NMR analysis. The relative stereochemistry

丙硫苯咪唑防治春羔秋季死亡的效果观察

春羔的秋季死亡对我区山羊生产的发展影响很大,据调查有的牧场死亡率达80%以上。为探索其发病死亡原因,笔者于1994年9月7日至12月7日,在我区镇源县黄草岭地区进行了丙硫苯咪唑防治效果观察,报告如下。材料和方法一、供试动物及分组供试动物均为黄草岭畜牧场和邻近的县农牧局基地1994年3、4月份所产山羊羔。按放牧单位,各随机编为投药组和对照(不投药)组(详见表1)。

微囊藻毒素在细长聚球藻中的积累及其毒性效应

用 100μg/L 的微囊藻毒素(MC-RR)处理细长聚球藻,研究了 MC-RR 在藻细胞中的积累及其对细长聚球藻的生长和抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明,MC-RR 能在细长聚球藻中迅速积累,而细长聚球藻具有较强的降解 MC-RR 的能力,MC-RR 对细长聚球藻的生长具有显著的抑制作用;MC-RR 处理后,活性氧(ROS)和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量明显升高,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶(GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性则有一个先降后升的变化.以上结果说明,细长聚球藻

改变捕光色素比例用于提高微藻光合效率

改变微藻的捕光色素系统比例被认为是提高其光合作用效率的有效途径,但对其基本原理尚不清楚.以空间飞行后分离的微藻突变株为材料,通过对其生长、光合放氧、色素比例、低温荧光发射和电子传递速率等的研究发现,微藻突变株的捕光色素比例改变引起的光能高效传递和利用,有可能是引起其光合作用效率提高及生长加快的原因.

III-V compound semiconductor nanowires for optoelectronic device applications

GaAs and InP based III-V compound semiconductor nanowires were grown epitaxially on GaAs (or Si) (111)B and InP (111)B substrates, respectively, by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using Au nanoparticles as catalyst. In this paper, we will give an overview of nanowire research activities in our group. In particular, the effects of growth parameters on the crystal structure and optical properties of various nanowires were studied in detail. We have successfully obtained defect-free GaAs nanowires with nearly intrinsic exciton lifetime and vertical straight nanowires on Si (111)B substrates. The crystal structure of InP nanowires, i.e., WZ or ZB, can also be engineered by carefully controlling the V/III ratio and catalyst size. © 2011 World Scientific Publishing Company.

Colony development and physiological characterization of the edible blue-green alga, Nostoc sphaeroides (Nostocaceae, Cyanophyta)

The edible blue-green alga, Nostoc sphaeroides Kutzing, is able to form microcolonies and spherical macrocolonies. It has been used as a potent herbal medicine and dietary supplement for centuries because of its nutraceutical and pharmacological benefits. However, limited information is available on the development of the spherical macrocolonies and the environmental factors that affect their structure. This report described the morphogenesis of N. sphaeroides from single trichomes to macrocolonies. During the process, most structural features of macrocolonies of various sizes were dense maculas, rings, the compact core and the formation of liquid core; and the. laments within the macrocolonies showed different lengths and arrays depending on the sizes of macrocolonies. Meanwhile temperature and light intensity also strongly affected the internal structure of macrocolonies. As microcolonies further increased in size to form 30 mm macrocolonies, the colonies differentiated into distinct outer, middle and inner layers. The. laments of the outer layer showed higher maximum photosynthetic rates, higher light saturation point, and higher photosynthetic effciency than those of the inner layer; whereas the. laments of the inner layer had a higher content of chlorophyll a and phycobiliproteins than those of the outer layer. The results obtained in this study were important for the mass cultivation of N. sphaeroides as a nutraceutical product. (c) 2008 National Natural Science Foundation of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Limited and Science in China Press. All rights reserved.

Study of crystallinity and thermomechanical analysis of annealed poly(ethylene terephthalate) films

The objective of this article was the determination of the degree of crystallinity of a series of heat-set poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films and their study by thermomechanical analysis (TMA) in order to elucidate a peculiar behaviour that takes place around the glass transition region. For this purpose, amorphous cast Mylar films from DuPont were annealed at 115 °C for various periods of time. Four methods were used to study the crystallinity of the samples prepared: differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), density measurements (DM), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). From the results obtained, the following conclusions are drawn: amorphous PET Mylar films can be crystallized in a degree of about up to 30% after thermal treatment for 30 min (cold crystallization) above glass transition temperature. When these semicrystalline samples are subjected to TMA, they show a two step penetration of the probe into them, which decreases with the increase of the degree of crystallinity. The first step of penetration was attributed to the shrinkage of the amorphous or semicrystalline sample, which takes place on the glass transition temperature, while the second step was attributed to the continuous softening of the sample, and the reorganization of the matter which takes place on heating run due to cold crystallization. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.