Marijuana Smoking and the Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: Pooled Analysis in the INHANCE Consortium

Background: Marijuana contains carcinogens similar to tobacco smoke and has been suggested by relatively small studies to increase the risk of head and neck cancer (HNC). Because tobacco is a major risk factor for HNC, large studies with substantial numbers of never tobacco users could help to clarify whether marijuana smoking is independently associated with HNC risk. Methods: We pooled self-reported interview data on marijuana smoking and known HNC risk factors on 4,029 HNC cases and 5,015 controls from five case-control studies within the INHANCE Consortium. Subanalyses were conducted among never tobacco users (493 cases and 1,813 controls) and among individuals who did not consume alcohol or smoke tobacco (237 cases and 887 controls). Results: The risk of HNC was not elevated by ever marijuana smoking [odds ratio (OR), 0.88; 95% confidence intervals (95% Cl), 0.67-1.16], and there was no increasing risk associated with increasing frequency, duration, or cumulative consumption of marijuana smoking. An increased risk of HNC associated with marijuana use was not detected among never tobacco users (OR, 0.93; 95% Cl, 0.63-1.37; three studies) nor among individuals who did not drink alcohol and smoke tobacco (OR, 1.06; 95% Cl, 0.47-2.38; two studies). Conclusion: Our results are consistent with the notion that infrequent marijuana smoking does not confer a risk of these malignancies. Nonetheless, because the prevalence of frequent marijuana smoking was low in most of the contributing studies, we could not rule out a moderately increased risk, particularly among subgroups without exposure to tobacco and alcohol. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(5):1544-51)

Interaction between Tobacco and Alcohol Use and the Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: Pooled Analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium

Background: The magnitude of risk conferred by the interaction between tobacco and alcohol use on the risk of head and neck cancers is not clear because studies have used various methods to quantify the excess head and neck cancer burden. Methods: We analyzed individual-level pooled data from 17 European and American case-control studies (11,221 cases and 16,168 controls) participating in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology consortium. We estimated the multiplicative interaction parameter (psi) and population attributable risks (PAR). Results: A greater than multiplicative joint effect between ever tobacco and alcohol use was observed for head and neck cancer risk (psi = 2.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.53-3.04). The PAR for tobacco or alcohol was 72% (95% confidence interval, 61-79%) for head and neck cancer, of which 4% was due to alcohol alone, 33% was due to tobacco alone, and 35% was due to tobacco and alcohol combined. The total PAR differed by subsite (64% for oral cavity cancer, 72% for pharyngeal cancer, 89% for laryngeal cancer), by sex (74% for men, 57% for women), by age (33% for cases < 45 years, 73% for cases > 60 years), and by region (84% in Europe, 51% in North America, 83% in Latin America). Conclusions: Our results confirm that the joint effect between tobacco and alcohol use is greater than multiplicative on head and neck cancer risk. However, a substantial proportion of head and neck cancers cannot be attributed to tobacco or alcohol use, particularly for oral cavity cancer and for head and neck cancer among women and among young-onset cases. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(2):541-50)

Involuntary smoking and head and neck cancer risk: Pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium

Although active tobacco smoking has been identified as a major risk factor for head and neck cancer, involuntary smoking has not been adequately evaluated because of the relatively low statistical power in previous studies. We took advantage of data pooled in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium to evaluate the role of involuntary smoking in head and neck carcinogenesis. Involuntary smoking exposure data were pooled across six case-control studies in Central Europe, Latin America, and the United States. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated for 542 cases and 2,197 controls who reported never using tobacco, and the heterogeneity among the study-specific ORs was assessed. In addition, stratified analyses were done by subsite. No effect of ever involuntary smoking exposure either at home or at work was observed for head and neck cancer overall. However, long duration of involuntary smoking exposure at home and at work was associated with an increased risk (OR for >15 years at home, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.12-2.28; P(trend) <0-01; OR for >15 years at work, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.04-2.30; P(trend) = 0.13). The effect of duration of involuntary smoking exposure at home was stronger for pharyngeal and laryngeal cancers than for other subsites. An association between involuntary smoking exposure and the risk of head and neck cancer, particularly pharyngeal and laryngeal cancers, was observed for long duration of exposure. These results are consistent with those for active smoking and suggest that elimination of involuntary smoking exposure might reduce head and neck cancer risk among never smokers.

Liver iron overloading in captive muriquis (Brachyteles spp.)

