Varaosakunnostuksen tehokkuuden kartoittaminen ja lean-ajattelun soveltaminen kunnostusprosessiin

Tässä kandidaatin työssä analysoidaan kohdeyrityksen varaosakunnostuksen tehokkuutta ja havaitaan toiminnassa esiintyviä puutteita. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on nostaa esille toiminnassa esiintyvät kehityskohteet. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa arvioidaan Lean-ajatusmallin sovellettavuutta kunnostusprosessin kehittämiseen. Lopuksi Lean-ajatusmallin ja haastatteluissa esille nousseiden kehitysehdotusten pohjalta, kohdeyritykselle esitetään ehdotuksia menetelmistä toiminnan tehostamiseksi

Lean –synty ja kehitysvaiheet

Lean-filosofia ei ole syntynyt hetkessä vaan sen periaatteet ovat syvällä historiassa. Leaniin kuuluvia asioita kuten standardointia, oikeaan tarpeeseen vastaamista ja tuotannon virtausta on käytetty aikaisemmin erilaisissa sovelluksissa. Lean-käsitteen pohjana on Toyota Production System, joka oli syntynyt vaadittaessa kustannustehokasta tuotantoa niukin resurssein. Lean syntyi, kun yhdysvaltalaistutkijat kiinnostuivat Toyotan käyttämistä tavoista valmistaa monia erilaisia malleja tehokkaasti. Leania voidaan pitää vastakohtana massatuotannolle. Lean levisi kulovalkean tavoin läntisessä teollisuusmaailmassa, vaikka sitä ei välttämättä edes kokonaisuudessa sovellettu. Leanista eroteltiin selkeitä työkaluja, joilla yritykset pääsivät kehittämään toimintaansa ja tehostamaan prosesseja. Työkalut otettiin innokkaasti käyttöön valmistuksessa ja niille kehitettiin myös muita sovelluskohteita. Leanin perimmäinen filosofia jäi usein huomiotta, eivätkä kaikki saaneet odotettuja tuloksia. 2000-lukuun mennessä leanin periaatteet oli tutkittu jo läpikotaisin. Ymmärrettiin leanin implementoinnin koskeneen koko organisaatiota, jotta sen periaatteita voitiin toteuttaa tehokkaasti. Lean on kuitenkin tähän päivään mennessä yhä hieman vieras asia sisältönsä puolesta vaikka termi alkaa olla tuttu jo kaikille monilla eri aloilla. Leanin tutkimus jatkuu ja sille löydetään yhä uusia sovelluskohteita, osin ratsastetaan termin maineella, osin ymmärretään oikein virtaustehokkuuden merkitys asiakkaan palvelemisessa.

How Lean Six Sigma and Agile principles optimize ITIL-based processes

Imagine the potential implications of an organization whose business and IT processes are well aligned and are capable of reactively and proactively responding to the external and internal changes. The Philips IT Infrastructure and Operations department (I&O) is undergoing a series of transformation activities to help Philips business keeping up with the changes. I&O would serve a critical function in any business sectors; given that the I&O’s strategy switched from “design, build and run” to “specify, acquire and performance manage”, that function is amplified. In 2013, I&O’s biggest transforming programme I&O Futures engaged multiple interdisciplinary departments and programs on decommissioning legacy processes and restructuring new processes with respect to the Information Technology Internet Library (ITIL), helping I&O to achieve a common infrastructure and operating platform (CI&OP). The author joined I&O Futures in the early 2014 and contributed to the CI&OP release 1, during which a designed model Bing Box and its evaluations were conducted through the lens of six sigma’s structured define-measure-analyze-improve-control (DMAIC) improvement approach. This Bing Box model was intended to firstly combine business and IT principles, namely Lean IT, Agile, ITIL best practices, and Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) into a framework. Secondly, the author implemented the modularized optimization cycles according to the defined framework into Philips’ ITIL-based processes and, subsequently, to enhance business process performance as well as to increase efficiency of the optimization cycles. The unique of this thesis is that the Bing Box model not only provided comprehensive optimization approaches and principles for business process performance, but also integrated and standardized optimization modules for the optimization process itself. The research followed a design research guideline that seek to extend the boundaries of human and organizational capabilities by creating new and innovative artifacts. The Chapter 2 firstly reviewed the current research on Lean Six Sigma, Agile, AOP and ITIL, aiming at identifying the broad conceptual bases for this study. In Chapter 3, we included the process of constructing the Bing Box model. The Chapter 4 described the adoption of Bing Box model: two-implementation case validated by stakeholders through observations and interviews. Chapter 5 contained the concluding remarks, the limitation of this research work and the future research areas. Chapter 6 provided the references used in this thesis.

