Generation of mouse-induced pluripotent stem cells by transient expression of a single nonviral polycistronic vector

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have generated keen interestdue to their potential use in regenerative medicine. They havebeen obtained from various cell types of both mice and humans byexogenous delivery of different combinations of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4,c-Myc, Nanog, and Lin28. The delivery of these transcription factorshas mostly entailed the use of integrating viral vectors (retrovirusesor lentiviruses), carrying the risk of both insertional mutagenesisand oncogenesis due to misexpression of these exogenousfactors. Therefore, obtaining iPS cells that do not carry integratedtransgene sequences is an important prerequisite for their eventualtherapeutic use. Here we report the generation of iPS cell linesfrom mouse embryonic fibroblasts with no evidence of integrationof the reprogramming vector in their genome, achieved by nucleofectionof a polycistronic construct coexpressing Oct4, Sox2, Klf4,and c-Myc

Reprogramming of human fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells under xeno-free conditions

The availability of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)has created extraordinary opportunities for modeling andperhaps treating human disease. However, all reprogrammingprotocols used to date involve the use of products of animal origin. Here, we set out to develop a protocol to generate and maintain human iPSC that would be entirelydevoid of xenobiotics. We first developed a xeno-free cellculture media that supported the long-term propagation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to a similar extent as conventional media containing animal origin products or commercially available xeno-free medium. We also derivedprimary cultures of human dermal fibroblasts under strictxeno-free conditions (XF-HFF), and we show that they can be used as both the cell source for iPSC generation as well as autologous feeder cells to support their growth. We also replaced other reagents of animal origin trypsin, gelatin, matrigel) with their recombinant equivalents. Finally, we used vesicular stomatitis virus G-pseudotyped retroviral particles expressing a polycistronic construct encoding Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and GFP to reprogram XF-HFF cells under xeno-free conditions. A total of 10 xeno-free humaniPSC lines were generated, which could be continuously passaged in xeno-free conditions and aintained characteristics indistinguishable from hESCs, including colonymorphology and growth behavior, expression of pluripotency-associated markers, and pluripotent differentiationability in vitro and in teratoma assays. Overall, the resultspresented here demonstrate that human iPSCs can be generatedand maintained under strict xeno-free conditions and provide a path to good manufacturing practice (GMP) applicability that should facilitate the clinical translation of iPSC-based therapies.

Derivation of human embryonic stem cells at the center for regenerative medicine in Barcelona

We report here the legislative issues related toembryo research and human embryonic stem cell (hESC)research in Spain and the derivation of nine hESC lines atthe Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona. You canfind the information for obtaining our lines for researchpurposes at blc@cmrb.eu.

A protocol describing the genetic correction of somatic human cells and subsequent generation of IPS cell

The generation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCPSCPSCs) offers unprecedented opportunities for modeling and treating human disease. In combination with gene therapy, the iPSCPSCPSC technology can be used to generate disease-free progenitor cells of potential interest for autologous cell therapy. We explain a protocol for the reproducible generation of genetically corrected iPSCPSCPSCs starting from the skin biopsies of Fanconi anemia patients using retroviral transduction with OCT4, SOX2 and KLF4. Before reprogramming, the fibroblasts and/or keratinocytes of the patients are genetically corrected with lentiviruses expressing FANCA. The same approach may be used for other diseases susceptible to gene therapy correction. Genetically corrected, characterized lines of patient-specific iPSCPSCPSCs can be obtained in 4–5 months.

Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human cord blood cells with only two factors:OCT4 and SOX2

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC ) provide an invaluable resource for regenerative medicine as they allow the generationof patient-specific progenitors with potential value for cell therapy. However, in many instances, an off-the-shelf approach isdesirable, such as for cell therapy of acute conditions or when the patient’s somatic cells are altered as a consequence of a chronicdisease or aging. Cord blood (CB) stem cells appear ideally suited for this purpose as they are young cells expected to carryminimal somatic mutations and possess the immunological immaturity of newborn cells; additionally, several hundred thousandimmunotyped CB units are readily available through a worldwide network of CB banks. Here we present a detailed protocol for thederivation of CB stem cells and how they can be reprogrammed to pluripotency by retroviral transduction with only two factors(OCT 4 and SO X2) in 2 weeks and without the need for additional chemical compounds.

