1000 resultados para Gota D Água
Resumo:
São apresentados os resultados do desenvolvimento das comunidades de algas perifíticas sobre substratos artificiais em duas lagoas de estabilização na Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETE) do Lami, em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram analisadas as mudanças na diversidade de espécies durante 8 semanas, entre outubro e dezembro de 2001, em três profundidades na coluna d'água, utilizando-se vários índices. O grupo de algas predominante no substrato superor nas duas lagoas foi o das diatomáceas, enquanto que nas profundidades média e inferior as cianobactérias foram as espécies mais freqüentes e abundantes, tanto na lagoa facultativa 1 como na lagoa de maturação 2 . Pelos resultados obtidos é possível que o substrato artificial de telas plástica utilizado neste experimento seja eficiente na remoção de nutrientes, tais como fósforo e nitrogênio. Pelo Índice Autotrófico verifica-se que as lagoas de estabilização são ambientes autotróficos, principalmente nos estratos superior e médio. Métodos estatísticos de análise multivariada foram realizados para descrever as relações entre espécies algais no tempo e em diferentes profundidades, bem como para encontrar afinidades específicas. Os resultados indicam espécies e grupos dominantes, substituições de espécies, mudanças na densidade e diversidade específica das comunidades perifíticas nessas lagoas. Este estudo demonstrou que o tempo para o estabelecimento de comunidades do perifiton diminui com a profundidade. Na análise das algas perifíticas foram registradas 32 táxons distribuídos em 4 divisões.
Resumo:
A crescente preocupação com o lançamento de nutrientes aos corpos d'água e seu impacto sobre a qualidade dos mananciais justifica o aprofundamento do estudo de técnicas de tratamenot de águas residuárias que promovam a remoção destes poluentes. Com a finalidade de estudar a remoção do nitrogênio, foram operados dois sistemas biológicos de tratamento de efluentes por lodos ativados em escala piloto. Esses sistemas apresentavam diferenças em relação a seu fluxo de operação, onde um deles trabalhava de forma intermitente (Reator Seqüencial em Batelada) enquanto o outro se caracterizava por apresentar um fluxo contínuo (Bardenpho). A pesquisa foi realizada no tratamento de esgoto doméstico e dividiu-se em duas etapas: na primeira, foi adotada uma idade de lodo de 10 dias como parâmetro operacional enquanto que, na segunda , adotou-se uma idade de lodo de 30 dias. O monitoramento dos processos foi realizado por meio de análises físico-químicas e também pela observação da microfauna presente no lodo, como um parâmetro adicional de controle dos sistemas. O RSB apresentou-se mais eficiente do que o sistema de fluxo contínuo ao longo das duas etapas da pesquisa Na primeira fase, o RSB apresentou remoções médias de 88, 86 e 59% para a DQO, nitrogênio total e ST, respectivamente, enquanto que, para o sistema em fluxo contínuo, essas remoções foram de 76, 56 e 50%, respectivamente. Na segunda etapa, o RSB apresentou uma remoção média de 88% para DQO, 88% para nitrogênio total e 50% para ST, enquanto que o sistema contínuo apresentou valores médios de 72,49 e 29%, respectivamente. Os sistemas de tratamento apresentaram boas condições de sedimentabilidade durante as duas etapas comprovadas através dos valores obtidos a partir do stestes do IVL e IVLA. Observou-se uma variação da composição da microfauna nos dois sistemas de fluxo contínuo e uma predominância de ciliados fixos no RSB. No RSB, a presença de ciliados fixos esteve associada a boas condiçôes de sedimentabilidade e de remoção de matéria orgânica enquanto que no sistema contínuo, esta associação deu-se com o gênero Euplotes sp. e com os metazóarios. Observaram-se relações entre a presença de amebas e a remoção de nitrogênio no RSB. A presença de ciliados rastejantes esteve associada à geração de um efluente com baixa concentração de SSV em ambos os sistemas de tratamento.
