A importância da marca no processo de tomada de decisão de compra industrial

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Comunicação, com especialização em Marketing e Comunicação Estratégica.

Asistencia técnica de ingeniería y diseño industrial. Adecuación de equipos y herramientas.

27 hojas : ilustraciones, planos.

Muestras de tejidos con fibras de fique e hilo de algodón natural o industrial con las técnicas del crochet y de bordados, y sombrereras y coronas ornamentales utilizadas por las mujeres Wayúu Guajira.

15 hojas : ilustraciones, fotografías a color.

NAFTA and the apparel commodity chain: Corporate strategies, interfirm networks, and industrial upgrading

The apparel industry is one of the oldest and largest export industries in the world, with global trade and production networks that connect firms and workers in countries at all levels of economic development. This chapter examines the impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) as one of the most recent and significant developments to affect patterns of international trade and production in the apparel and textile industries. Tr ade policies are changing the institutional environment in which firms in this industry operate, and companies are responding to these changes with new strategies designed to increase their profitability and strengthen their control over the apparel commodity chain. Our hypothesis is that lead firms are establishing qualitatively different kinds of regional production networks in North America from those that existed prior to NAFTA, and that these networks have important consequences for industrial upgrading in the Mexican textile and apparel industries. Post-NAFTA crossborder production arrangements include full-package networks that link lead firms in the United States with apparel and textile manufacturers, contractors, and suppliers in Mexico. Full-package production is increasing the local value added provided by the apparel commodity chain in Mexico and creating new opportunities for Mexican firms and workers. The chapter is divided into four main sections. The first section uses trade and production data to analyze shifts in global apparel flows, highlighting the emergence and consolidation of a regional trade bloc in North America. The second section discusses the process of industrial upgrading in the apparel industry and introduces a distinction between assembly and full-package production networks. The third section includes case studies based on published industry sources and strategic interviews with several lead companies whose strategies are largely responsible for the shifting trade patterns and NAFTA-inspired cross-border production networks discussed in the previous section. The fourth section considers the implications of these changes for employment in the North American apparel industry. © 2009 by Temple University Press. All rights reserved.

NAFTA and uneven development in the North American apparel industry

The various contributions to this book have documented how NAFTA-inspired firm strategies are changing the geography of apparel production in North America. The authors show in myriad ways how companies at different positions along the apparel commodity chain are responding to the new institutional and regulatory environment that NAFTA creates. By making it easier for U.S. companies to take advantage of Mexico as a nearby low-cost site for export-oriented apparel production, NAFTA is deepening the regional division of labor within North America, and this process has consequences for firms and workers in each of the signatory countries. In the introduction to this book we alluded to the obvious implications of shifting investment and trade patterns in the North American apparel industry for employment in the different countries. In this concluding chapter we focus on Mexico in the NAFTA era, specifically the extent to which Mexico's role in the North American economy facilitates or inhibits its economic development. W e begin with a discussion of the contemporary debate about Mexico's development, which turns on the question of how to assess the implications of Mexico's rapid and pro-found process of economic reform. Second, we focus on the textile and apparel industries as sectors that have been significantly affected by changes in regulatory environments at both the global and regional levels. Third, we examine the evidence regarding Mexico's NAFTA-era export dynamism, and in particular we emphasize the importance of interfirm networks, both for making sense of Mexico's meteoric rise among apparel exporters and for evaluating the implications of this dynamism for development. Fourth, we turn to a consideration of the national political-economic environment that shapes developmental outcomes for all Mexicans. Although regional disparities within Mexico are profound, aspects of government policy, such as management of the national currency, and characteristics of the institutional environment, such as industrial relations, have nationwide effects, and critics of NAFTA charge that these factors are contributing to a process of economic and social polarization that is ever more evident (Morales 1999; Dussel Peters 2000). Finally, we suggest that the mixed consequences of Mexico's NAFTA-era growth can be taken as emblematic of the contradictions that the process of globalization poses for economic and social development. The anti-sweatshop campaign in North America is one example of transnational or crossborder movements that are emerging to address the negative consequences of this process. In bringing attention to the problem of sweatshop production in North America, activists are developing strategies that rely on a network logic that is not dissimilar to the approaches reflected in the various chapters of this book. © 2009 by Temple University Press. All rights reserved.