Generation of cardiomyocytes from new human embrionic stem cell lines derived from poor-quanlity blastocysts

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells represent a potential source for cell replacement therapy of many degenerative diseases. Most frequently, hES cell lines are derived from surplus embryos from assisted reproduction cycles, independent of their quality or morphology. Here, we show that hES cell lines can be obtained from poor-quality blastocysts with the same efficiency as that obtained from good- or intermediate-quality blastocysts. Furthermore, we show that the self-renewal, pluripotency, and differentiation ability of hES cell lines derived from either source are comparable. Finally, we present a simple and reproducible embryoid body-based protocol for the differentiation of hES cells into functional cardiomyocytes. The five new hES cell lines derived here should widen the spectrum of available resources for investigating the biology of hES cells and advancing toward efficient strategies of regenerative medicine.

Extraits de CHRONIQUES, et en particulier de textes relatifs à la NORMANDIE.

Contient : Extrait des Annales S. Dionysii ad cyclos paschales [cf. E. Berger, dans Bibl. de l'Ecole des chartes, t. XL, p. 270] ; Extrait de la chronologie des rois de France, de Bernard Gui, d'après un ms. de Petau, communiqué par Camuzat ; Fragment sur Philippe le Bel, par un moine de Saint-Denis (Frère Ives) [cf. Molinier, Sources, n° 2847] ; Extrait du Chronicon Colmariense [Mon. Germ., SS., t. XVII, p. 240] ; Lettre de Philippe IV relative à la bataille de Mons-en-Pévèle, septembre 1304 ; Fragment (1285-1343) de la chronique de l'Anonyme de Caen [Molinier, n° 1163] ; Extraits historiques relatifs aux fils de Philippe le Bel ; Chartes de Guillaume le Conquérant et d'Henri Ier pour l'abbaye de Montebourg ; Notice de la fondation de ladite abbaye ; Gesta abbatum Fontanellensium, rédaction abrégée. Incipit : « Wandregisilus qui et Wando... » [cf. Archiv, VIII, 373] ; Gesta abbatum Fontanellensium, précédés de la Commemoratio Ansberti [cf. éd. Loewenfeld, Hanovre, 1888, in-8°, et D'Achery, Spicil., éd. in-fol., t. II, p. 263] ; Chartes de l'abbaye de Saint-Wandrille (1024-1177) et extraits de pièces des XIIIe et XIVe siècles relatives à la même abbaye ; Extraits de la chronique de Robert de Thorigny, d'après un ms. du Mont-Saint-Michel ; Extraits d'Annales de Rouen, d'après un ms. de Bigot [ms. lat. 5530 ; cf. L. Delisle, dans Hist. littér., t. XXXII, p. 196] ; Chronologia urbis Rothomagensis (94-1549), composée par M. de La Mare ; Chron. Nortmannorum [cf. Duchesne, Rer. Franc. scriptores, t. II, p. 524, et L. Delisle, dans Notices et extraits, t. XXXVIII, p. 697] ; Annales de Saint-Wandrille, dites Chronicon Thosanum, [cf. Hist. littér., t. XXXII, p. 204] ; Eloge en vers de Lanfranc [Mabillon, AA. SS. Ben., t. VI, II, p. 659], d'après un ms. de Saint-Florent-lès-Saumur ; Trêve de Dieu pour la Normandie, du temps de Gullaume le Conquérant ; Extrait d'un ms. intitulé « Cursus Normanniae », communiqué par J. Sirmond ; Notice sur les abbés de Fécamp, jusqu'à Henri de Lorraine (1613-1642), d'après un ms. de M. de la Meschinière ; Catalogue des abbés du même monastère jusqu'à François de Joyeuse (1600-1613) ; Extraits d'un cartulaire de Saint-Michel du Tréport ; Extraits d'un calendrier de la même abbaye ; Extraits de la vie de saint Exupère, évêque de Bayeux ; Vers sur l'abbaye de Jumièges, attribués au moine Adrien (cf. Frère, Bibliogr. normand, t. I, p. 154) ; Extraits d'un calendrier des chanoines d'Eu ; Liste des évêques de Lisieux jusqu'à Guillaume Du Vair (1618-1621) ; Evêques de Bayeux jusqu'à Jacques d'Angennes (1606-1647) ; Evêques de Coutances jusqu'à Nicolas de Briroi (1589-1620) ; Evêques d'Evreux jusqu'à François de Péricard (1613-1646) ; Notes sur les chartes de l'abbaye de Savigny ; Chartes du Breuil-Benoît ; Catalogue des abbés de Jumièges ; Fondation de l'abbaye de Blanchelande (1154), et extraits des chartes de ce monastère ; Notes sur le fouage à lever en Normandie et sur les forteresses occupées par le roi, d'après les registres du Trésor des chartes ; Extraits des archives de Notre-Dame d'Ardenne ; Extraits des archives de Saint-Etienne de Caen ; Chartes diverses relatives à la Normandie (1217-1262) ; Annales d'Avranches, 837-1359 [cf. Hist. de Fr., t. XXIII, p. 568] ; Extraits de deux rédactions de la Vita Vanengi [Bibl. hag. lat., 8811 et 8813] ; Traité entre Abu-Issac et Vibaldus, envoyé de l'empereur Frédéric II (1231), traduction latine par M. Obelius Cicero [Mon. Germ., Const., t. II, p. 187] ; Extraits de chroniques arabes relatifs à l'histoire de Sicile, traduits par le même