Influência da manutenção hemodinâmica do doador falecido na função renal do receptor de transplante renal

INTRODUÇÃO: A incidência de função tardia do enxerto (FTE) e função renal insatisfatória (FRI) após o transplante renal é significativamente maior no Brasil comparada com aquela observada nos Estados Unidos ou na Europa. Fatores relacionados ao doador falecido (DF) devem influenciar diretamente a ocorrência desses dois desfechos. OBJETIVO: Este estudo propõe-se a avaliar a influência das características do DF na incidência de FTE e FRI no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais dos DF foram correlacionadas com a incidência de FTE e FRI. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 787 DF cujos órgãos foram transplantados em 1.298 pacientes. Notou-se elevada prevalência de uso de droga vasoativa (90,2%), hipernatremia (66,6%) e disfunção renal (34,8%). A incidência de FTE foi de 60,6% e de FRI foi de 55,2%. Considerando as características dos DF, observamos um aumento progressivo no risco de desenvolvimento de FTE para faixas etárias acima de 30 anos e a partir de tempo de isquemia fria (TIF) maior que 24 horas. O risco de FTE foi duas vezes maior em receptores de rim de doadores com creatinina sérica final (Cr) superior a 1,5 mg/dl. Hipertensão arterial (HA) e o TIF acima de 36 horas associou-se com aumentos de 82% e 99% no risco de FRI, respectivamente. A idade do doador acima de 40 anos associou-se com um aumento progressivo no risco de FRI. CONCLUSÃO: A idade, a função renal e a presença de hipertensão arterial no doador falecido, além do TIF prolongado, associaram-se com maior risco de FTE e FRI.

Mortalidade dos pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise de manutenção em um hospital público do Peru

ResumoIntrodução:O Ministério da Saúde do Peru não tem um programa nacional de hemodiálise e os hospitais que oferecem este tipo de tratamento apresentam problemas de cobertura que podem resultar em aumento da mortalidade.Objetivo:Avaliar a mortalidade da população incidente em hemodiálise em um hospital de Lima.Métodos:Análise da população acima de 18 anos que iniciou o tratamento entre 1 de janeiro de 2012 e 31 de dezembro de 2013, com data de corte final do acompanhamento em 31 de março de 2014. Foi realizada regressão logística bivariada e multivariada dos fatores associados com a mortalidade e usadas as curvas de Kaplan-Meier para determinar a probabilidade de sobrevivência durante o acompanhamento.Resultados:Foram incluídos 235 pacientes para estudo, com idade média de 56,4 ± 15,8 anos. A mediana de acompanhamento foi 0,6 anos (IQR 0,3 a 1,5). A pesquisa mostra que 50% dos pacientes abandonaram o tratamento durante o estudo por falta de vagas ou recursos econômicos. No final do terceiro mês, a mortalidade foi 37,7% (IC 95% 29,3 a 48,5) e 49,5% (IC 95% 38,8 a 61,4) ao sétimo mês. A mortalidade foi menor quando o paciente tinha mais de seis meses com diagnóstico de doença insuficiência renal crônica (OR = 0,39 [IC 95% 0,12-1,27]) e quando o paciente ingressava à diálise programada (OR = 0,28 [IC 95% 0,01 a 2,28]).Conclusão:Metade dos pacientes foi a óbito no sétimo mês de seguimento. Ter ingressado com diálise programada e ter mais tempo de diagnóstico foi associado à menor mortalidade.

Transplante renal sem imunossupressão de manutenção. Pares monozigóticos e receptores de rim e medula óssea do mesmo doador

ResumoPacientes que receberam transplantes renais sem imunossupressão de manutenção têm sido esporadicamente relatados. Os casos incluem relatos de pacientes não aderentes que suspenderam a medicação imunossupressora, transplantes entre gêmeos monozigóticos, transplante renal após um bem sucedido transplante de medula óssea do mesmo doador e transplante simultâneo de medula óssea e rim para tratamento de pacientes com mieloma múltiplo com insuficiência renal associada. Existem, atualmente, ensaios clínicos em andamento com o propósito de induzir tolerância imunológica específica ao doador utilizando a infusão de células hematopoiéticas do mesmo doador do enxerto renal. A seguir, descrevemos dois casos de transplante renal sem imunossupressão como exemplos de situações descritas acima.

Lean Product Management – Enhancing Product Managers' Ability to Create Value

The purpose of this master’s thesis was to study the opportunity to apply Lean practices to product management function which happens in an office environment. Since product management plays an important role in the company’s success story, it’s important to have it functioning as effectively as possible. The goal was to find those Lean tools and methods that fit the best to the needs of product management. The research was conducted as a qualitative action research which comprises a comprehensive literature review and a single case study. Theoretical information about Lean Thinking and product management was collected from articles, literature and Internet sources. Moreover, empirical data was collected by conducting interviews in the Case Company’s product management department in order to gain an in-depth understanding of product management’s problematics. The results indicate that most of the product management challenges could be overcome by applying Lean practises. Based on the usability rate, which has been discussed in the empirical part of this study, the most suitable Lean practises for product management function are: value stream mapping, Kanban and KPIs.