Economic and Social Upgrading in Global Value Chains and Industrial Clusters: Why Governance Matters

© 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.The burgeoning literature on global value chains (GVCs) has recast our understanding of how industrial clusters are shaped by their ties to the international economy, but within this context, the role played by corporate social responsibility (CSR) continues to evolve. New research in the past decade allows us to better understand how CSR is linked to industrial clusters and GVCs. With geographic production and trade patterns in many industries becoming concentrated in the global South, lead firms in GVCs have been under growing pressure to link economic and social upgrading in more integrated forms of CSR. This is leading to a confluence of “private governance” (corporate codes of conduct and monitoring), “social governance” (civil society pressure on business from labor organizations and non-governmental organizations), and “public governance” (government policies to support gains by labor groups and environmental activists). This new form of “synergistic governance” is illustrated with evidence from recent studies of GVCs and industrial clusters, as well as advances in theorizing about new patterns of governance in GVCs and clusters.

Interacción genotipo por ambiente sobre caracteres de calidad comercial e industrial en trigo pan (Triticum aestivum L.)

El genotipo (G), el ambiente (A) y la interacción G x A pueden influir de manera diferente sobre las característica que definen la calidad comercial e industrial de trigo pan. Los objetivos de esta tesis fueron: 1) Caracterizar el rendimiento y a sus componentes en cultivares de trigo pertenecientes a diferentes grupos de calidad, expuestos a ofertas de nitrógeno contrastantes. 2) Estudiar el impacto de distinta disponibilidad de nitrógeno sobre los componentes fisiológicos del llenado de los granos (i.e tasa y duración) en distintaas variedades de trigo pan y su posible efecto sobre los parámetros de calidad. 3) Caracterizar y cuantificar la interacción genotipo por ambiente sobre la expresión de los parámetros que determinan el rendimiento y la calidad comercial e industrial del trigo pan en ambientes con diferentes disponibilidades de nitrógeno. Se realizaron ensayos en dos localidades, durante dos años, utilizando seis variedades de distinta aptitud panadera (2 de cada grupo de clasificación por grupo de calidad -GC-), aplicando cuatro tratamientos de fertilización nitrogenadas. Se evaluó el efecto genético, ambiental y la interacción G x A, sobre el rendimiento y sus componentes, el peso de los granos y sus componentes y sobre los parámetros de calidad comercial e industrial. Los resultados mostraron que el rendimiento y sus componentes (número de granos, biomasa aérea, eficiencia de uso de la radiación interceptada acumulada) fueron afectados principalmente por el ambiente y el manejo nutricional dentro de de cada ambiente. Para el peso de los granos y sus componentes (tasa y duración) el efecto del manejo del nitrógeno no fue importante, aunque sí lo fue el efecto genotipo. Para los parámetros de calidad el efecto genotipo fue más importante solo para la tenacidad, mientras que el peso hectolítrico, gluten húmedo, fuerza panadera, la relación de equilibrio (P/L) y volumen de pan fueron modificados principalmente por el efecto ambiente no manejable como son el año y la localidad, en tanto la proteína fue afectada principalmente por el factor ambiental asociado al manejo nutricional. La interacción GxA fue el efecto que explicó en mayor medida las variaciones de rendimiento de harina, absorción de agua y tiempo de amasado. La fuerte interacción GxA observada para la mayoría de los parámetros de calidad determinó que variedades de un determinado GC cambien de grupo asociado principalmente a factores ambientales como la localidad y el año, mientras que el manejo nutricional tuvo un impacto menor

Momento de ocurrencia, magnitud y reiteración de lluvias como determinante del lavado del grano de trigo y su efecto en la calidad comercial e industrial

p.45-53

Interacción genotipo por ambiente sobre caracteres de calidad comercial e industrial en trigo pan (Triticum aestivum L.)

El genotipo (G), el ambiente (A)y la interacción G x A pueden influir de manera diferente sobre las característica que definen la calidad comercial e industrial de trigo pan. Los objetivos de esta tesis fueron: 1)Caracterizar el rendimiento y a sus componentes en cultivares de trigo pertenecientes a diferentes grupos de calidad, expuestos a ofertas de nitrógeno contrastantes. 2)Estudiar el impacto de distinta disponibilidad de nitrógeno sobre los componentes fisiológicos del llenado de los granos (i.e tasa y duración)en distintaas variedades de trigo pan y su posible efecto sobre los parámetros de calidad. 3)Caracterizar y cuantificar la interacción genotipo por ambiente sobre la expresión de los parámetros que determinan el rendimiento y la calidad comercial e industrial del trigo pan en ambientes con diferentes disponibilidades de nitrógeno. Se realizaron ensayos en dos localidades, durante dos años, utilizando seis variedades de distinta aptitud panadera (2 de cada grupo de clasificación por grupo de calidad -GC-), aplicando cuatro tratamientos de fertilización nitrogenadas. Se evaluó el efecto genético, ambiental y la interacción G x A, sobre el rendimiento y sus componentes, el peso de los granos y sus componentes y sobre los parámetros de calidad comercial e industrial. Los resultados mostraron que el rendimiento y sus componentes (número de granos, biomasa aérea, eficiencia de uso de la radiación interceptada acumulada)fueron afectados principalmente por el ambiente y el manejo nutricional dentro de de cada ambiente. Para el peso de los granos y sus componentes (tasa y duración)el efecto del manejo del nitrógeno no fue importante, aunque sí lo fue el efecto genotipo. Para los parámetros de calidad el efecto genotipo fue más importante solo para la tenacidad, mientras que el peso hectolítrico, gluten húmedo, fuerza panadera, la relación de equilibrio (P/L)y volumen de pan fueron modificados principalmente por el efecto ambiente no manejable como son el año y la localidad, en tanto la proteína fue afectada principalmente por el factor ambiental asociado al manejo nutricional. La interacción GxA fue el efecto que explicó en mayor medida las variaciones de rendimiento de harina, absorción de agua y tiempo de amasado. La fuerte interacción GxA observada para la mayoría de los parámetros de calidad determinó que variedades de un determinado GC cambien de grupo asociado principalmente a factores ambientales como la localidad y el año, mientras que el manejo nutricional tuvo un impacto menor