Background Iron accumulation was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively in the liver of 15 captive Brachyteles spp. Methods Hepatic hemosiderosis index (HHI) was determined as the area percentage of the liver parenchyma occupied by hemosiderin and ferritin deposits, through computerized histomorphometric analysis of Prussian blue-stained histologic sections. Results All studied animals presented liver hemosiderosis, and HHI ranged from 0.2% to 41.7%. There were no significant differences in HHI between muriqui species or genders, and no correlations were detected among HHI and age, time in captivity or body mass. Iron deposits were accompanied by other hepatic disorders. Conclusions This is the first study addressing the occurrence and consequences of iron overloading in the liver of muriquis. We propose that hemosiderosis may act as a contribute factor for the development of hepatic injuries. Further studies are advised to clarify the role of diet in the pathogenesis of hemosiderosis in these atelids.

Evaluation of Trypsin Treatment on the Inactivation of Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 on In Vitro Produced Pre-implantation Embryos

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of trypsin treatment on the inactivation of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) on in vitro produced by fertilization and artificially infected bovine embryos. Bovine embryos on day 7 were exposed with 10 mu l of BoHV-1, Los Angeles strain 10(7.5) TCID. These embryos and control embryos were divided in two groups: submitted to the sequential washes or to the trypsin treatment according to the International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) guidelines. The embryos and the last washing drop of each group were used as inoculum to infect Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells and submitted to nested PCR reaction using the primer that encodes the gene conserved region of virus glycoprotein gB. The data have shown that the control embryos and their last washing drop were negative. The exposed embryos that were treated with trypsin have shown positive results on the n-PCR and MDBK culture, and their last washing drop were negative. Our data have demonstrated that the trypsin treatment was not able to eliminate the BHV-1 of the embryos, suggesting an interaction between virus and embryo.

O complexo Myosotella 'myosotis/denticulata': uma perspetiva morfológica, molecular e ecológica

Dissertação de Mestrado, Biodiversidade e Ecologia Insular, 29 de Maio de 2013, Universidade dos Açores.

McCune Albright Syndrome: A Diagnosis to be Kept in Mind

Precocious puberty, defined as the development of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 8, often leads to anxiety in patients and their families but also in clinicians searching for the final diagnosis. After adequate investigation, the majority of the cases in girls turn out to be idiopathic. The authors present a case of McCune Albright syndrome in order to call attention to a rare cause of sexual precocity and the value of ultrasound in the evaluation of these situations. 10 years old infant girl admitted in our department due to irregular menstrual bleeding. She experienced a vaginal bleeding by the age of 3 which led to the diagnosis of McCune Albright Syndrome after a complete evaluation. Pubertal assessment revealed a reversed sequence in the remaining events with adrenarche at 5 and thelarche at 8. Hormonal evaluation demonstrated low FSH and LH levels (11,2 and 6,72 respectively) with high estrogen (204). Pelvic ultrasound showed a normal sized uterus (73x 29x32 mm), endometrial thickness of 5 mm and ovaries with several microfollicles and a copus luteum measuring 23 mm in the right ovary. McCune Albright syndrome is a very uncommon cause of sexual precocity that should, however, be suspected in all infant girls who present with vaginal bleeding. It is characterized by a triad: polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty and café-au-lait skin spots. Due to autonomous production of estrogen by the ovaries, ultrasound image of the female reproductive tract is inconsistent with chronologic age. Pelvic ultrasound demonstrates a normal sized uterus with a well defined cervix and clearly identified ovaries with several follicles, similar to adult women of reproductive age. Ultrasonography of the pelvis has also an important role excluding other causes of GnRH-independent precocious puberty conditions like ovarian cysts or tumors.

The uneasy case for lower parking standards

Minimum parking requirements are the norm for urban and suburban development in the United States (Davidson and Dolnick (2002)). The justification for parking space requirements is that overflow parking will occupy nearby street or off-street parking. Shoup (1999) and Willson (1995) provides cases where there is reason to believe that parking space requirements have forced parcel developers to place more parking than they would in the absence of parking requirements. If the effect of parking minimums is to significantly increase the land area devoted to parking, then the increase in impervious surfaces would likely cause water quality degradation, increased flooding, and decreased groundwater recharge. However, to our knowledge the existing literature does not test the effect of parking minimums on the amount of lot space devoted to parking beyond a few case studies. This paper tests the hypothesis that parking space requirements cause an oversupply of parking by examining the implicit marginal value of land allocated to parking spaces. This is an indirect test of the effects of parking requirements that is similar to Glaeser and Gyourko (2003). A simple theoretical model shows that the marginal value of additional parking to the sale price should be equal to the cost of land plus the cost of parking construction. We estimate the marginal values of parking and lot area with spatial methods using a large data set from the Los Angeles area non-residential property sales and find that for most of the property types the marginal value of parking is significantly below that of the parcel area. This evidence supports the contention that minimum parking requirements significantly increase the amount of parcel area devoted to parking.