Resumo:
Utilizando técnicas de geoprocessamento, desenvolveu-se metodologia para avaliar e diagnosticar os impactos ambientais decorrentes do uso e ocupação do solo em áreas de Florestas Nacionais. A área teste da pesquisa foi a Floresta nacional de Brasília. No modelamento para a avaliação da perda e tolerância de solo em função de seu uso, utilizou-se das ferramentas de geoprocessamento e imagem de satélite para a solução da equação USLE. Foi possível determinar as áreas de preservação permanente e as áreas passíveis de reflorestamento, através da criação de cenários de colheita florestal, bem como as diferentes formas de manejo que devem ser adotadas em função das perdas de solo por erosão laminar. As áreas de perda de solo acima de sua tolerãncia representam 1,90% (177,44 ha) da área total da Flona. As áreas consideradas de Preservação Permanente sob o aspecto da legislação vigente e do uso atual representam 6,78% (633,46ha) de sua área total. Destes, 140,18ha (22,13%) apresentam uma cobertura vegetal do tipo campo e devem ser recuperados e convertidos em áreas com cobertura vegetal do tipo floresta, a fim de adequar-se a legislação vigente como também minimizar os processos erosivos que possam comprometer os cursos d'água. A área passível de implantação de floresta corresponde a 8.712,82 ha (93,22%), onde 5.642,48 ha (64,76%) podem ser manejados a corte raso e 3.070,34 hectares (32,24%) devem ser manejados a corte seletivo, para que não haja comprometimento do solo devido às perdas por erosão laminar.
Resumo:
Tendo como base a literatura internacional sobre fundos mútuos, o presente estudo busca encontrar algumas características que influenciam a performance dos fundos de investimentos em ações no Brasil de janeiro de 1999 até abril de 2005. O objetivo principal do trabalho é perceber se os fundos de investimento em ações têm retorno decrescente de escala. Ao mesmo tempo, sabe-se que a persistência de uma boa rentabilidade depende do grau de profissionalismo dos gestores e também de uma boa relação entre o gestor responsável e o investidor e, um contrato ótimo entre ambos. Observou-se que o volume não tem influência negativa no retorno do fundo, pelo contrário, quanto maior o fundo melhor é a rentabilidade do mesmo. Os resultados também apresentaram que os fundos que cobram taxa de performance têm um desempenho melhor do que os que não cobram. Foi identificado também que os fundos que utilizam a marca d água como incentivo de remuneração aos gestores têm rentabilidade um pouco maior do que os fundos que pagam taxa de performance, mas não utilizam a marca d água no regulamento. Chegou-se a conclusão que há uma relação direta entre incentivo e desempenho. Os resultados aqui encontrados buscam facilitar o conhecimento e a tomada de decisão de pesquisadores, investidores, empresas gestoras, Corretoras e Distribuidoras, fundos de pensão e dos demais interessados na indústria de fundos de investimento em ações no Brasil.
Resumo:
Neste trabalho foram utilizadas imagens do satélite meteorológico GOES-8, em órbita geoestacionária, tomadas em três bandas do infravermelho, para caracterizar a absorção de radiação nestes comprimentos de onda, em função da variação espacial de parâmetros atmosféricos. Um dos principais objetivos foi o desenvolvimento de métodos capazes de apontar, em regiões préselecionadas por sua altitude, zonas de menor absorção atmosférica no infravermelho, caracterizando-as como sítios potencialmente apropriados para observações astronômicas nestes comprimentos de onda. A área de estudo faz parte dos Andes Peruanos, contendo regiões com mais de 2500 m de altitude. A metodologia do trabalho baseou-se na escolha dos canais 3, 4 e 5 do satélite GOES devido a sua sensibilidade à presença de vapor d'água na atmosfera. Em especial, no canal 3 é possível detectar a emissão de radiação infravermelha pelo vapor d'água presente nos níveis médio e superior da troposfera, enquanto no canal 4 a atmosfera quase não absorve radiação infravermelha, concentrando-se este efeito nas nuvens. Considerou-se que na ausência de nuvens pode-se observar a radiação proveniente do solo permitindo estimar sua temperatura. O canal 5 situa-se na porção do espectro contaminada pelo vapor d'água, isto é, onde o vapor d'água absorve parte da radiação proveniente da baixa troposfera. Como critério de qualidade dos sítios estudados foram escolhidos a altitude, a visibilidade da superfície e a quantidade de vapor d'água presente na atmosfera. Os resultados mostraram que as regiões ao sul do Peru concentram os sítios mais adequados à instalação de um observatório astronômico. Comparações com resultados de outros pesquisadores reforçam nossas conclusões.