El Desinterès per la lectura: converses amb un adolescent

El desinterès per la lectura ha esdevingut un nou focus de recerca en l’àmbit de la didàctica de la lectura a Catalunya. En aquesta investigació s’estudia aquest fenomen des d’una mirada sociocultural, prenent el marc teòric i metodològic sobre la literacitat com a pràctica social desenvolupat pels Nous Estudis de Literacitat. L’estudi de cas d’orientació etnogràfica que es presenta té com a objectiu explorar les identitats lectores dins i fora del context acadèmic d’un adolescent barceloní de 14 anys que, al final de l’E.S.O, reconeix que no li agrada llegir i és vist a l’entorn acadèmic i social com un ‘lector amb dificultats’ i un ‘mal estudiant’. Les dades es recullen longitudinalment al 2007, a través d’un cicle d’entrevistes amb profunditat amb aquest adolescent. També s’entrevisten persones clau en la seva formació lectora: la mare, el germà, un amic i el professor de català. Partim de l’anàlisi de les pràctiques lletrades d’aquest adolescent per estudiar, d’una banda, com es construeix la identitat ‘poc-lectora’ i, de l’altra, els factors personals que l’han portat a configurar un punt de vista indiferent envers la lectura.

Estrutura ecológica de populações marinhas em Cabo Verde

No meio ambiente marinho, a apreensão e assimilação das escalas de variação espacial e temporal constitui condição indispensável na compreensão da dinâmica e da estrutura de populações. Em sistemas de arquipélagos, estes processos são influenciados por interacções múltiplas entre os factores físicos do meio como a batimetria, a topografia, a morfologia das ilhas, a extensão das plataformas insulares e a distância geográfica, associados à variações hidrodinâmicas de curta e média escala. Esta tese de doutoramento pretende definir e modelar o funcionamento ecológico do arquipélago de Cabo Verde em termos de estrutura e dinâmica de populações demersais. O trabalho considera as escalas de ilha, mês e estação do ano e analisa as principais variáveis que influenciam a variação espacial e temporal da distribuição e abundância das espécies. O objectivo estabelecido foi alcançado graças a uma abordagem metodológica que privilegia a interdisciplinaridade. Procura assim optimizar as vantagens e possibilidades técnicas oferecidas em diversas disciplinas relacionadas, directa ou indirectamente, com a Oceanografia, tais como a Biologia Haliêutica, a Geoestatística, a Ecologia Numérica, a Geometria Morfométrica e a Física. Numa primeira etapa, a partir de capturas comerciais de 18 espécies de peixes demersais, este trabalho põe em evidência a existência de uma estrutura ecológica ligada à distância geográfica e à batimetria, estes como os principais factores de isolamento físico entre as ilhas. Esta estrutura é relativamente menos marcante durante a estação fria, entre Dezembro e Abril, do que durante a estação quente, entre Maio e Novembro. Estes mesmos dados de pesca são em seguida utilizados para ilustrar a existência