Seguimiento serológico de infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en individuos estudiados de 50 municipios del Estado de Jalisco, México de 1987 a 1994

La Universidad de Guadalajara decidió realizar en 1987 un estudio seroepidemiológico para conocer la prevalencia de la infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en los 124 municipios del Estado de Jalisco, México, en el cual se obtuvieron tasas de 21,6 por 100 habitantes. De diciembre de 1993 a junio de 1994 se realizó un seguimiento de algunos de esos individuos, estudiándose sólo 2669 de ellos, de 50 municipios de áreas rurales del estado. Las causas de no encuesta de los faltantes fueron diversas, estando entre las más importantes la emigración (27,6) y la renuencia (14,8). Encontramos a 476 positivos (17,8%) y 2193 negativos (82,2%). Este segundo estudio nos permitió detectar 80 infectados nuevos (2,9%) lo que representa una tasa de incidencia de 30 por 1000 habitantes. Sin embargo, encontramos una seroconversión en los individuos estudiados, ya que de 1007 individuos que estaban positivos en 1987, 943 de ellos continúan así, mientras, que 64 individuos se negativizaron (2,3%), no siendo esto imputable a fallas de laboratorio, la prevalencia de positividad detectada en ambos estudios fue casi idéntica 18,1 y 17,8 % respectivamente, por lo que nosotros pensamos que las condiciones en que viven los individuos de las localidades rurales del Estado de Jalisco favorecen a que las infecciones continúen.

Optimal design and operation of compact simulated moving bed processes for enantioseparations

Simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography is attracting more and more attention since it is a powerful technique for complex separation tasks. Nowadays, more than 60% of preparative SMB units are installed in the pharmaceutical and in the food in- dustry [SDI, Preparative and Process Liquid Chromatography: The Future of Process Separations, International Strategic Directions, Los Angeles, USA, 2002. http://www. strategicdirections.com]. Chromatography is the method of choice in these ¯elds, be- cause often pharmaceuticals and ¯ne-chemicals have physico-chemical properties which di®er little from those of the by-products, and they may be thermally instable. In these cases, standard separation techniques as distillation and extraction are not applicable. The noteworthiness of preparative chromatography, particulary SMB process, as a sep- aration and puri¯cation process in the above mentioned industries has been increasing, due to its °exibility, energy e±ciency and higher product purity performance. Consequently, a new SMB paradigm is requested by the large number of potential small- scale applications of the SMB technology, which exploits the °exibility and versatility of the technology. In this new SMB paradigm, a number of possibilities for improving SMB performance through variation of parameters during a switching interval, are pushing the trend toward the use of units with smaller number of columns because less stationary phase is used and the setup is more economical. This is especially important for the phar- maceutical industry, where SMBs are seen as multipurpose units that can be applied to di®erent separations in all stages of the drug-development cycle. In order to reduce the experimental e®ort and accordingly the coast associated with the development of separation processes, simulation models are intensively used. One impor- tant aspect in this context refers to the determination of the adsorption isotherms in SMB chromatography, where separations are usually carried out under strongly nonlinear conditions in order to achieve higher productivities. The accurate determination of the competitive adsorption equilibrium of the enantiomeric species is thus of fundamental importance to allow computer-assisted optimization or process scale-up. Two major SMB operating problems are apparent at production scale: the assessment of product quality and the maintenance of long-term stable and controlled operation. Constraints regarding product purity, dictated by pharmaceutical and food regulatory organizations, have drastically increased the demand for product quality control. The strict imposed regulations are increasing the need for developing optically pure drugs.(...)