Resumo:
Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar e apresentar a análise de viabilidade técnica e econômica no projeto de utilização da biomassa de Pistia Stratiotes (Alface d’água) como combustível sólido em fornalha industrial. Para isto apresenta-se o estudo de caso em uma unidade da Vale Fertilizantes, no município de Cajati, no estado de São Paulo. A análise de viabilidade técnica baseia-se nos resultados encontrados pelas análises de composição realizadas na biomassa, na pesquisa do sistema de coleta e preparação, nos cálculos desenvolvidos para encontrar a produtividade, como a biomassa poderia ser consumida e no estudo da eficiência da fornalha industrial do caso. Para demonstrar a viabilidade econômica, este estudo recorre ao modelo clássico de Engenharia Econômica com a observação dos índices e taxas como: Taxa Mínima de Atratividade (TMA), Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR), Período de Recuperação do Capital Investido (Payback) e na Análise de Sensibilidade. Observou-se nos resultados técnicos que as características da biomassa de alface d’água ajudam nas etapas de ignição e combustão do combustível, no entanto esta biomassa apresenta baixo poder calorífico inferior para sua utilização sem mistura combustível em fornalhas industriais. Os resultados econômicos apresentaram-se positivos à utilização da biomassa, e o projeto mostrou-se consistente e de rápida recuperação do capital investido. Este estudo de caso demonstra que o estudo da utilização da biomassa de alface d’água como combustível sólido em fornalha industrial é viável tecnicamente e economicamente. E muito além disto, mostra que estudos deste tipo devem ser desenvolvidos na busca pela diversificação da matriz energética através de energia renovável.
Resumo:
Monitoramento de redes sociais realizado pela Diretoria de Análise de Políticas Públicas da FGV (FGV/DAPP), entre 18 e 21 de janeiro, registrou 315 mil menções relacionadas à crise hídrica em todo o Brasil. São Paulo foi a cidade com o maior volume de comentários, concentrando 16% do total, mais do que o dobro do Rio de Janeiro, a segunda cidade no ranking, com 7%. Os termos mais mencionados foram "água", com 46% do total, e "seca", com 32%. Outras palavras muito citadas foram "falta", "cantareira" e "racionamento".
Resumo:
The career of civil engineer Henrique de Novaes, a remarkable figure in the academic, technical and political fields, demonstrates its extensive and relevant work across Brazil in the first half of the twentieth century. It covered from the design of water supply and sewage works, road and rail transport networks, works against drought in the Northeast, hydroelectric and harbor facilities to the urbanization planning and architectural projects, which displays a systematic and multiple production. City and territory conformed to his fields of verification, practical and above all, transformation. The search for understanding of the inclusion of a social actor in this process thus contributes to the specific analysis of the doings of Henrique de Novaes, who graduated at Polytechnic School of Rio de Janeiro in 1906. From a polymorphic activity in different scales, one tries to figure how, through academic education or professional practice, urban history in Brazil can be told or built. The introduction of technological innovations matched the purposes of planning and urban sprawl, as well as met the specifications of regulation and institutionalization of public infrastructure services at the time. The overall plans proposed by the engineer thought of the city as a whole, interconnected to the structural networks. At the same time, the knowledge of a larger physical scale the territory bounces back in the urban in a relationship of reciprocity and completeness. The objective research, therefore, tries to understand the roles played by Henrique de Novaes s works and academic education in the accomplishment of systematic modernization of Brazilian urban space and territory, recovering a little known historical figure by current historiography. It is proposed, as methodological axis, that the study of this professional career configures itself as an essential element for understanding the idea of progress embodied in the technical studies and proposals for improvements and sanitation nationwide in the first half of the twentieth century . The primary sources for the construction of this analysis were technical articles in journals of the period ( Clube de Engenharia , Viação e Revista Brasileira de Engenharia ), and technical reports, government messages, newspaper articles published at the time, autobiographical reports and the engineer s verbal communications with relatives. The work is structured in three chapters: "Biographical traces, academic education and 'technical and political' activities" illustrates the initiation into the technical, public and political environment; Chapter 2, "Technique and territory" outlines his network understanding through sanitation and transport services; Chapter 3 "Technique and City" describes the influence of polytechnics knowledge on the propositions of modernization of cities; Finally, "Final Thoughts: An Evaluation," presents an overview of the affiliations and practice of an engineer in the different scales, and its contribution to the modernization of Brazilian urban and territorial space