de uma estratégia de ocupação do espaço independente da densidade das populações demersais, dependendo essencialmente do espaço disponível, que assume assim natureza de factor limitante da dinâmica espacial em sistemas insulares oceânicos. Assim, as populações das ilhas de plataforma mais reduzida tendem em se distribuir no espaço segundo uma dinâmica espacial de densidade proporcional em relação à sua abundância. Contrariamente, aquelas das ilhas de plataformas relativamente largas, revelam uma variação diferencial da densidade, provavelmente relacionada com a heterogeneidade do ambiente local. Numa segunda etapa, esta tese descreve a estrutura fenotípica das populações de uma espécie de peixe demersal – a Garoupa (Cephalopholis taeniops) baseada em variações de forma do corpo. As variações fenotípicas interilhas são manifestamente significativas e mais expressivas do que as variações intra-ilhas. Estas divergências morfológicas estão correlacionadas positivamente com o isolamento físico, corroborando assim a hipótese segundo a qual a fragmentação natural dos habitats no Arquipélago de Cabo Verde pode ser interpretada em termos de estrutura de populações marinhas. Finalmente, um padrão hidrodinâmico é descrito par o arquipélago, pondo em evidência estruturas de circulação turbilhonária assimétrica (ciclónica e anti-ciclónica) e correntes este-oeste e norte-sul, à jusante das ilhas. Estes padrões de circulação são influenciados pelo isolamento físico entre as ilhas segundo uma variação sazonal que coincide com a sazonalidade climática e determinam a conectividade hidrodinâmica entre as ilhas. O estudo destes processos põe em evidência mecanismos de conexão potencialmente importantes nas trocas de matéria entre ilhas e, consequentemente, na manutenção das populações ao nível d’ilha e arquipélago. As ilhas orientais são as mais vulneráveis e representam uma fonte de matéria biológica para as ilhas do norte e para as do sul. Um balanço « larvar » resultante da definição e implementação de um modelo de deriva Lagrangiana de partículas fornece importantes elementos de diagnóstico sobre a situação de certos stocks explorados e levanta um interessante debate sobre a eficiência das estratégias actuais e futuras de gestão e conservação dos recursos marinhos em Cabo Verde.

Espécies de Adelpha Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Limenitidinae) ocorrentes no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Species of Adelpha Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Limenitidinae) occurring in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Based on literature, collections and sampled butterflies, a list of twelve species of Adelpha Hübner occurring in Rio Grande do Sul State is presented, including host plants. Adelpha epizygis Fruhstorfer, [1916], Adelpha falcipennis Fruhstorfer, [1916], Adelpha goyama Schaus, 1902 and Adelpha isis (Drury, 1782) are new reports to Rio Grande do Sul. The species are illustrated and keyed.