Efecto del pastoreo del trigo sobre el rendimiento y la calidad industrial del grano

p.93-102

Modelling of industrial multi-physics processes—a key role for computational mechanics.

In the analysis of industrial processes, there is an increasing emphasis on systems governed by interacting continuum phenomena. Mathematical models of such multi-physics processes can only be achieved for practical simulations through computational solution procedures—computational mechanics. Examples of such multi-physics systems in the context of metals processing are used to explore some of the key issues. Finite-volume methods on unstructured meshes are proposed as a means to achieve efficient rapid solutions to such systems. Issues associated with the software design, the exploitation of high performance computers, and the concept of the virtual computational-mechanics modelling laboratory are also addressed in this context.

Bulk synchronous parallelization of industrial electromagentic software

The parallelization of existing/industrial electromagnetic software using the bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) computation model is presented. The software employs the finite element method with a preconditioned conjugate gradient-type solution for the resulting linear systems of equations. A geometric mesh-partitioning approach is applied within the BSP framework for the assembly and solution phases of the finite element computation. This is combined with a nongeometric, data-driven parallel quadrature procedure for the evaluation of right-hand-side terms in applications involving coil fields. A similar parallel decomposition is applied to the parallel calculation of electron beam trajectories required for the design of tube devices. The BSP parallelization approach adopted is fully portable, conceptually simple, and cost-effective, and it can be applied to a wide range of finite element applications not necessarily related to electromagnetics.

Numerical predictions of particle degradation in industrial-scale pneumatic conveyors

This paper presents an Eulerian-based numerical model of particle degradation in dilute-phase pneumatic conveying systems including bends of different angles. The model shows reasonable agreement with detailed measurements from a pilot-sized pneumatic conveying system and a much larger scale pneumatic conveyor. The potential of the model to predict degradation in a large-scale conveying system from an industrial plant is demonstrated. The importance of the effect of the bend angle on the damage imparted to the particles is discussed.

Industrial water pollution in Dhaka, Bangladesh: strategies and incentives for pollution control in small and medium enterprises

The extent and gravity of the environmental degradation of the water resources in Dhaka due to untreated industrial waste is not fully recognised in international discourse. Pollution levels affect vast numbers, but the poor and the vulnerable are the worst affected. For example, rice productivity, the mainstay of poor farmers, in the Dhaka watershed has declined by 40% over a period of ten years. The study found significant correlations between water pollution and diseases such as jaundice, diarrhoea and skin problems. It was reported that the cost of treatment of one episode of skin disease could be as high as 29% of the weekly earnings of some of the poorest households. The dominant approach to deal with pollution in the SMEs is technocratic. Given the magnitude of the problem this paper argues that to control industrial pollution by SMEs and to enhance their compliance it is necessary to move from the technocratic approach to one which can also address the wider institutional and attitudinal issues. Underlying this shift is the need to adopt the appropriate methodology. The multi-stakeholder analysis enables an understanding of the actors, their influence, their capacity to participate in, or oppose change, and the existing and embedded incentive structures which allow them to pursue interests which are generally detrimental to environmental good. This enabled core and supporting strategies to be developed around three types of actors in industrial pollution, i.e., (i) principal actors, who directly contribute to industrial pollution; (ii) stakeholders who exacerbate the situation; and (iii) potential actors in mitigation. Within a carrot-and-stick framework, the strategies aim to improve environmental governance and transparency, set up a packet to incentive for industry and increase public awareness.