Resumo:
Untreated effluents that reach surface water affect the aquatic life and humans. This study aimed to evaluate the wastewater s toxicity (municipal, industrial and shrimp pond effluents) released in the Estuarine Complex of Jundiaí- Potengi, Natal/RN, through chronic quantitative e qualitative toxicity tests using the test organism Mysidopsis Juniae, CRUSTACEA, MYSIDACEA (Silva, 1979). For this, a new methodology for viewing chronic effects on organisms of M. juniae was used (only renewal), based on another existing methodology to another testorganism very similar to M. Juniae, the M. Bahia (daily renewal).Toxicity tests 7 days duration were used for detecting effects on the survival and fecundity in M. juniae. Lethal Concentration 50% (LC50%) was determined by the Trimmed Spearman-Karber; Inhibition Concentration 50% (IC50%) in fecundity was determined by Linear Interpolation. ANOVA (One Way) tests (p = 0.05) were used to determinate the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) and Low Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC). Effluents flows were measured and the toxic load of the effluents was estimated. Multivariate analysis - Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Correspondence Analysis (CA) - identified the physic-chemical parameters better explain the patterns of toxicity found in survival and fecundity of M. juniae. We verified the feasibility of applying the only renewal system in chronic tests with M. Juniae. Most efluentes proved toxic on the survival and fecundity of M. Juniae, except for some shrimp pond effluents. The most toxic effluent was ETE Lagoa Aerada (LC50, 6.24%; IC50, 4.82%), ETE Quintas (LC50, 5.85%), Giselda Trigueiro Hospital (LC50, 2.05%), CLAN (LC50, 2.14%) and COTEMINAS (LC50, IC50 and 38.51%, 6.94%). The greatest toxic load was originated from ETE inefficient high flow effluents, textile effluents and CLAN. The organic load was related to the toxic effects of wastewater and hospital effluents in survival of M. Juniae, as well as heavy metals, total residual chlorine and phenols. In industrial effluents was found relationship between toxicity and organic load, phenols, oils and greases and benzene. The effects on fertility were related, in turn, with chlorine and heavy metals. Toxicity tests using other organisms of different trophic levels, as well as analysis of sediment toxicity are recommended to confirm the patterns found with M. Juniae. However, the results indicate the necessity for implementation and improvement of sewage treatment systems affluent to the Potengi s estuary
Resumo:
Ecomorphology is a science based on the idea that morphological differences among species could be associated with distinct biological and environmental pressures suffered by them. These differences can be studied employing morphological and biometric indexes denominated Ecomorphological attributes , representing standards that express characteristics of the individual in relation to its environment, and can be interpreted as indicators of life habits or adaptations suffered due its occupation of different habitats. This work aims to contribute for the knowledge of the ecomorphology of the Brazilian marine ichthyofauna, specifically from Galinhos, located at Rio Grande do Norte state. 10 different species of fish were studied, belonging the families Gerreidae (Eucinostomus argenteus), Haemulidae (Orthopristis ruber,Pomadasyscorvinaeformis,Haemulonaurolineatum,Haemulonplumieri,Haemulonsteindachneri), Lutjanidae (Lutjanus synagris), Paralichthyidae (Syaciummicrurum), Bothidae (Bothus ocellatus) and Tetraodontidae (Sphoeroidestestudineus), which were obtained during five collections, in the period time of September/2004 to April/2005, utilizing three special nets. The ecomorphological study was performed at the laboratory. Eight to ten samples of each fish specie were measured. Fifteen morphological aspects were considered to calculate twelve ecomorphological attributes. Multivariate statistical analysis methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis were done to identify ecmorphological patterns to describe the data set obtained. As results, H.aurolineatumwas the most abundant specie found (23,03%) and S.testudineusthe less one with 0,23%. The 1st Principal component showed variation of 60,03% with influence of the ecomorphological attribute related to body morphology, while the 2nd PC with 23,25% variation had influence of the ecomorphological attribute related to oral morphology. The Cluster Analiysis promoted the identification of three distinct groups Perciformes, Pleuronectiformes and Tetraodontiformes. Based on the obtained data, considering morphological characters differences among the species studied, we suggest that all of them live at the medium (E.argenteus,O.rubber, P.corvinaeformis,H.aurolineatum,H.plumieri,H.steindachneri,L.synagris) and bottom (S.micrurum,B.ocellatus,S.testudineus) region of column water.