Morfometria de Papilioninae (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) ocorrentes em quatro localidades do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. I. Comparações com a massa corporal

A análise da relação entre a asa e partes do corpo em Lepidoptera podem revelar uma conexão entre a estrutura e a função. Este estudo investigou relações entre o tamanho do corpo de papilionídeos e suas partes, importantes para entender como a forma e o tamanho são determinados, e como eles estão adaptados aos ambientes bióticos e abióticos. Fêmeas são mais pesadas que machos (acima de 1,75 g). Em habitat diferentes, o tórax e o abdômen das fêmeas é maior em 100% das 11 espécies analisadas, a massa total 92%, e a massa de asas 75%. Espécies cujas fêmeas tiveram a maior massa também mostraram maior deslocamento e dispersão nas suas áreas de vida. Em habitats mais perturbados pelo homem ou com menor cobertura vegetal, o aumento no tamanho do tórax é significativamente maior que o das asas, tanto para os machos como para as fêmeas. Nos machos, o aumento de abdômen não é significativamente maior que o das asas, em todos os locais investigados. Porém, nas fêmeas o aumento do abdômen é significativo em todas os locais. A análise de agrupamento mostra dois grandes grupos caracterizados por espécies com tamanhos e proporções semelhantes. Um grupo com espécies que ocupam ambientes com umidade alta, e outro (mais heterogêneo) que ocupa habitats alterados pela ação do homem. O primeiro mostra duas subdivisões distinguidas pelo tipo de exibição que machos apresentam às fêmeas.

Noctuídeos (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) coletados em quatro Áreas Estaduais de Conservação do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a composição das comunidades de Noctuidae na Reserva Biológica do Ibirapuitã (Alegrete) e nos Parques Estaduais do Turvo (Derrubadas), Rondinha (Sarandi) e Espigão Alto (Barracão). Dez armadilhas luminosas foram utilizadas para coletar os insetos, de novembro de 2000 a fevereiro de 2001, amostrando-se uma noite por local. Os lepidópteros foram identificados aos níveis de família, subfamília e, quando viável, até espécie. Foram coletados 6.374 noctuídeos pertencentes a 249 táxons, distribuídos em 17 subfamílias. Os resultados indicam a existência de número maior de noctuídeos no Estado e a importância das Unidades Estaduais de Conservação para a manutenção da biodiversidade.

Arctiinae (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) coletados em unidades de conservação estaduais do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Arctiinae (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) coletados em unidades de conservação estaduais do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de analisar a composição das comunidades de Arctiinae no Parque Estadual do Espigão Alto (Barracão), Parque Estadual de Rondinha (Sarandí), Parque Estadual do Turvo (Derrubadas) e na Reserva Biológica de Ibirapuitã (Alegrete). Dez armadilhas luminosas foram utilizadas para coletar os lepidópteros, de novembro de 2000 a fevereiro de 2001, amostrando-se uma noite em cada local. Os lepidópteros foram identificados aos níveis de subfamília, tribo e, quando possível gênero e espécie. Obteve-se um total de 5.969 arctiíneos pertencentes a 137 morfo espécies, distribuidos em seis tribos.

Diversidade de Lepidoptera (Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea) em dois fragmentos de floresta no município de Frederico Westphalen, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Foram realizados levantamentos mensais em duas localidades no Município, fragmento da Vila Faguense e do Santuário de Schoenstatt, os quais distam entre si em 1.500 m, entre março de 2005 e abril de 2006. Em 140 horas de amostragem foram registrados 3.123 indivíduos distribuídos em 169 espécies. Nymphalidae foi a família mais amostrada com aproximadamente 53% das espécies registradas. Nove espécies ainda não haviam sido registradas para o Estado. O índice de Diversidade de Shannon-Wiener foi maior no fragmento da Vila Faguense, local menos perturbado. Os índices de dominância de Simpson e Berger-Parker foram mais representativos no Santuário de Schoenstatt, com maior número de espécies abundantes. Foram registradas em Frederico Westphalen 126 (74,55%) espécies acidentais, 25 acessórias (14,80%) e 18 constantes (10,65%).

