Decentralized or centralized production : impacts to the environment, industry, and the economy

Since product take-back is mandated in Europe, and has effects for producers worldwide including the U.S., designing efficient forward and reverse supply chain networks is becoming essential for business viability. Centralizing production facilities may reduce costs but perhaps not environmental impacts. Decentralizing a supply chain may reduce transportation environmental impacts but increase capital costs. Facility location strategies of centralization or decentralization are tested for companies with supply chains that both take back and manufacture products. Decentralized and centralized production systems have different effects on the environment, industry and the economy. Decentralized production systems cluster suppliers within the geographical market region that the system serves. Centralized production systems have many suppliers spread out that meet all market demand. The point of this research is to help further the understanding of company decision-makers about impacts to the environment and costs when choosing a decentralized or centralized supply chain organizational strategy. This research explores; what degree of centralization for a supply chain makes the most financial and environmental sense for siting facilities; and which factories are in the best location to handle the financial and environmental impacts of particular processing steps needed for product manufacture. This research considered two examples of facility location for supply chains when products are taken back; the theoretical case involved shoe resoling and a real world case study considered the location of operations for a company that reclaims multiple products for use as material inputs. For the theoretical example a centralized strategy to facility location was optimal: whereas for the case study a decentralized strategy to facility location was best. In conclusion, it is not possible to say that a centralized or decentralized strategy to facility location is in general best for a company that takes back products. Each company’s specific concerns, needs, and supply chain details will determine which degree of centralization creates the optimal strategy for siting their facilities.

Critical connections : Islamic politics and political economy in Indonesia and Malaysia

This article explores Islamic politics in two Muslim-majority countries in Southeast Asia, Indonesia and Malaysia, by linking their trajectories, from late colonial emergence to recent upsurge, to broad concerns of political economy, including changing social bases, capitalist transformation, state policies, and economic crises. The Indonesian and Malaysian trajectories of Islamic politics are tracked in a comparative exercise that goes beyond the case studies to suggest that much of contemporary Islamic politics cannot be explained by reference to Islam alone, but to how Islamic identities and agendas are forged in contexts of modern and profane social contestation.

The effect of light truck design variables on top speed, performance, and fuel economy, 1981. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

Productivity and the economy : a chartbook.

"June 1983."

Potential of spark ignition engine, effect of vehicle design variables on top speed, performance and fuel economy. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

Automobile fuels and fuel economy.

Mode of access: Internet.

NHTSA motor vehicle safety and fuel economy rulemaking plan. Appendices.

Mode of access: Internet.

The "home queen" world's fair souvenir cook book : two thousand valuable recipes on cookery and household economy, menus, table etiquette, toilet, etc. /

Disbound Original Held in Oak Street Library Facility.

Facts for farmers : also for the family circle : a compost of rich materials for all landowners, about domestic animals and domestic economy, farm buildings, gardens, orchards, and vineyards : and all farm crops, tools, fences, fertilization, draining, and irrigation : with an appendix on the diseases and cures of domestic animals /

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