Resumo:
The present work is to study the characteristics and technological properties of soil-cement bricks made from binary and ternary mixtures of Portland cement, sand, water, with or without addition of gravel from the drilling of oil wells, which could be used by industry, aiming to improve its performance and reduce cost by using the residue and, consequently, increasing its useful life. The soil-cement bricks are one of the alternatives to masonry construction. These elements, after a short curing period, provide compressive strength similar to that of solid bricks and ceramic blocks, and the higher the resistance the higher the amount of cement used. We used the soil from the city of São José do Mipibu / RN, the banks of the River Baldun, cement CPIIZ-32 and residue of drill cuttings from oil wells drilling onshore wells in the town of Mossley, RN, provided Petrobras. To determine the optimum mix, we studied the inclusion of different residues (100%, 80%, 70%, 60% and 50%) where 15 bodies were made of the test piece. The assessment was made of bricks made from simple compression tests, mass loss by immersion and water absorption. The experimental results proved the efficiency and high utilization of the waste from the drilling of oil wells, making the brick-cement-soil residue with a higher strength and lower water absorption. The best result in terms of mechanical strength and water absorption for the ternary mixture was 10% soil, 14% cement and 80% residue. In terms of binary mixtures, we obtained the best result for the mix-cement residue, which was 14% cement incorporated in the residue
Resumo:
The oil production in mature areas can be improved by advanced recovery techniques. In special, steam injection reduces the viscosity of heavy oils, thus improving its flow to surrounding wells. On the other hand, the usually high temperatures and pressures involved in the process may lead to cement cracking, negatively affecting both the mechanical stability and zonal isolation provided by the cement sheath of the well. The addition of plastic materials to the cement is an alternative to prevent this scenario. Composite slurries consisting of Portland cement and a natural biopolymer were studied. Samples containing different contents of biopolymer dispersed in a Portland cement matrix were prepared and evaluated by mechanical and rheological tests in order to assess their behavior according to API (American Petroleum Institute) guidelines. FEM was also applied to map the stress distribution encountered by the cement at bottom bole. The slurries were prepared according to a factorial experiment plan by varying three parameters, i.e., cement age, contents of biopolymer and water-to-cement ratio. The results revealed that the addition of the biopolymer reduced the volume of free water and the setting time of the slurry. In addition, tensile strength, compressive strength and toughness improved by 30% comparing hardened composites to plain Portland slurries. FEM results suggested that the stresses developed at bottomhole may be 10 to 100 times higher than the strength of the cement as evaluated in the lab by unconfined mechanical testing. An alternative approach is proposed to adapt the testing methodology used to evaluate the mechanical behavior of oilwell cement slurries by simulating the confined conditions encountered at bottornhole
Resumo:
The State of Paraíba is one of the most dynamic states of Brazil, strategically located in the northeast, is notable for the excellent potential for integration of different transportation modes forming the states of Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco and Alagoas. The dynamic that occurs with port activity causes changes in the space where it is installed. And the elements of this space are always more than suffering direct or indirect influences as the flow in the port is expanded. Therefore, this region became subject to the accidental spillage of oil, because it presents a heavy traffic of ships of various sizes that can run aground or collide with oil causing accidental events. The study of geomorphological and sedimentological compositions of seafloor becomes important as more is known about the relationships between these parameters and associated fauna, and can identify their preferred habitats. The database background, acoustically collected along the proposed study area, is a wealth of information, which were duly examined, cataloged and made available. Such information can serve as an important tool, providing a geomorphological survey of the sedimentary area studied, and come to subsidize, in a flexible, future decision making. With the study area Port of Cabedelo, Paraíba - Brazil, this research aimed to evaluate the influence of the tidal surface and background in modeling the seabed, including the acquisition of information about the location of submerged rocky bodies and the depth of these bodies may turn out to be natural traps for the trapping of oil in case of leaks, and obtain the relationship between types of bed and the hydrodynamic conditions present in the region. In this context, for this study were collected bathymetric data (depth) and physical oceanographic (height of water column, water temperature, intensity and direction of currents, waves and