Changing landscapes of Switzerland: assessing effects of historic and future land uses and land covers on the occurrence of selected butterfly species

Summary Landscapes are continuously changing. Natural forces of change such as heavy rainfall and fires can exert lasting influences on their physical form. However, changes related to human activities have often shaped landscapes more distinctly. In Western Europe, especially modern agricultural practices and the expanse of overbuilt land have left their marks in the landscapes since the middle of the 20th century. In the recent years men realised that mare and more changes that were formerly attributed to natural forces might indirectly be the result of their own action. Perhaps the most striking landscape change indirectly driven by human activity we can witness in these days is the large withdrawal of Alpine glaciers. Together with the landscapes also habitats of animal and plant species have undergone vast and sometimes rapid changes that have been hold responsible for the ongoing loss of biodiversity. Thereby, still little knowledge is available about probable effects of the rate of landscape change on species persistence and disappearance. Therefore, the development and speed of land use/land cover in the Swiss communes between the 1950s and 1990s were reconstructed using 10 parameters from agriculture and housing censuses, and were further correlated with changes in butterfly species occurrences. Cluster analyses were used to detect spatial patterns of change on broad spatial scales. Thereby, clusters of communes showing similar changes or transformation rates were identified for single decades and put into a temporally dynamic sequence. The obtained picture on the changes showed a prevalent replacement of non-intensive agriculture by intensive practices, a strong spreading of urban communes around city centres, and transitions towards larger farm sizes in the mountainous areas. Increasing transformation rates toward more intensive agricultural managements were especially found until the 1970s, whereas afterwards the trends were commonly negative. However, transformation rates representing the development of residential buildings showed positive courses at any time. The analyses concerning the butterfly species showed that grassland species reacted sensitively to the density of livestock in the communes. This might indicate the augmented use of dry grasslands as cattle pastures that show altered plant species compositions. Furthermore, these species also decreased in communes where farms with an agricultural area >5ha have disappeared. The species of the wetland habitats were favoured in communes with smaller fractions of agricultural areas and lower densities of large farms (>10ha) but did not show any correlation to transformation rates. It was concluded from these analyses that transformation rates might influence species disappearance to a certain extent but that states of the environmental predictors might generally outweigh the importance of the corresponding rates. Information on the current distribution of species is evident for nature conservation. Planning authorities that define priority areas for species protection or examine and authorise construction projects need to know about the spatial distribution of species. Hence, models that simulate the potential spatial distribution of species have become important decision tools. The underlying statistical analyses such as the widely used generalised linear models (GLM) often rely on binary species presence-absence data. However, often only species presence data have been colleted, especially for vagrant, rare or cryptic species such as butterflies or reptiles. Modellers have thus introduced randomly selected absence data to design distribution models. Yet, selecting false absence data might bias the model results. Therefore, we investigated several strategies to select more reliable absence data to model the distribution of butterfly species based on historical distribution data. The results showed that better models were obtained when historical data from longer time periods were considered. Furthermore, model performance was additionally increased when long-term data of species that show similar habitat requirements as the modelled species were used. This successful methodological approach was further applied to assess consequences of future landscape changes on the occurrence of butterfly species inhabiting dry grasslands or wetlands. These habitat types have been subjected to strong deterioration in the recent decades, what makes their protection a future mission. Four spatially explicit scenarios that described (i) ongoing land use changes as observed between 1985 and 1997, (ii) liberalised agricultural markets, and (iii) slightly and (iv) strongly lowered agricultural production provided