Manutenção da umidade do substrato durante o teste de germinação de Brachiaria brizantha

Para avaliar procedimentos para a manutenção da umidade do substrato durante o teste de germinação de Brachiaria brizantha. Estudou-se o efeito da posição das caixas plásticas na câmara de germinação sobre a perda de água semanal, testando-se nove posições verticais (bandejas) e três posições horizontais (porta, meio e fundo do germinador). Foi também avaliado o efeito de procedimentos para manter a umidade do substrato, sobre a germinação, a perda de água semanal e o tempo despendido para a instalação do teste. Os procedimentos testados foram: (a) vedação da caixa plástica com vaselina, (b) vedação com saco plástico dobrado em quatro e colocado entre a tampa e a caixa, (c) colocação da caixa tampada dentro de saco plástico, (d) espuma sob o papel de germinação e (e) testemunha, caixa apenas tampada. Concluiu-se que a câmara de germinação promove a desidratação desigual do substrato conforme a posição das caixas; aquelas localizadas na primeira bandeja superior são as mais prejudicadas. Entre os procedimentos, a vedação com vaselina, a colocação da caixa dentro de saco plástico e a vedação com saco plástico dobrado em quatro entre a tampa e a caixa são eficientes na manutenção da umidade do substrato em taxas que não alteram os resultados do teste de germinação de B. brizantha; os dois últimos procedimentos são os mais rápidos e práticos, adaptando-se à rotina de um laboratório de análise de sementes.

Lean management implementation in Horizontal Technology Transfer projects

The importance of Technology Transfer activities of companies is underpinned by the changes in technological and economic environments. However, there is still a significant gap in defining possible ways for Technology Transfer projects effectiveness improvement. The Master’s Thesis overviews common problems faced by the companies in implementation of Technology Transfer projects and examines Lean management principles as possible way to improve its effectiveness. Based on the analysis of the relevant scientific literature and results of the survey, conducted among the firms of different types, the approach to Technology Transfer projects implementation with the use of Lean management principles is proposed. The approach serves to solve some of the important problems faced by the managers of Technology Transfer projects. It is envisaged that this approach can help to increase overall Technology Transfer projects’ effectiveness.

Lean-ajattelun hyödyntäminen laskentatoimen raportointiprosessissa – Case tuloslaskelman raportointi

Useat yhtiöt ovat nähneet lean-tuotannon uutena mahdollisuutena vastata kiristyneeseen globaaliin kilpailuun ja suorittaa prosessit tehokkaammin ja pienemmillä kustannuksilla. Lean-ajattelun levitessä on se tullut osaksi myös laskentatoimea. Täman tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää, miten lean-ajattelu ja -työkalut sopivat laskentatoimen raportointiprosessiin ja tutkia, minkälaisia hyviä ja huonoja puolia niissä on. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on samalla tehdä prosessista entistä tehokkaampi, virtaviivaisempi ja nopeampi riskeeraamatta raportoinnin laatua. Raportointiprosessia tutkitaan case-yrityksessä, joka on iso suomalainen teknologian, automaation ja palveluiden toimittaja ja kehittäjä. Case-yrityksestä tutkielmaan on valittu yksi raportoiva yksikkö. Motivaatiota aiheeseen luo se, että lean-ajattelu on usein yhdistetty tuotantoon ja toimitusketjuihin, jolloin sen tuominen talouden ajatteluun ja raportointiprosessiin on mielenkiintoinen tehtävä. Lisäksi yrityksessä on todettu, että raportointi vie liian kauan ja liiketoiminnan päätöksenteon tueksi tieto tarvitaan yhä nopeammin. Tutkielma on kvalitatiivinen tutkimus. Tutkimuksen empirian aineisto on kerätty teemahaastattelujen, fokusryhmätyöskentelyn ja raportointiprosessista kerätyn datan avulla. Lean-työkaluista raportointiprosessin parantamisessa hyödynnettiin ensisijaisesti arvovirtakartoitusta, ja A3-työkalua käytettiin konsernitasolla projektin hallintaan. Kaizenin eli jatkuvan parantamisen kulttuurin luominen oli myös yksi tavoitteista. Raportointiprosessista kuvattiin aluksi arvovirtakartoituksella nykytilanne, jonka pohjalta löydettiin parannettavia asioita. Kehitysideoiden avulla luotiin yksikölle tavoitetila, jonka hyötyjä verrattuna alkuperäiseen arvovirtaan mitattiin läpimenoajalla, korjausten lukumäärän muutoksella ja säästetyllä työkustannuksella. Kaikki edellä luetellut mittarit paranivat. Läpimenoaika lyheni yhdellä päivällä, korjausten määrä pieneni kolmannekseen alkuperäisestä ja työnkustannus pieneni vajaan neljänneksen alkuperäisestä. Parantuneiden mittareiden ja tutkielmaan tehtyjen haastattelujen perusteella voidaan todeta, että lean-ajattelu sopii talouden raportointiprosessin parantamiseen ja ajattelumaailmaksi. Prosessia parannettaessa kävi myös ilmi, ettei teorian mukaisesti tätäkään prosessia voi parantaa irrallaan muista yrityksen prosesseista vaan parannusta tehdessä pitää koko organisaatiossa olla hyvä kommunikaatio ja parantaa myös muita prosesseja. Lisäksi raportointiprosessin nopeuttamista vaikeuttavat tekniset edellytykset, vaatimus korkeasta laadusta ja kunkin prosessin toiminnon tuoman arvon määrittäminen. Lean-työkalut ja etenkin arvovirtakartoitus todettiin talouden prosesseihin sopiviksi. Tutkielman prosessi ja sen muutokset todettiin vaikeasti yleistettäväksi organisaatiossa muihin yksiköihin tai prosesseihin, mutta sitä pidettiin hyvänä esimerkkinä ja todisteena siitä, että lean-ajattelua voidaan hyödyntää tarkkuutta vaativassa raportointiprosessissa.