Parasite-host relationship between the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum Cuvier 1818) and ectoparasites, collected from fish farms in the city of Rolim de Moura, State of Rondônia, Western Amazon, Brazil

In this study we investigated the relationship between tambaqui fish (Colossoma macropomumi Cuvier 1818) and parasites in two fish farms (L204S and L180N) in the state of Rondônia, Brazil, during a 1-year period. The objective of the study was to describe the relationships between parasites, hosts and the environment. From the 80 fish specimens collected, 100% were parasitized by at least one parasite species. Seven ectoparasites species were recorded, six of the class Monogenea: Anacanthorus spathulatusi, Mymarothecium spp. (Mymarothecium sp. 1, Mymarothecium sp. 2 and M. viatorum), Notozothecium sp. and Linguadactyloides brinkimanni, classified as dominants, and the copepod Perulernaea gamitanae, classified as subordinate. Despite their high prevalence, the parasites were not abundant. A. spathulatus presented positive and significant correlations between the abundance of parasitism and the standard length of the hosts in the two fish farms; Mymarothecium spp. showed significant correlations, negative in L180N, and positive in L204S; significant positive correlations were observed for Notozothecium sp. in L204S, and for L.brinkimanni in L180N. Young monogeneans were found; these parasites presented a negative correlation in L180N and a significant negative correlation in L204S. The results of the correlation between the relative condition factor (Kn) and the abundance of parasites were not significant for the recorded parasite species. Regarding the hepatosomatic relation (HSR) of fish and the abundance of parasites, Anacanthorus spathulatusi showed a significant negative correlation with the HSR in L180N, and a positive correlation in L204S. Mymarothecium spp. and Notozothecium sp. presented significant positive correlations in L204S. Considering the correlation of the fish splenosomatic relation (SSR) and the abundance of parasites, L. brinkimanni presented significant correlations, positive in L180N and negative in L204S. Despite 100% prevalence, the high water quality contributes to infracommunities with low parasite abundance and good levels of Kn, HSR and SSR, allowing good tambaqui development.

Programa de Evaluación Genética de caracteres productivos, adaptativos y de comportamiento, en bovinos de carne para áreas desfavorecidas

La producción de carne bovina en áreas subtropical y templadas cálidas se ve afectada en cantidad y calidad debido a las condiciones de calor y humedad a lo largo del año. Las razas tradicionales son las que más sufren esa condición climática y por otra parte, las razas y/o cruzas más adaptadas muestran problemas de calidad de carne, menor precocidad reproductiva y de temperamento. Las razas bovinas de origen índico y africano muestran mayor adaptación al estrés térmico y las razas británicas son más susceptibles aunque existe variación individual. Los indicadores climáticos de estrés térmico son variados, aunque humedad relativa del ambiente y temperatura son los más importantes. En el animal se pueden realizar diversos ensayos que incluyen toma de información de temperatura corporal profunda y frecuencia respiratoria. Dichos ensayos permiten clasificar a los animales como resistentes o susceptibles al estrés térmico. Una raza sanga de origen africano (Tuli) y sus cruzas se están ensayando en la UCC como parte de la búsqueda de soluciones a los problemas planteados anteriormente. Los objetivos son: Implementar un sistema de evaluación genética para seleccionar una población bovina de carne adaptada a condiciones de estrés térmico. Estudiar atributos anátomo-fisiológicos y mecanismos de reacción fisiológica de adaptación a dicho estrés y describir el temperamento de la raza Tuli y sus cruzas, relacionándolo con producción, estrés y calidad de carne. Estimar parámetros genéticos poblacionales. Estudiar por medio de evaluación ecográfica diferencias entre animales de distintas razas en área de ojo de bife y espesor de grasa dorsal. Los animales a utilizar en este trabajo pertenecen a las razas Tuli puros, Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, cruzas F1, cruzas inter sé de las F1 (San Ignacio).

Efecto de la distribución del diámetro de la fibra sobre el tipo y frecuencia de fibras objetables en vellones mixtos. 1- Aspectos físicos (Programa Red Supprad)