probable directions of landscape change. Current species-environment relationships were derived from a statistical model and used to predict future occurrence probabilities in six major biogeographical regions in Switzerland, comprising the Jura Mountains, the Plateau, the Northern and Southern Alps, as well as the Western and Eastern Central Alps. The main results were that dry grasslands species profited from lowered agricultural production, whereas overgrowth of open areas in the liberalisation scenario might impair species occurrence. The wetland species mostly responded with decreases in their occurrence probabilities in the scenarios, due to a loss of their preferred habitat. Further analyses about factors currently influencing species occurrences confirmed anthropogenic causes such as urbanisation, abandonment of open land, and agricultural intensification. Hence, landscape planning should pay more attention to these forces in areas currently inhabited by these butterfly species to enable sustainable species persistence. In this thesis historical data were intensively used to reconstruct past developments and to make them useful for current investigations. Yet, the availability of historical data and the analyses on broader spatial scales has often limited the explanatory power of the conducted analyses. Meaningful descriptors of former habitat characteristics and abundant species distribution data are generally sparse, especially for fine scale analyses. However, this situation can be ameliorated by broadening the extent of the study site and the used grain size, as was done in this thesis by considering the whole of Switzerland with its communes. Nevertheless, current monitoring projects and data recording techniques are promising data sources that might allow more detailed analyses about effects of long-term species reactions on landscape changes in the near future. This work, however, also showed the value of historical species distribution data as for example their potential to locate still unknown species occurrences. The results might therefore contribute to further research activities that investigate current and future species distributions considering the immense richness of historical distribution data. Résumé Les paysages changent continuellement. Des farces naturelles comme des pluies violentes ou des feux peuvent avoir une influence durable sur la forme du paysage. Cependant, les changements attribués aux activités humaines ont souvent modelé les paysages plus profondément. Depuis les années 1950 surtout, les pratiques agricoles modernes ou l'expansion des surfaces d'habitat et d'infrastructure ont caractérisé le développement du paysage en Europe de l'Ouest. Ces dernières années, l'homme a commencé à réaliser que beaucoup de changements «naturels » pourraient indirectement résulter de ses propres activités. Le changement de paysage le plus apparent dont nous sommes témoins de nos jours est probablement l'immense retraite des glaciers alpins. Avec les paysages, les habitats des animaux et des plantes ont aussi été exposés à des changements vastes et quelquefois rapides, tenus pour coresponsable de la continuelle diminution de la biodiversité. Cependant, nous savons peu des effets probables de la rapidité des changements du paysage sur la persistance et la disparition des espèces. Le développement et la rapidité du changement de l'utilisation et de la couverture du sol dans les communes suisses entre les années 50 et 90 ont donc été reconstruits au moyen de 10 variables issues des recensements agricoles et résidentiels et ont été corrélés avec des changements de présence des papillons diurnes. Des analyses de groupes (Cluster analyses) ont été utilisées pour détecter des arrangements spatiaux de changements à l'échelle de la Suisse. Des communes avec des changements ou rapidités comparables ont été délimitées pour des décennies séparées et ont été placées en séquence temporelle, en rendrent une certaine dynamique du changement. Les résultats ont montré un remplacement répandu d'une agriculture extensive des pratiques intensives, une forte expansion des faubourgs urbains autour des grandes cités et des transitions vers de plus grandes surfaces d'exploitation dans les Alpes. Dans le cas des exploitations agricoles, des taux de changement croissants ont été observés jusqu'aux années 70, alors que la tendance a généralement été inversée dans les années suivantes. Par contre, la vitesse de construction des nouvelles maisons a montré des courbes positives pendant les 50 années. Les analyses sur la réaction des papillons diurnes ont montré que les espèces des prairies sèches supportaient une grande densité de bétail. Il est possible que dans ces communes beaucoup des prairies sèches aient été fertilisées et utilisées comme pâturages, qui ont une autre composition floristique. De plus, les espèces