turbidity), meteorological (rainfall, air temperature, humidity, winds and barometric pressure) of the access channel to the Port of Cabedelo / PB and its basin evolution (where the cruise ships dock), and includes tools of remote sensing (Landsat 7 ETM +, 2001), so that images and the results are integrated into Geographic Information Systems and used in the elaboration of measures aimed at environmental protection areas under the influence of this scale facilities, serving as a grant to prepare a contingency plan in case of oil spills in the region. The main findings highlight the techniques of using hydroacoustic data acquisition together bathymetric surveys of high and low frequency. From there, five were prepared in bathymetric pattern of Directorate of Hydrography and Navigation - DHN, with the depth in meters, on a scale of 1:2500 (Channel and Basin Evolution of Access to Port of Cabedelo), where there is a large extent possible beachrocks that hinder the movement of vessels in the port area, which can cause collisions, running aground and leaking oil. From the scatter diagram of the vectors of currents, it can be seen as the tidal stream and undergoes a channeling effect caused by the bidirectional effect of the tide (ebb and flood) in the basin of the Port of Cabedelo evolution in NW-direction SE and the highest speed of the currents occurs at low tide. The characterization weather for the period from 28/02 to 04/07/2010 values was within the expected average for the region of study. The multidisciplinary integration of products (digital maps and remote sensing images), proved to be efficient for the characterization of underwater geomorphological study area, reaching the aim to discriminate and enhance submerged structures, previously not visible in the images
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The development of oil wells drilling requires additional cares mainly if the drilling is in offshore ultra deep water with low overburden pressure gradients which cause low fracture gradients and, consequently, difficult the well drilling by the reduction of the operational window. To minimize, in the well planning phases, the difficulties faced by the drilling in those sceneries, indirect models are used to estimate fracture gradient that foresees approximate values for leakoff tests. These models generate curves of geopressures that allow detailed analysis of the pressure behavior for the whole well. Most of these models are based on the Terzaghi equation, just differentiating in the determination of the values of rock tension coefficient. This work proposes an alternative method for prediction of fracture pressure gradient based on a geometric correlation that relates the pressure gradients proportionally for a given depth and extrapolates it for the whole well depth, meaning that theses parameters vary in a fixed proportion. The model is based on the application of analytical proportion segments corresponding to the differential pressure related to the rock tension. The study shows that the proposed analytical proportion segments reaches values of fracture gradient with good agreement with those available for leakoff tests in the field area. The obtained results were compared with twelve different indirect models for fracture pressure gradient prediction based on the compacting effect. For this, a software was developed using Matlab language. The comparison was also made varying the water depth from zero (onshore wellbores) to 1500 meters. The leakoff tests are also used to compare the different methods including the one proposed in this work. The presented work gives good results for error analysis compared to other methods and, due to its simplicity, justify its possible application
Resumo:
The preparation of cement slurries for offshore well cementing involves mixing all solid components to be added to the mixing water on the platform. The aim of this work was to study the formulation of pre-prepared dry mixtures, or grouts, for offshore oilwell cementing. The addition of mineral fillers in the strength of lightweight grouts applied for depths down to 400 m under water depths of 500 m was investigated. Lightweight materials and fine aggregates were selected. For the choice of starting materials, a study of the pozzolanic activity of low-cost fillers such as porcelain tile residue, microsilica and diatomaceous earth was carried out by X-ray diffraction and mechanical strength tests. Hardened grouts containing porcelain tile residue and microsilica depicted high strength at early ages. Based on such preliminary investigation, a study of the mechanical strength of grouts with density 1.74 g/cm3 (14.5 lb/gal) cured initially at 27 °C was performed using cement, microsilica, porcelain tile residue and an anti-foaming agent. The results showed that the mixture containing 7% of porcelain tile residue and 7% of microsilica was the one with the highest compressive strength after curing for 24 hours. This composition was chosen to be studied and adapted for offshore conditions based on testes performed at 4 °C. The grout containing cement, 7% of porcelain tile residue, 7% of active silica and admixtures (CaCl2), anti-foaming and dispersant resulted satisfactory rheology and mechanical strength after curing for 24 hours of curing