Las fibras pertenecientes a los Camélidos y a los Caprinos reciben entre otros nombres el de fibras lujosas. Los atributos y caracteres que le confieren valor a estas fibras son: suavidad, brillo, escasez o rareza, precio alto, carácter de misterioso, romántico, elegante y exclusivo. Siendo suavidad y brillo o lustrosidad los únicos atributos que solo depende de la fibra cruda en sí. La expresión ´suave´ textilmente hablando se reconoce cómo suavidad al tacto o ´mano´ y reúne en sí mismo varios atributos: confort sobre la piel (picazón), rigidez, lisura, suavidad. El término ´prickle´ o picazón (prurito) se aplica solo para las prendas que se usan en contacto con la piel (directa o indirectamente) y cada vez resulta más importante. Diversos estudios han demostrado que la sensación de picazón o prurito proviene de las fibras gruesas de la cola derecha de la distribución del diámetro de la fibra (´borde grueso´), de ahí la importancia de estudiar esta distribución en el contexto físico primero y en el genético luego. Se hipotetiza que: La distribución del diámetro de la fibra puede ser evaluada correctamente con el desvío estándar y el coeficiente de variación del diámetro, desde el punto de vista cuantitativo y por la morfología (tipo de rizo), desde el punto de vista cualitativo y esta determinación permite predecir la suavidad al tacto del hilo y/o tejido a confeccionar. Para testar esta hipótesis se han formulado los siguientes objetivos generales: Determinar la relación entre la variación o dispersión del diámetro de la fibra y parámetros estadísticos cuantitativos en fibra de Camélidos y Caprinos. Determinar la relación entre la variación o dispersión del diámetro de la fibra y la morfología de la fibra de Camélidos y Caprinos. Determinar la relación entre la variación del diámetro y la morfología de la fibra y la suavidad al tacto del hilo y/o tejido producido Camélidos y Caprinos. El proyecto se desarrollará en el contexto del programa SUPPRAD y se utilizará la información capturada en los trabajos de campo con caprinos criollos, ovinos Merino y Camélidos Sudamericanos, tratando de obtener una respuesta formal a la disyuntiva de homogeneizar la distribución de tipos de fibras y diámetros por vía mecánica (´descerdado´), selección genética, o una combinación de ambas.

Desarrollo e implementación de programa estratégico de educación e intervención sanitaria para el control de enfermedades transmisibles en poblaciones marginales de la Provincia de Córdoba

En los primeros años del siglo XXI, la pobreza, la exclusión social y la inequidad en la agenda política de los países y de los organismos internacionales han dado mayor espacio a la discusión sobre la protección social. Se han definido las “enfermedades de la pobreza” como una constante de grupos marginales que no logran acceso a una equitativa distribución de recursos sanitarios acordes a sus necesidades insatisfechas. Nuestro país no escapa a esa realidad, más aún en poblaciones donde todavía no existe acceso a redes de agua potable, adecuados servicios de tratamiento de residuos, deficiente participación de los sectores estatales en salvaguarda de la salud de la población e insostenible calidad nutricional, para citar solo algunos de los factores que determinan la exclusión sanitaria. En la última publicación del 2007 sobre los Indicadores Básicos de la Situación de Salud en las Américas de la OPS, se observa que en la Argentina existe una elevada tasa de mortalidad por enfermedades transmisibles (superada por pocos países de la región), una considerable tasa de incidencia de tuberculosis (una de las enfermedades de la pobreza) y que aún un 20% de la población rural no cuenta con fuentes mejoradas de agua potable ni instalaciones de saneamiento. Ante esta inequidad manifiesta, la educación sanitaria es uno de los medios más importantes para generar los cambios de conducta necesarios a nivel individual, familiar y comunitario, así como para interrumpir las vías de transmisión de las enfermedades asociadas con el agua y el saneamiento. A partir de la investigación de las variables que condicionan la prevalencia de enfermedades transmisibles y la detección de indicadores adecuados, desde este proyecto se sostiene que el desarrollo e implementación de programas estratégicos de educación e intervención sanitaria harán posible un mejor control y tratamiento de estas enfermedades en las poblaciones marginales objeto de estudio. La estrategia de educación y la prevención deben lograr reemplazar la llegada tarde al sistema de salud que funciona como un “parche” poco efectivo y más costoso. Forma parte entonces, del objetivo general de este trabajo, desarrollar e implementar un proyecto de educación sanitaria, y las estrategias para su aplicación, destinado al control de las enfermedades transmisibles en poblaciones marginales, desarrollando herramientas que permitan extrapolar la realidad regional a otras comunidades similares.

Estudio y caracterización de la composición química de compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COVs) en Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas

Se realizará el estudio y caracterización química de la fracción orgánica volátil (COVs) presente en plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas. Dicho estudio se llevará a cabo mediante la utilización de la Microextracción en Fase Sólida (SPME) y posterior análisis cuali-cuantitativo por Cromatografía Gaseosa adosada a un Espectrómetro de Masas (GC-MS). Mediante el estudio y caracterización de los compuestos orgánicos volátiles presentes, se tratará de establecer similitudes y diferencias en especímenes de flora autóctona perteneciente al mismo género pero de diferentes especies. Además de esto, se tratarán de establecer las mejores condiciones de conservación y almacenamiento de aquellas plantas aromáticas que posean importancia económica reconocida (estabilidad de los COVs responsables de las características aromáticas, durante el proceso de conservación y almacenamiento). Por otra parte, se realizará la formación de recursos humanos en el área de la química orgánica analítica.