ont diminué dans les communes caractérisées par une rapide perte des fermes avec une surface cultivable supérieure à 5 ha. Les espèces des marais ont été favorisées dans des communes avec peu de surface cultivable et peu de grandes fermes, mais n'ont pas réagi aux taux de changement. Il en a donc été conclu que la rapidité des changements pourrait expliquer les disparitions d'espèces dans certains cas, mais que les variables prédictives qui expriment des états pourraient être des descripteurs plus importants. Des informations sur la distribution récente des espèces sont importantes par rapport aux mesures pour la conservation de la nature. Pour des autorités occupées à définir des zones de protection prioritaires ou à autoriser des projets de construction, ces informations sont indispensables. Les modèles de distribution spatiale d'espèces sont donc devenus des moyens de décision importants. Les méthodes statistiques courantes comme les modèles linéaires généralisés (GLM) demandent des données de présence et d'absence des espèces. Cependant, souvent seules les données de présence sont disponibles, surtout pour les animaux migrants, rares ou cryptiques comme des papillons ou des reptiles. C'est pourquoi certains modélisateurs ont choisi des absences au hasard, avec le risque d'influencer le résultat en choisissant des fausses absences. Nous avons établi plusieurs stratégies, basées sur des données de distribution historique des papillons diurnes, pour sélectionner des absences plus fiables. Les résultats ont démontré que de meilleurs modèles pouvaient être obtenus lorsque les données proviennent des périodes de temps plus longues. En plus, la performance des modèles a pu être augmentée en considérant des données de distribution à long terme d'espèces qui occupent des habitats similaires à ceux de l'espèce cible. Vu le succès de cette stratégie, elle a été utilisée pour évaluer les effets potentiels des changements de paysage futurs sur la distribution des papillons des prairies sèches et marais, deux habitats qui ont souffert de graves détériorations. Quatre scénarios spatialement explicites, décrivant (i) l'extrapolation des changements de l'utilisation de sol tels qu'observés entre 1985 et 1997, (ii) la libéralisation des marchés agricoles, et une production agricole (iii) légèrement amoindrie et (iv) fortement diminuée, ont été utilisés pour générer des directions de changement probables. Les relations actuelles entre la distribution des espèces et l'environnement ont été déterminées par le biais des modèles statistiques et ont été utilisées pour calculer des probabilités de présence selon les scénarios dans six régions biogéographiques majeures de la Suisse, comportant le Jura, le Plateau, les Alpes du Nord, du Sud, centrales orientales et centrales occidentales. Les résultats principaux ont montré que les espèces des prairies sèches pourraient profiter d'une diminution de la production agricole, mais qu'elles pourraient aussi disparaître à cause de l'embroussaillement des terres ouvertes dû à la libéralisation des marchés agricoles. La probabilité de présence des espèces de marais a décrû à cause d'une perte générale des habitats favorables. De plus, les analyses ont confirmé que des causes humaines comme l'urbanisation, l'abandon des terres ouvertes et l'intensification de l'agriculture affectent actuellement ces espèces. Ainsi ces forces devraient être mieux prises en compte lors de planifications paysagères, pour que ces papillons diurnes puissent survivre dans leurs habitats actuels. Dans ce travail de thèse, des données historiques ont été intensivement utilisées pour reconstruire des développements anciens et pour les rendre utiles à des recherches contemporaines. Cependant, la disponibilité des données historiques et les analyses à grande échelle ont souvent limité le pouvoir explicatif des analyses. Des descripteurs pertinents pour caractériser les habitats anciens et des données suffisantes sur la distribution des espèces sont généralement rares, spécialement pour des analyses à des échelles fores. Cette situation peut être améliorée en augmentant l'étendue du site d'étude et la résolution, comme il a été fait dans cette thèse en considérant toute la Suisse avec ses communes. Cependant, les récents projets de surveillance et les techniques de collecte de données sont des sources prometteuses, qui pourraient permettre des analyses plus détaillés sur les réactions à long terme des espèces aux changements de paysage dans le futur. Ce travail a aussi montré la valeur des anciennes données de distribution, par exemple leur potentiel pour aider à localiser des' présences d'espèces encore inconnues. Les résultats peuvent contribuer à des activités de recherche à venir, qui étudieraient les distributions récentes ou futures d'espèces en considérant l'immense richesse des données de distribution historiques.