Customer Discovery and Customer Validation in Lean Software Startups

The traditional business models and the traditionally successful development methods that have been distinctive to the industrial era, do not satisfy the needs of modern IT companies. Due to the rapid nature of IT markets, the uncertainty of new innovations‟ success and the overwhelming competition with established companies, startups need to make quick decisions and eliminate wasted resources more effectively than ever before. There is a need for an empirical basis on which to build business models, as well as evaluate the presumptions regarding value and profit. Less than ten years ago, the Lean software development principles and practices became widely well-known in the academic circles. Those practices help startup entrepreneurs to validate their learning, test their assumptions and be more and more dynamical and flexible. What is special about today‟s software startups is that they are increasingly individual. There are quantitative research studies available regarding the details of Lean startups. Broad research with hundreds of companies presented in a few charts is informative, but a detailed study of fewer examples gives an insight to the way software entrepreneurs see Lean startup philosophy and how they describe it in their own words. This thesis focuses on Lean software startups‟ early phases, namely Customer Discovery (discovering a valuable solution to a real problem) and Customer Validation (being in a good market with a product which satisfies that market). The thesis first offers a sufficiently compact insight into the Lean software startup concept to a reader who is not previously familiar with the term. The Lean startup philosophy is then put into a real-life test, based on interviews with four Finnish Lean software startup entrepreneurs. The interviews reveal 1) whether the Lean startup philosophy is actually valuable for them, 2) how can the theory be practically implemented in real life and 3) does theoretical Lean startup knowledge compensate a lack of entrepreneurship experience. A reader gets familiar with the key elements and tools of Lean startups, as well as their mutual connections. The thesis explains why Lean startups waste less time and money than many other startups. The thesis, especially its research sections, aims at providing data and analysis simultaneously.

Customer Discovery and Customer Validation in Lean Software Startups

The traditional business models and the traditionally successful development methods that have been distinctive to the industrial era, do not satisfy the needs of modern IT companies. Due to the rapid nature of IT markets, the uncertainty of new innovations‟ success and the overwhelming competition with established companies, startups need to make quick decisions and eliminate wasted resources more effectively than ever before. There is a need for an empirical basis on which to build business models, as well as evaluate the presumptions regarding value and profit. Less than ten years ago, the Lean software development principles and practices became widely well-known in the academic circles. Those practices help startup entrepreneurs to validate their learning, test their assumptions and be more and more dynamical and flexible. What is special about today‟s software startups is that they are increasingly individual. There are quantitative research studies available regarding the details of Lean startups. Broad research with hundreds of companies presented in a few charts is informative, but a detailed study of fewer examples gives an insight to the way software entrepreneurs see Lean startup philosophy and how they describe it in their own words. This thesis focuses on Lean software startups‟ early phases, namely Customer Discovery (discovering a valuable solution to a real problem) and Customer Validation (being in a good market with a product which satisfies that market). The thesis first offers a sufficiently compact insight into the Lean software startup concept to a reader who is not previously familiar with the term. The Lean startup philosophy is then put into a real-life test, based on interviews with four Finnish Lean software startup entrepreneurs. The interviews reveal 1) whether the Lean startup philosophy is actually valuable for them, 2) how can the theory be practically implemented in real life and 3) does theoretical Lean startup knowledge compensate a lack of entrepreneurship experience. A reader gets familiar with the key elements and tools of Lean startups, as well as their mutual connections. The thesis explains why Lean startups waste less time and money than many other startups. The thesis, especially its research sections, aims at providing data and analysis simultaneously.